PHYSICS PROJECT

Session 2019 – 20

Topic – Communication System

Submitted by :

Name – Jeremiah Rokhum

Class – XII (Science), Section – B
Roll Number –

Submitted to: Dr Bapi Dey, PGT, Don Bosco School Agartala

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 Certificate

I, Jeremiah student of class XII (Science), Don Bosco School, Agartala under
my supervision and guidance have accomplished this project namely
“Communication System”.

My teacher Dr Bapi Dey studied the related study materials

and consulted me time to time for clarification of the doubts. The outcome is an
excellent discussion on the topic.

Examiner’s Signature Teacher In charge

Date Principal

Institution Rubber Stamp

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to our teacher Dr Bapi Dey
as well as our Principal Brother Anand Prakash Lakra who gave the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic –Communication System
which also helped me in doing a lot of research and I came to know about so
many things, I am really thankful to them. Secondly I would like to thank my
parents and friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the
limited time frame.

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Contents

SL.NO TITLE PAGE NO.

1. Introduction (5)

2 Communication System and it’s basic Terminology (6)

3. Examples of Communication System (7)

4. Basic Modes of Communications (8)

5. Communication System Terminology (9)

6 Communication System in Mobile Phones (11)

7. Conclusion (12)

8. Bibliography (13)

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INTRODUCTION
Components/subsystems act together to accomplish information transfer/exchange. A communications
system is an integrated system of communications hardware. This can include transmissions equipment,
relay stations, tributary stations and other data terminal equipment. A communications system can even
include other communications systems. A good example would be a regional emergency response
communications system that connects several different cities and allows them to respond to a disaster
by integrating systems they have installed for their own police and firefighters.

Communication is the transfer of information from one place to another.

This should be done as effectively as possible with as much fidelity/reliability as possible and as securely
as possible.

In telecommunication, a communications system or communication system is a collection of individual

communications networks, transmission systems, relay stations, tributary stations, and data terminal
equipment (DTE) usually capable of interconnection and interoperation to form an integrated whole.
The components of a communications system serve a common purpose, are technically compatible, use
common procedures, respond to controls, and operate in union.

Telecommunications is a method of communication (e.g., for sports broadcasting, mass

media, journalism, etc.). Communication is the act of conveying intended meanings from one entity or
group to another through the use of mutually understood signs and semiotic rules.
As mentioned before, the purpose of a communication system is to transmit intelligence signal from a
source to a destination at some point away from the source.

There are two methods in transmitting an intelligent message signal over the communication channel.
The two methods are analog or digital. There are both advantages and disadvantages to both methods.
For the digital method, its advantages include the following:

1. Increased immunity to noise in the channel and outside interference which are impossible to
prevent in the communication channel.

2. Offer flexible operation of the system due to the technologies in digital system.

3. Different types of message signals as voice data, video data, or computer data can be
implemented in the same format by the transmitter.

4. Message signals can be encrypted to provide security for sensitive data.

The disadvantages of the digital method are that the communication system are very complex and can
be costly for communication channel such as satellite channels and optical fibers.

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Communication Systems and It’s Basic Terminology

1. Information or input signal

The communication systems have been developed for communicating useful information from one
place to other

2. Input Transducer

The information in the form of sound, picture or data signals cannot the transmitted as it is. First it has
to be converted into a suitable electrical signal. The input transducers commonly used in the
communication systems are microphones, TV etc.

3. Transmitter

The function of the transmitter block is to convert the electrical equivalent of the information to a
suitable form It increases the power level of the signal. The power level should be increased in order to
cover a large range.

4. Communication channel or medium

The communication channel is the medium used for the transmission of electronic signals from one
place to another.

5. Noise

Noise is an unwanted electrical signal which gets added to the transmitted signal when it is travelling
towards receiver. Hence noise is a big problem in the communication systems.

6. Receiver

The reception is exactly the opposite process of transmission. The received signal is amplified and
demodulated and converted in a suitable form The receiver consists of the electronic circuits like mixer,
oscillator, detector and amplifier.

7. Output Transducer

It consists of the electrical signal at the output of the receiver back to the original form i.e. sound or TV
pictures. The typical example of the output transducers are loud speakers, picture tubes etc.

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EXAMPLES OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEM:-

Another Example of Communication System:-

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Basic Modes of Communications :-

Point to Point Mode of Communication :-

A point-to-point connection is a dedicated communication
link between two systems or processes. Think of a wire that
directly connects two systems. The systems use that wire
exclusively to communicate. The opposite of point-to-point
communications is broadcasting, where one system
transmits to many.

A telephone call is a circuit-oriented, point-to-point link

between two phones. However, calls are usually multiplexed
across telephone company trunks; so, while the circuit itself
may be virtual, the users are engaging in a point-to-point
communication session.

Broadcast
A method of sending a signal where multiple parties may hear a single sender.
Radio stations are a good example of everyday life "Broadcast Network". In
this case the radio station is a sender of information/signal and data is only
expected to flow in one direction only. i.e.. away from the radio broadcast
tower.

Let’s take a real-life example. In this room, Lecturer starts delivering some
information. Some Students may be sleeping, and not hear the teacher. Some
Students may be awake, but mentally some where else, so they are able to
hear the person speaking, but choose to ignore the words that are being said.
Another group of people ( people like me fall under this category) may not
only be awake, but be interested in what is being taught . This last group is not only able to hear the
person speaking, but are also listening to what is being said.

In this example, you can see a single point is broadcasting a message to multiple locations that may or
may not be able to hear it, and if they are able to hear it, may choose to listen or not.

