STAGE1: UCS unconditioned stimulus and UCR

unconditioned response (in basic terms, this

mean that a stimulus in the environment has
produced a behaviour / response which is
unlearned/unconditioned and therefore is a
natural response which has not been taught.

Example a perfume (UCS) could create a

response of happiness or desire (UCR)
STAGE 2: CS Conditioned stimulus. In this
stage a stimulus which produces no
response (neutral) is associated with the
unconditioned stimulus.

Example is perfume makes someone happy

or desire because its associated with a
specific person.
STAGE 3: A person who has been
associated with nice perfume is now found
attractive.
Example:

Student associates negative emotional

experiences with school, then this can obviously
have bad results, such as creating a school
phobia.

If a student is bullied in school, they may learn

to associate the school with fear.
Also called Instrumental Conditioning is a
learning process through which the
strength of a behaviour is modified by
reinforcement or punishment.

It is a procedure used to bring about such

learning.

Operant conditioning involves voluntary

behaviour.
Example:

A child may see a box full of candy,

salivates, then learn to open a box of
candy.

Or avoid touching a hot stove based on

previous experience.

A guy can be SADDAM all his life coz he

gets away with it.
Neutral Operants
Reinforcements
Punishers
Neutral Operants

Responses from the

environment that may increase
nor decrease the probability of
a behaviour being repeated
Reinforcements

Responses from the environment that

increases the probability of a
behaviour being repeated. Both
negative or positive. (Positive
reinforcements strengthens the
behaviour for repetition, negative is
removal of an unpleasant reinforce)
Punishers

Responses from the environment

that decreases the likelihood of a
behaviour being repeated. It
weakens the behaviour.
Social Learning

Learning behaviour can be acquired by

observing or imitating others.
• Peers Teaching
• Peers and Peers coaching
• Imitation through Real Plays
(perform and practice)
Example

Someone is angry because they

are bad-tempered or something
bad happened.
Example

Employee have challenging

relationship with boss /
management can be analysed as
negative causality that the boss
“Is not Liked”, “plays
favouritism”, etc.
Example

Employee have challenging

relationship with boss /
management can be analysed as
negative causality that the boss
“Is not Liked”, “plays
favouritism”, etc.
Fundamental Attribution Error in Daily Life:

[1] when you walk into a store and

someone bumps you and thought or label
them as careless

[2] when your friend and you were given

exams and she always has low grades, you
may think he/she is lazy, dumb, involved in
other activities thatn studying, not
interested in studies.
[3] commitment phobia. Children who have
seen parents divorce are likely to suffer fears of
commitment. A girl who've been fooled by ex
bfsss are now finding it hard to trust a sincere
guy

[4] you give/help someone not asking for

assistance and snaps you down or ignores you,
becomes irritated. You also get angry and
dismisses the person as rude, and someone who
doesn't value help or friendly offer.
Internal attribution

Process of assigning cause of behaviour to

some internal characteristics, rather than
outside force.
We look not just for physical appearance
but for personality traits.

Example: we attribute the behaviour of a

person to their personality, motives or
beliefs
External attribution
The process of assigning the cause of
behaviour to some situation or event
outside a persons control rather than
internal characteristics.

Example: We try to explain in our own

behaviour we tend to make external
attributions, such as situational or
environment features
Self-Serving Bias

Tendency to attribute our success to

personal characteristics, and attribute our
failure to factors beyond control.

Simply it’s our tendency to take credits for

positive events and blame external factors
when it comes to negative events.