Media and Information Literacy Reviewer

Communication - the method wherein language, symbols, or manners are used to share information or
to state opinions or thoughts.

Non-verbal Communication (signs, symbols, colors, gestures, body language, facial expressions)

Verbal Communication (Oral, written)

Media-communication tools that give information. Information- knowledge or data gathered through

experiences or research

Technology Literacy-refers to the ability of knowing how to use technology, its tools or networks to find,
create, evaluate, or use information.

Information Literacy refers to the ability to know

when information is required. This also pertains to the ability to find, analyze, evaluate, communicate
and use Information effectively in different formats.

Media Literacy - refers to reading, analyzing, evaluating and producing communication in different
media forms Prehistoric Period

Prehistoric technology refers to the technology that exists before recorded history.

-Anything that predates the first written accounts of

history is prehistoric, including earlier technologies

Industrial Period

- includes economic and social organization changes.

-This period of history is known by the concentration of industry in huge businesses and for the
replacement of hand tools with machines that are driven by power

Electronic Age

-refers to a period wherein people can easily-and instantaneously-communicate with anyone anywhere.

1844.

It was ushered in by the invention of the telegraph in

-The electronic media have kept people informed about events across the globe without leaving the
comfort of their own homes,

Information Age

Information age, also known as the Digital Age, Computer Age, or the New Media Age, refers to a period
of history wherein it is described as an economy based on the computerization of information improved
from the Industrial Revolution brought through
Industrialization. Traditional Media- are those forms in the earliest periods, specific characteristics that
they have and functionalities that they offer

New Media. The experience here is more interactive.

The audiences are more involved and are able to send feedback simultaneously and new media
integrates all

those aspects of the traditional media,

Print Media-refers to materials that are printed

Broadcast Media-through radio or television

New Media- refers to the content that is accessed on

Internet that is easily accessed on any digital device. Indigenous Media-Also known as community
media: this refers to any form of media utilizing indigenous

knowledge that is made and managed by, for, and

about the community

Mass Media reaches a large audience through written..

spoken, or broadcast communication.

Technical Codes refers to methods of how an equipment or device is used to tell the story. This includes
how cameras work in a film, its framing. lighting, etc.

Symbolic codes- demonstrates or shows what lies below what the audience see. For instance, an actor
or a character's actions depicts or describes how or what

that character feels or thinks. Written Codes -use of language style and textual layout (headlines,
captions, speech bubbles, language style, etc.)

Copyright- a type of intellectual property wherein the author has the absolute right of an original work
for a specific period of time; afterwards, the creation is now considered public domain.

Fair Use - refers to the author's sole right and the author's limitation-which was given by copyright law-

to an original work.

Plagiarism- Refers to taking credits for or stealing another person's idea or work. This may also refer to
using another's intellectual creation without properly crediting the original creator, or taking an existing
idea from existing source and presenting it as a new or an original idea.

Netiquette ethical guidelines in communication or using the Internet.

used for e-Gaming, military defense, or can even replace Smartphones. Internet glasses has the
following potential application

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Digital Divide- the gap between users when it comes to access of information and communication
technology

PIU-too much use of Internet to the point that affects

daily life.

Cyberbullying- a type of bullying done online. This includes sending threats, sexually harassing others,

posting rumors, sharing private information, or negative comments or posts against a person. Virtual
Self-digital identity or assumed identity in the virtual world.

Citizen Journalism-Can also be known as "public journalism", "street journalism", "democratic

Journalism", "participatory journalism", or "guerilla Journalism". This refers to people or citizens that
gather and share news or information

Phishing- obtaining private information-like username and passwords, sometimes money through credit
card. account numbers-by posing as a trustworthy entity (usually a website) often for malicious
purposes.

Human Trafficking- use of threats or tricking people into doing some type of labor or forcing or
commercial sex act.

Haptics Technology- A type of technology wherein the user's sense of touch is used to feel force,
vibrations, or motions for several purposes

Context Awareness- gathers information from the user and predicting or anticipating the user's needs
from those choices or preferences

Voice and Tone Recognition- widely used by some technologies (e.g. commanding a smart phone to do a

certain task, confirm a person's identity, etc.)

Eye Tracking Technology- analyzes the movements or positions of a person's eyes through computer
applications.

Internet glasses Internet glasses refer to technology currently being developed that displays visuals
directly on the eyes that doesn't block one's line of sight. Internet glasses can be utilized in eyeglasses
and can b
Communication-is a process of sharing and conveying messages or information from one person to
another within and across channels, contexts, media, and cultures (McCornack, 2014).

Intercultural communication - is the sending and receiving of messages across languages and cultures.

Types of Speech Context

1. Intrapersonal-This refers to communication that centres on one person where the speaker acts both
as the sender and the receiver of message. Thoughts and feelings.

