Communication Systems

[Ch – 01]
Introduction to Communication
Systems

Instructor: Engr. Furqan Haider

DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems

 About myself !!
 Where you can find me: 1st floor, DEE
 E-mail: furqan_haider31@yahoo.com
 Mobile Contact: CR can ask after the class.
 Best way to contact me: Come and talk to me during
discussion hours.

 Research Interests: Wireless Communication,

NOMA for maritime, metasurfaces.

DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems

 Course Organization

 Course Folder link:

 https://www.dropbox.com/sh/bemwkztuawecpid/AAAjXp73E9LLr2QX9sqtj0twa?dl=0

 Visit the folder frequently

 For further details please see the course
outline
DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems
 Grading Policy
 Avoid Plagiarism. Do not cheat !!
 Grading Policy
 Quizzes (4 ~ 6) 7.5%
 Assignments (3 ~ 4) 7.5%
 Lab+Project 25%
 MidTerm 22.5%
 Final 37.5%
 100 %

DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems

 Text & Reference Books
 Text book:
 Communication Systems (5th edition),
by Simon Haykin & Michael Moher

 Reference Book(s):
 Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems 4th ed. by
B.P. Lathi, Zhi Ding.

DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems

 Pre-Requisite

 Calculus
 Signal & Systems

DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems

 Helpful Hints!!
 Read each and every word of the text book--Very Important
 Participate actively in the class
 Do not miss any lecture
 Do not be late in the class
 Try to apply the theory in the lab
 Do not get behind. You are encouraged to work with other students but
avoid plagiarism.
 Work in groups, whenever appropriate. However, Assignments and Quizzes
must be attempted alone. No plagiarism will be tolerated.
 Do the end problems of each chapter by yourself.
 We will not proceed until everybody says “YES”.
 Interrupt me during the lecture if I forget to deal with these 2 questions:
 Why? and

 How?

DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems

 A big WHY?

Why studying this course ?

DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems

 A big HOW?

HOW is everything in an electrical

communication link going to work?

DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems

 Grading Rules
 Assignment Submission on time: graded out of 100%

 Assignment Submission (1 day late): graded out of 80%

 Assignment Submission (2 days late): graded out of

50%

 No Assignment / Project will be accepted on 3rd

day and onwards

DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems

 What is expected from you?
 Prepare the agendas of Monday & Thursday
class on weekly basis (You will do relevant End
Problems by yourself – seek my help if
necessary).

 Expect a quiz on each Monday.

DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems

COURSE OUTLINE
1. Introduction to Electrical Communication Link, Block Diagram, OSI internet model, The Fourier
Transform.
3hrs
2. Frequency Domain Analysis - Continuous time Fourier Transform, Properties of Fourier
Transforms, The Inverse Relationship between Time and Frequency, Dirac Delta Function.
6hrs
3. Fourier Transforms of Periodic Signals, Transmission of Signals through Linear Systems, Filters,
Low Pass and Band Pass Signals, Band Pass Systems.
6hrs
4. Noise, Distortion, Dispersion, Phase and Group Delay, Sources of information, Amplitude
Modulation, Double Sideband-Suppressed Carrier Modulation, Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing, 6hrs
Single-Sideband and Vestigial-Sideband Methods of Modulation.
5. Angle Modulation, Frequency Modulation, Properties of Angle Modulated Waves, Narrowband
Frequency Modulation, Wideband Frequency Modulation, Generation and Demodulation of 6hrs
Frequency Modulated Signals.
6. Phase-Locked Loop, Nonlinear Effects in FM Systems, Heterodyning, The Superheterodyne
Receiver, Introduction to Probability and Random Variables, Statistical Averages.
6hrs
7. Random Processes, Transmission of random process through a Linear Filter, Power Spectral
Density, Gaussian Process, Analytics of Noise, Narrowband Noise, Noise in Analogue 6hrs
Modulation.
8. Receiver Model for Analog Link, Noise in DSB-SC Receivers, Noise in AM Receivers, Noise in
FM Receivers, Introduction to Digital Communication Systems, Differece between Analogue 6hrs
and Digital Communication Systems.

9. Present World Example – Pakistan Internet Exchange (PIE Network), GSM (Block Diagram). 3hrs
DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems
 CHAPTER – 1

PROLOGUE

DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems

 Introduction
 What is Communication?
 Commune is a Latin word related to common. According to Oxford Dictionary
commune means “group of people sharing accommodation”, “having close touch”
 Community means “body of people living in one place”
 Communication can be considered as sharing of thoughts. Thoughts can be
shared through signals like deaf and dumb people do.
 Process of interaction is the communication. It can be through letters, pigeons,
messengers e.g. ALLAH Paak communicated with his creations through messengers
and currently The Holy Quran.
 Communication – Electrical Engineering Terms: stands for communication
using electrical, radio/wireless or optical signals.
 Transfer of information

 Reading of a book, Newspaper etc

 Watching T.V.

 Telephone call,

 Email, file transfer etc.

 The information transfer involves source, destination and the medium

 Together these three make up a Communication System
DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems
 Basic Concepts: Communication System

 What is a communication system?

