CFLM 1: Character Formation, Nationalism and Patriotism WEEK 4

CFLM 1: Nationalism and Patriotism

Learning Objectives: At the end of this chapter the students should be able to;

1. Differentiate nationalism from patriotism and recall their concepts and types.

BASIC CONCEPTS OF NATIONALISM AND PATRIOTISM

NATIONALISM

Nationalism is an ideology and movement defined by promoting the interests of a particular nation,
in particular with the aim of acquiring and maintaining the nation’s sovereignty over its country of
origin. Nationalism claims that each nation should regulate itself, free from outside intervention, that a
nation is the only legitimate source of political authority.
It also aims to build and maintain a single national identity, based on shared social characteristics
such as culture, language, religion, politics and belief in a distinctive shared history, and to promote
national unity or solidarity. Nationalism therefore seeks to preserve and encourage a nation’s traditional
culture, and cultural revivals have been connected to nationalist movements. It also fosters pride in
domestic accomplishments and is strongly associated with patriotism. Nationalism is often paired with
other ideologies for instance conservatism or socialism.

Types of Nationalism

Nationalism can be expressed along civil, ethnic, cultural,. Religious or ideological lines. These self-
definitions of countries are used to classify distinct kinds of nationalism, although these categories are
not mutually exclusive and many nationalist movements combine to differing degrees some or all of
these components.
1. Ethnic Nationalism (Ethnonationalism)

The country is described from prior generations in terms of ethnicity and descent. It also involves
the concept of a shared culture among group members, and generally a shared language.

The nation’s membership is hereditary. The state derives political legitimacy from its obligation to
safeguard the partially domestic group and as a group to promote its family and social life. In contrast to
Western opinions of a country defined by its geographic territory, theorist Anthony D. Smith utilizes the
word ‘thnic nationalism’ for non-Western notions of nationalism.

The word “ethnonationalism” is usually used only in relation to nationalists who support an explicit
ideology along these lines; the more generic word is :ethnic nationalism” and is used by nationalists who
hold such views in an informal, instinctive, or unsystematic manner. The pejorative type of both is
“ethnocentric nationalism” or “tribal nationalism”, although ‘tribal nationalism’ may have a non-
pejorative significance when debating African, Native American or other nationalisms that publicly claim
a tribal identity.

2. Civic Nationalism (Civic Nationalism)

The state derives political legitimacy from its citizens' active involvement and the extent to which it
reflects the “will of the individuals.” Civic nationalism lies within the traditions of rationalism and
liberalism, but it is contrasted with thenic nationalism as a type of nationalism. Civic nation membership
is regarded to be voluntary.

The growth of representative democracy in nations such as the United States and France was
affected by civil-national values. State nationalism, often coupled with ethnic nationalism, is a version of
civic nationalism.
 CFLM 1: Character Formation, Nationalism and Patriotism WEEK 4

It means that the country is a community of those who contribute to the state’s maintenance and
strength, and that there is the person to contribute to that objective. The country is supposed to be a
community of those who contribute to the state’s maintenance and strength and where the person
exists expressly in the society to contribute to that objective.

This often results in fascism-generally characterized by authoritarianism and nationalism, fascim is a

political ideology.

3. Expansionist Nationalism

A radical form of imperialism that includes independent, patriotic feelings with a faith in
expansionism, generally through military aggression. The word was coined in the late 19th century as
European powers indulged in the ‘Scramble for Africa’ in the name of dome of domestic glory, but was
most closely linked with militarist governments in the 20th century, including Fascist Italy, Nazi
Germany, the Japanese Empire, and the Balkan nations of Albania (Great Albania), Bulgaria, Croatia and
Hungary.

Nations are not believed to be equivalent to their right to self-determination; some countries are
believed to possess features or qualities that make them superior to others. Therefore, expansionist
nationalism argues the right of the state to expand its boundaries is the cost of its neighbors.

4. Romantic Nationalism

It is otherwise known as organic nationalism and identity nationalism. Is the form of ethnic
nationalism in which the state derives political legitimacy as a result and expression of the nation’s
nature.