2. Interpersonal-This refers to communication between and among people and establishes personal
relationship between and among them,

Types of Interpersonal Context

1. Dyad Communication

communication that occurs between two people ii. Small Group-This

1. Elements of Communication

Speaker - the source of information or message

Message-the information, ideas, or thoughts conveyed by the speaker in words or in actions

Encoding the process of converting the message into words, actions, or other forms that the speaker
understands

Channel - the medium or the means, such as personal or non- personal, verbal or nonverbal, in which
the encoded message is conveyed

Decoding-the process of interpreting the encoded message of the speaker by the receiver

Receiver-the recipient of the message, or someone who decodes the message

Feedback-the reactions, responses, or information provided by the receiver

Context the environment where communication takes place

Barrier - the factors that affect the flow of communication

Group Communication- refers to communication that involves at least three but not more than twelve
people engaging in a face-to-face interaction to achieve al desired goal. In this type of communication,
all participants can freely share ideas in a loose and open discussion.

iii. Public-This type refers to communication that requires you to deliver or send the message before or
in front of a group. The message can be driven by informational or persuasive purposes.

iv. Mass Communication

This refers to communication that takes place through television, radio,

2. Features of an Effective Communication

Completeness

Conciseness

Consideration

Concreteness

Courtesy

Clearess

Correctness

3. Verbal Communication refers to an Interaction in which words are used to relay a message.

4. Nonverbal communication refers to an interaction where behavior is used to convey and represent
meanings. All kinds of human responses that are not expressed in words are classified as nonverbal
communication

3. Types of Speech Style

Intimate-This style is private, which occurs between or among close family members or individuals. The
language used. In this style may not be shared in public.

Casual - This style is common among peers and friends. Jargon, slang, or the vernacular language are
used.

Consultative-This style is the standard one. Professional or mutually acceptable language is a must in
this style. Examples of situations are communication between teachers and students, employers and
employees, doctor and patient, judge and lawyer, or President and his/her constituents.

Formal-This style is used in formal settings. Unlike the consultative style, this is one- way. Examples are
sermons by priests and ministers, State of the Nation Address of the President, formal speeches, or
pronouncements by judges

Frozen - This style is "Frozen" in time and remains unchanged. It mostly occurs in ceremonies. Common
examples are the Preamble to the Constitution, Lord's Prayer, and Allegiance to country or flag.

Speech act

is an utterance that a speaker makes to achieve an intended effect. Some of the functions which are
carried out using speech acts are offering an apology, greeting, request, complaint, invitation,
compliment, or refusal.

1. Three Types of Speech Act according to J.L Austin

Locutionary act is the actual act of uttering

Illocutionary act-is the social function of what is said.

Perlocutionary act - is the resulting act of what is said. This effect is based on the particular context in
which the speech act was mentioned.

2. Performatives-statements which enable the speaker to

perform something just by stating it. In this manner, verbs that execute the speech act that they intend
to effect are called performatives. A performative utterance said by the right person under the right
circumstances results in a change in the world. Note that certain conditions have to be met when
making a performative utterance.

3. Searle's Classifications of Speech Act

Assertive - a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker expresses belief about the truth of at
proposition. Some examples of an assertive act are suggesting, putting forward, swearing, boasting, and
concluding

Directive-a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker tries to make the addressee perform an action.
Some examples of a directive act are asking, ordering, requesting. inviting, advising, and begging.

Commissive is a type of illocutionary act which commits the speaker to doing something in the future.
Examples of a commissive act are promising, planning, vowing, and betting.

Expressive - a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker expresses his/her feelings or emotional
reactions. Some examples of an expressive act are thanking, apologising. welcoming, and deploring.

Declaration-a type of illocutionary act which brings a change in the external situation. Simply put,
declarations bring into existence or cause the state of affairs which they refer to. Some examples of
declarations are blessing, firing, baptising, bidding, excommunicating. passing a sentence, and

4. Types of Communicative Strategy

Nomination - A speaker carries out a nomination to collaboratively and productively establish a topic.
Basically, when you employ this strategy, you try to open a topic with the people you are talking

Restriction-in communication refers to any limitation you may have as a speaker. When communicating
in the classroom, in a meeting, or while hanging out with your friends, you are typically given specific
instructions that you must follow. These Instructions confine you as a speaker and limit what you can
say.

➤ Turn-taking- Sometimes people are given unequal opportunities to talk because others take much time
during the conversation. Turn taking pertains to the process by which people decide who takes the
conversational floor. There is a code of behaviour behind establishing and sustaining a productive
conversation, but the primary idea is to give all communicators a chance to speak.

Topic Control-covers how procedural formality or informality affects the development of topic in
conversations. For example, in meetings, you may only have a turn to speak after the chairperson directs
you to do so. Contrast this with a casual coffee where you may have a conversation with friends over
lunch or take the conversational floor anytime.
 Topic Shifting - as the name suggests, involves moving from one topic to another. In other words, it is
where one part of a conversation ends and where another begins. When shifting from one topic to
another, you have to be very intuitive. Make sure that the previous topic was nurtured enough to
generate adequate views.