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Communication System Terminology:-
1. Signal

Any audio or video or audio-visual generated for example cannot be directly transmitted. It first needs
to be converted into an electronic form. This electronic form is a ‘Signal’. Since electronics operate in
the binary system i.e. a combination of 1s and 0s only (generally 1 denotes ‘on’ or ‘high’ and 0 denotes
‘off’ or ‘low’), the entire audio-visual is converted into a binary form. This binary form in the electrical
medium is a ‘Signal’.

2. Amplitude

Consider a sinusoidal wave transmitting energy in space with the wave

passing through a series of particles which oscillate about a mean
position and transmit the energy. The maximum displacement of a
particle from its mean position is an ‘Amplitude‘ of the sinusoidal
wave.

3. Wavelength

The wavelength of a sinusoidal wave is the distance between two

particles having the same amount of displacement and both are in
phase with each other.

4. Frequency

The frequency of a wave is the number of waves passing a point in space per unit time. It is basically the
reciprocal of the time period required by a wave to cover a unit distance.

5. Bandwidth

The bandwidth of a signal is the difference between the highest and the
lowest frequencies carried by the signal.

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6. Modulation

Any signal to be transmitted consists of a number of varying frequencies and cannot be directly
transmitted by the transmitter and is
therefore superimposed with a carrier
signal before being transmitted. This is the
‘Modulation’ of the signal. Modulation of
the signal is in 2 ways.

A. Amplitude Modulation

B. Frequency Modulation

7. Demodulation

The modulated signal sent by the transmitter is received by the receiver and needs to be converted to
its original format before it can be studied. This process is Demodulation.

8. Attenuation

When a signal is transmitted through the electronic medium over long distances it loses its quality and
strength due to dissipation and wastage of energy naturally. This is the ‘attenuation’ of the signal.
Continuous efforts and various methods prevent this or minimize the deterioration of the signal.

9. Transducer

A transducer is any device that converts any physical variable like force, movement etc to an electronic
signal and thus gives a suitable output for the same. For example, whenever you use your Smartphone
and select a value on its screen the processor of the phone converts the pressure on the screen due to
your touch into a signal. This is an example of a ‘Transducer’.

10. Amplification

The process of increasing the amplitude of a signal is “amplification”. For example, whenever you speak
on a mic, your voice is both amplified and audible at a farther distance.

11. Repeater

A ‘repeater’ is basically a combination of a transmitter and receiver and plays the role of both of them
by receiving the signal and transmitting it again. Cell phone towers placed over long distances are a good
example of a ‘repeater’.

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COMMUNICATION SYSTEM IN MOBILE PHONES:-

A cellular network or mobile network is a communication network where the last link is wireless. The
network is distributed over land areas called "cells",
each served by at least one fixed-
location transceiver, but more normally, three cell
sites or base transceiver stations. These base
stations provide the cell with the network coverage
which can be used for transmission of voice, data,
and other types of content. A cell typically uses a
different set of frequencies from neighboring cells,
to avoid interference and provide guaranteed
service quality within each cell.[1]
When joined together, these cells provide radio
coverage over a wide geographic area. This enables numerous portable transceivers (e.g., mobile
phones, tablets and laptops equipped with mobile broadband modems, pagers, etc.) to communicate
with each other and with fixed transceivers and telephones anywhere in the network, via base stations,
even if some of the transceivers are moving through more than one cell during transmission.
Cellular networks offer a number of desirable features:

 More capacity than a single large transmitter, since the same frequency can be used for multiple
links as long as they are in different cells
 Mobile devices use less power than with a single transmitter or satellite since the cell towers are
closer
 Larger coverage area than a single terrestrial transmitter, since additional cell towers can be added
indefinitely and are not limited by the horizon
Major telecommunications providers have deployed voice and data cellular networks over most of the
inhabited land area of Earth. This allows mobile phones and mobile computing devices to be connected
to the public switched telephone network and public Internet. Private cellular networks can be used for
research or for large organizations and fleets, such as dispatch for local public safety agencies or a
taxicab company.

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 Conclusion
In conclusion, wireless communications globally is something that people can expect as technology
advances. Wireless communications has a lot of benefits and can make the world a lot more efficient. It
does have concerns though as with every other new advancement that is made in today’s world. The
issues with security regarding access to a person’s personal information or the negative impact that it
may seem to have on society are a few things that are holding back the progress that wireless
technology could be making. With more research and experiments conducted, the problems associated
with wireless communications can be reduced and make it a more significant part of the world.
Wireless communication is the transfer of information or power between two or more points that are
not connected by an electrical conductor. The most common wireless technologies use radio waves.
With radio waves distances can be short, such as a few meters for Bluetooth or as far as millions of
kilometers for deep-space radio communications. It encompasses various types of fixed, mobile, and
portable applications, including two-way radios, cellular telephones, personal digital assistants (PDAs),
and wireless networking. Other examples of applications of radio wireless
technology include GPS units, garage door openers, wireless computer
mouse, keyboards and headsets, headphones, radio receivers, satellite television, broadcast
television and cordless telephones. Somewhat less common methods of achieving wireless
communications include the use of other electromagnetic wireless technologies, such as light, magnetic,
or electric fields or the use of sound. Wireless technology will be very important in the near future
where the need for wires connecting individual devices seems to be coming to an end.

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 Bibliography

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_system
 https://www.managementstudyguide.com/different-types-of-communication-system.html
 https://www.toppr.com/guides/physics/communication-systems/basic-terminology-used-in-
communication-systems/
 https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Communication_Systems

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