It is based on the presence of a historical ethnic culture that meets the romantic ideal. It expressed
Romanticism’s values and opposed the rationalism of enlightenment. A historical ethnic culture that
meets the Romantic Ideal was emphasized by romantic nationalism; folklore evolved as a romantic
nationalist notion.

5. Cultural Nationalism

The country is described by shared culture, not solely civic or ethnic. Chinese nationalism is an
instance of cultural nationalism, partially due to China’s many national minorities. Membership in the
nation is neither completely voluntary nor hereditary. However, a traditional culture can be more
readily integrated into the lives of any person, particularly if the person can obtain his or her abilities at
an early point of his or her own lives. Cultural nationalism has been defined as a variety of non-civil or
ethnic nationalism.

6. Third World Nationalism

Nationalism feelings are the outcome of opposition to colonial rule to survive and maintain a
domestic identity.

7. Liberal Nationalism

Is a kind of nationalism lately defended by political philosophers who think that a non-xenophobic
form of nationalism compatible with liberal values of liberty, tolerance, equality and individual rights can
exist. It is asserted that in order to lead a meaningful, independent life, people need a national identity
and those liberal democracies need dometic identity to work correctly.

Liberal nationalists often defend the importance of domestic identity by stating that people need a
domestic identity to lead a meaningful, independent life and that liberal democratic politics need
domestic identity to work correctly.
 CFLM 1: Character Formation, Nationalism and Patriotism WEEK 4

Ernest Renan, author of “Qu’est-ce qu’une nation?” John Stuart Mill is often thought to be an early
liberal nationalists.

8. Religious Nationalism

Nationalism’s connection to a specific religious faith, church, or affiliation. It can be seen that a
shared religion contributes to a sense of domestic unity and a mutual bond between the nation’s
people.

This connection can be divided into two dimensions; religion’s politicization and religion’s converse
effects on politics. In the former aspect, it can be seen that a shared religion contributes to a sense of
domestic unity; a common bond between the nation’s people, the support of a national identity,
comparable to a shared ethnicity, language or culture, isd another political element of religion. More
ideological is the impact of religion on politics, where present interpretations of religious concepts
inspire political activism and action; for instance, legislation is enacted to encourage stricter religious
adherence.

9. Pan - Nationalism Ehtnic or cultural nationalism refers to a country that is itself a cluster of associated
ethnic and cultural communities. (such as Turkish peoples)

10. Diaspora Nationalism

Diaspora is an ethnic population residing outside their traditional homelands. In this type of
nationalism, there is a nationalist sense, e.g., the Irish in the United States, the Jews in the United States
and elsewhere etc.

11. Stateless Nationalism

On nationalist basis an ethnic or cultural minority within a nation-state aims for independence.

12. National Conservatism

A political term, mainly used in Europe, to describe a version of conservatism that focuses more
on domestic interests than conventional or pursuing a far-right agenda.

13. Revolutionary Nationalism

Revolutionary nationalism is an ideological theory that calls for a domestic group united by a
shared sense of intent and destiny, also known as radical nationalism. It was first ascribed and strongly
promulgated by Benito Mussolini to followers of revolutionary syndicalism. In France and Italy at the
start of the 20th century, this intellectual synthesis of “radical nationalism and dissident society” was
created.

14. Left-Wing Nationalism

Left-wing nationalism, also sometimes referred to as socialist nationalism, relates to any political
movement combining left-wing or socialism with nationalism. Notable examples include the 26 July
Movement of Fidel Castro, which launched the Cuban Revolution in 1959 to oust the American-backed
Fulgencio Basista, Ireland’s Sinn Fein, Israel’s Labor Zionism and the African National Congress.

PATRIOTISM

Patriotism or national pride is a sense of love, dedication and attachment to a country and an
alliance with other people who share the same impression. This attachment can be a mixture of many
distinct emotions, including ethnics, cultural, political or historical elements, related to one’s own
 CFLM 1: Character Formation, Nationalism and Patriotism WEEK 4

country. It is a predominant virtue linked to a nation’s love, with greater emphasis on values and beliefs.
One who is patriotic will be willing to offer sacrifice to his nation. He’ll never be alone egotistically. For
example, for the sake of his country, a soldier makes the ultimate sacrifice of his life.