 A system used to transfer the information from one
point to the other
 A typical communication system model

S D
IT TX Channel RX OT

 The components of a communication system

 Source
 Originates the information

 Input transducer
 The original information (the message) may not be in electrical
form, such as speech, image, video, text etc
DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems
 Basic Concepts: Communication System
 Input transducer
 Converts the information into electrical waveforms

 Baseband signal or message signal

 Transmitter
 Modifies the baseband signal for efficient transmission

 Subsystems of transmitter

 Sampler, quantizer, coder, modulator etc.

 Channel
 Medium (wire, co-axial cable, optical fiber, radio link etc.)

 The channel attenuates the signals and distorts its waveform

 Receiver
 Undoing modifications made by the transmitter and the channel

 Destination
 The unit to which the message is communicated

DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems

 Examples of Communication
Systems

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 Introduction
 What the course is about
 How Analog & Digital Communication Systems
work?
 How to prepare signal for transmission
 What is the effect of channel/medium on the
signal
 Channel Characteristics
 How to accurately recover the signal
 How to accomplish efficient transmission
 Efficient resource utilization

DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems

 Basic Concepts: Digital vs. Analog
 Message are analog or digital
 Digital messages are constructed with a finite number
of symbols
 A text constructed from alphabets (A set of finite number of
symbols),
 A message constructed from
 A digital message constructed from a set of only two
symbols is known as binary message
 A digital message constructed with M symbols is
known as M-ary message
 Analog messages, on the other hand may take any
value along a continuous range
 Temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind speed etc.

DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems

 Direction of Data Flow

Simplex

Half Duplex

Full Duplex

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 Layered Tasks
An example from the everyday life

Hierarchy?
Services

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 Why layered communication?

 To reduce complexity of communication task by splitting

it into several layered small tasks
 Functionality of the layers can be changed as long as the
service provided to the layer above stays unchanged
 makes easier maintenance & updating

 Each layer has its own task

 Each layer has its own protocol

DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems

 Reference Models

 OSI reference model

DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems

 OSI Reference Model
 Open System Interconnection
 7 layers

1. Create a layer when different abstraction is needed

2. Each layer performs a well define function
3. Functions of the layers chosen taking internationally
standardized protocols
4. Number of layers – large enough to avoid
complexity
DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems
 Seven layers of the OSI model

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 Exchange using OSI Model

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 The interaction between layers in the OSI model

DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems

 Issues, to be resolved by
the layers
 Larger bandwidth at lower cost
 Error correction
 Flow control
 Addressing
 Multiplexing
 Naming
 Congestion control
 Mobility
 Routing
 Fragmentation (Packet Size)
 Security
 ....
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 OSI Layers

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 OSI model

DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems

 Physical layer
physical
connection

Transporting bits from one end node to the next

- type of the transmission media (twisted-pair, coax, optical fiber, air)
- bit representation (voltage levels of logical values)
- data rate (speed)
- synchronization of bits (time synchronization)

DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems

 Physical layer

Note

The physical layer is responsible for movements of

individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.

DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems

 Data Link layer
logical
connection

Transporting frames from one end node to the next

one
- framing - physical addressing
- flow control - error control
- access control
DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems
 Data Link layer
- hop-to-hop delivery-

DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems

 Data Link layer
- example-

DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems

 Data Link layer

Note

The data link layer is responsible for moving

frames from one hop (node) to the next.

DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems

 Network layer
 End-to-End packet delivery
 From the original source to a destination
 Needed when 2 devices are attached to
different networks
 Example:
 Routers

DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems

 Source to destination delivery

Data Link

Network
layer

DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems

 Network layer

Note

The network layer is responsible for the

delivery of individual packets from
the source host to the destination host.

DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems

 Transport layer
 Process-to-Process delivery of the entire message
 From the original source to a destination

 Needed when several processes (running programs)

active at the same time

 Main tasks:
 Port addressing
 Segmentation and reassembly
 Congestion control
 Flow control
 Error control
DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems
 Transport Layer

DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems

 Transport layer -an example of a
reliable delivery -

DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems

 Transport layer

Note

The transport layer is responsible for the delivery

of a message from one process to another.

DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems

 Session Layer

Note

The session layer is responsible for dialog

control and synchronization.

DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems

 Presentation Layer

Note

The presentation layer is responsible for translation,

compression, and encryption.

DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems

 Application layer
 Enables user to access the network
 Provides services to a user
 E-mail (SMTP)

 Remote file access and transfer (Telnet, FTP)

 Access to WWW (HTTP)

DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems

 Application layer

Note

The application layer is responsible for

providing services to the user.

DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems

 OSI Reference Model

 A convenient aid for remembering the OSI

layer names is to use the first letter of
each word in the phrase:
 All People Seem To Need Data Processing.

DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems

 Communication Systems

 This course is all about

“What is going on in the Physical Layer?”
 You may learn about higher layers of the
communication system in “Computer and
Communication Networks ” course.

DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems

 Homework 1
 Homework
1. Identify the frequencies of the wireless devices
around you. (at least three) (3)
2. Identify some common Electrical Communication
Systems around you. (at least two) (2)
Draw the block diagram of these systems.
3. Validate Example 2.1 on MatLab. (3)
4. Prove Equation – 2.33 (2)

Due date: 22-Feb-2023

DEE, NUST College of E & ME Communication Systems