2.

Based on the principles of expectancy theory described in the chapter, why is Martina
effective with the elementary and middle school orchestra? Why do both of these groups
seem motivated to play for her? In what ways did she change her leadership style for the
middle schoolers?
As described in the chapter 6, expectancy theory is about the goals that followers choose
and how leaders help them and reward them for meeting those goals.
In this case study, Martina is effective with students in the elementary and middle school
orchestra since she fully understands the goals of each orchestra and connect their goals
with specific rewards while making sure that those rewards satisfy their needs. She has
properly recognized the ability of each group to perform the task and made the goals
achievable for them.
Both elementary and middle school students feel motivated when playing in the orchestra
since Martina makes elementary kids feel competent, confident that they are capable of
achieving their goals while middle schoolers think their efforts to sharpen their skills in
playing an instrument will be rewarded and they find the payoff for their work valuable.
In detail, at the elementary level, the students want to learn how to play the instruments.
Therefore, Martina connects this goal with the reward of being able to do it. She also tries
to create a favorable atmosphere of patience, kindness, compassion and forbearance as
well as explains everything they need to know such as holding the instruments,
positioning their tongues or reading notes in order to accomplish their goals. This is the
same case for the middle school as Martina connects the students' goal to enhance their
playing capabilities with different rewards likes sitting position, gift cards, candy and
trinkets. Additionally, she spends much of her time trying to tackle their weaknesses,
listening to them and offering personalized feedback.
Martina also changes her leadership style upon realizing that it is ineffective for middle
schoolers. She looks for innovative ways that would challenge the students to practice
and enhance their skills. She introduces the “chairs” challenge where students compete
for the first chairs and offers them prizes when they make efforts to improve their
practice as well as advance to a higher chair. Besides, Martina also converts their interest
for spring concert to enhance their achievement of the desired goals.