For no other reason than being a citizen of that nation, patriotism is a dedication to one’s
nation. In essence, patriotism is a sense of attachment and dedication to a country, nation, or political
community or just country love. The English word patriot is first known in the Elizabethan period; it
originated from Latin patriots via Middle French, meaning “countryman,” finally from Greek (patriotes),
meaning from the same nation (patris), meaning “fatherland”. The abstract noun patriotism appears in
the early 18th century. By adhering to a national religion, patriotism can be reinforced.

This is the reverse of the church-state separation requested by the Enlightenment intellectuals
who saw patriotism and religion as analogous and opposing forces. Michael Billig and Jean Bethke
Elshtain both asserted that it is hard and depends on the distinction between patriotism and faith and
depends heavily on the attitude of the person who does the label. Kinds of Patriotism

1. Patriotism of Duty

This includes fidelity to one’s nation through material acts. This is military service patriotism and
other selfless sacrifice types. This is where patriotism becomes embodied and its ideals take
praiseworthy particular actions.

2. Patriotism of Affection

This is the patriotism of the heart. It is about one’s internal desire for his country’s well-being. The
patriotism of affection can be seen in the patriotism of duty, but it does not necessarily result in it; one
can truly love his country and yet be a coward, just as one can theoretically fulfill a patriotic duty and yet
feel apathetic about the country’s welfare.

3. Patriotism of Manners

This is custom patriotism, written and unwritten. The patriotism of manners is to place one’s hand
over the heart during the national anthem. It can be performed by anyone without actually needing
affection or duty of patriotism. While the above types of patriotism show at least in part, the real beliefs
and hopes of a person, the patriotism of manners established mostly a set of protocols.

Types of Patriotism

1. Personal Patriotism - Is emotional and voluntary. The patriot adheres to certain patriotic values, such
as respect for the flag or the honoring of veterans. Other expressions of personal patriotism include
enlisting in the army, public service, and participation in the political process through voting or other
forms of activism.

2. Official Patriotism - Promoted by the government which has a high symbolic and ceremonial content.
It is a logical consequence of the state expression of the common good of the political community.
National monuments, and veterans days and commemoration ceremonies are typical examples.

Often official patriotism is highly regulated by protocol, with specific methods for handling flags, or
specific methods for handling flags, or specific pledges and displays of allegiance. Official patriotism
relies heavily on symbolic acts, such as displaying the flag, singing the national anthem, saying a pledge,
participating in a mass rally, placing a patriotic bumper sticker on one’s vehicle, or any other way of
publicly proclaiming allegiance to the state.

3. Symbolic Patriotism - In wartime is intended to raise morale, in turn contributing to the war effort.
CFLM 1: Character Formation, Nationalism and Patriotism WEEK 4

4. Peacetime Patriotism - Cannot be so easily linked to a measurable gain for the state, but the patriot
does not see it as inferior. Levels of patriotism vary across time, and among political communities.
Typically, patriotic intensity is higher when the state is under external threat.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PATRIOTISM AND NATIONALISM

While the terms patriotism and nationalism were once regarded as synonymous, distinct
connotations were assumed. While both are people’s feelings of affection for their distinct. Patriotism
feelings are based on the country’s positive values - like liberty, justice and equality. The patriot thinks
that both their country’s satte system and individuals are inherently good and working together to
achieve a better quality of life.

On the other hand, nationalism is based on the belief that one’s nation is superior to all others.
It also holds a connotation of other countries 'distrust or disapproval, leading to the premise that other
states are competitors. While patriots do not degrade other countries automatically, nationalists do,
sometimes to the point of calling for the global dominance of their country. Nationalism is the polar
opposite of globalism by its protectionist beliefs.

Historically, both positive and negative have been the impacts of nationalism. While patriots do
not degrade other countries automatically, nationalists do, sometimes to the point of calling for the
global dominance of their country. Nationalism is the polar opposite of globalism by its protectionist
beliefs. According to Sydney j. Harris, the patriot is proud of his nation for what it does, and the
nationalist is proud of his nation whatever it does; the first approach generates a sense of accountability
and the second a sense of blind stupidity leading to war.