Repair-refers to how speakers address the problems in speaking, listening, and comprehending that they
may encounter in a conversation.If there is a problem in understanding the conversation, speakers will
always try to >address and correct it.

Termination-refers to the conversation participants' close

Initiating expressions that end a topic in a conversation. Most of the time, the topic initiator takes
responsibility to signal the end of the discussion as well.

ACCOMODATION-sensitivity to the feelings, needs, interests, and backgrounds of her people.

ANAMNESIS-calling in to memory past matters: specifically, citing a post author from memory

ARETE nintment of purpose of function, especially the act of living up to one's full potential, moral
excellence

ATTITUDES a predisposition to respond favourably or unfavourably to something

AUDIENCE ADAPTATION -the process of ethically using information about an audience to help the
audience clearly understand the message and achieve the speaking objective

Beliers - an individual's perception of what is mue or false.

BOASTING- king in a self-admiring way

BORROWED CREDIBILITY-sources to enhance your credibility on a topic for a given audience

CENTRAL IDEA-means one sentence summary of your speech

CHANNELS-the visual and auditory means by which a message is transmitted from sender to receiver

CHARACTER REFERENCE/WITNESS- having another person list your qualifications for your audience

COMMON GROUND- ways in which you and your listeners are alike

COMMUNICATION AS ACTION- the sender sends out a message through a chamsel in the receiver.
Sender -receiver-message-channel-noise)

COMMUNICATION AS INTERACTION. same components as action but it adds the idea of feedback. I am
the sender, sending words to you, but you also are sending messages whether verbal or nonverbal. This
communication also adds context; context is extremely important.(Sender receiver-message-channel-
noise-feedback-context)

COMMUNICATION AS TRANSACTION

message and feedback are going constantly and simultaneously. This is usually the model in effect when
you're in a face-to-face conversation. The speaker Inas a frame of reference as does the receiver. The
frame of reference affects the expectations of both parties. (Sender-receiver-message-channel-noise-
feedback-context-frame of reference)

CRITICAL LISTENING - the process of listening to evaluate the quality, appropriateness, value, or
importance of the information put forth by a speaker.

DECODE to translate verbal or nonverbal symbols is ideas and images that constitute a message.

DEMOGRAPHICS statistical information about population characteristics such as age, sexual orientation,
race. gender, educational level, and ideological or religious views

ENCODE - to translate ideas and images to verbal or nonverbal symbols that an audience can recognize

ENERGIA-a genuine and appropriate show of emotion

ETHOS the persuasive appeal of one's character. especially how these characters are established by
means of the speech or discourse.

EUNOIA -the feeling of friendship and goodwill that is evoked by the rhetor

EXTERNAL NOISE physical sounds that interfere with communication

FACTS information that has been proven to be true through direct observation

FEEDBACK verbal and nonverbal responses provided by an audience to a speaker

FIGURES OF PARALLELISM using the same pattern of words to show that two or more ideas have the
same level of importance.

FIGURES OF REPETITION of the repetition of words, phrases or structures to generate pathos

HISTORICAL NARRATIVE - an ongoing real- world narrative in which a thesaurus can place her audience

IMAGERY the formation of mental images, figures, or likenesses of things or of such images collectively

INFERENCES a conclusion based on partial information or an evaluation that has not been directly
observed

INTERNAL NOISE anything physiological or psychological that interferes with communication

LISTENING the process by which receivers select. attend to, create meaning from, remember, and
respond to senders messages

METAPHOR-a direct comparison or equivocation that relies on imagery to create an implicit association

NARRATIVE-a mutated account, story

ORAL CITATION- the oral presentations of such information about a source as the author, title, and year
of publication

PARABLE OR ALLEGORY short story that communicates a moral lesson, composed with attention to the
five C's
PATHOS emotional appeal

PERSONAL NARRATIVE - an individual's life story that, as part of his or her reboot or the rhetoric of his or
her followers, can convey powerful messages

PHRONESIS the ability to think about how and why we should act in order to change things, and
especially to change our lives for the better; common sense.

ANALYSIS analysing the studies, beliefs, values, and other psychological information about an audience
to develop a clear and effective message.

RECEIVER liner or audience member

RHETORIC - the use of words and symbols to achieve a goal.

SELF REPORTING listing qualifications that are necessary to establish your credibility with your audience.

SHARED ARTIFACTS past events, stories, or pieces of conturumication with which the majority of an
audience is familiar

SHARED VALUES-values that many people hold in commission

SIMILE - an explicit comparison using like, us, or than

SOURCE the public speaker

SPECIFIC PURPOSE-a concise statement of what you want your listeners to know, feel, or be able to do
when you finish speaking

TACTICAL FLAW revealing a weakness that wins sympathy or shows the sacrifice you have made for the
audience

VALUES an enduring concept of right and wrong good and bad.