Nationalism.

Nationalism encompasses a complex array of sentiments, beliefs, and practices that have shaped the
course of human history. At its core, nationalism is the deep-seated feeling of loyalty and devotion to
one's nation, often accompanied by a sense of pride in its culture, history, and achievements. However, the
manifestations of nationalism can vary widely depending on historical context, cultural influences, and
political agendas.

The idea of nationalism was born during the French Revolution. Nationalism was a revolutionary and
democratic creed, reflecting the idea that ‘subjects of the crown’ should become ‘citizens of the country’.
The nation should be its own master. In many aspects, nationalism developed into the most successful and
compelling of political creeds, helping to shape and reshape history in many parts of the world for over
two hundred years.

As an ideology, nationalism asserts the primacy of the nation-state as the fundamental unit of political
organization. It emphasizes the sovereignty and autonomy of the nation, advocating for its
self-determination and independence from external influences. Nationalist ideologies often promote a
sense of unity and solidarity among members of the nation, emphasizing shared values, traditions, and
identity markers such as language, religion, or ethnicity. In some cases, nationalism has been used to
mobilize populations for political or military purposes, harnessing collective sentiment to pursue specific
agendas, whether territorial expansion, resistance against oppression, or the preservation of cultural
heritage.

However, nationalism is not a monolithic ideology, and its interpretations can vary widely. While some
forms of nationalism are inclusive, celebrating diversity and multiculturalism within the nation, others can
be exclusionary, promoting xenophobia, intolerance, and even ethnic or racial supremacy. History is
replete with examples of how nationalist fervor has been manipulated for nefarious ends, leading to
conflict, oppression, and genocide.

As an idea of nation, nationalism is intertwined with notions of identity, belonging, and collective
memory. It provides individuals with a sense of rootedness and belonging, forging bonds of solidarity and
mutual obligation among members of the national community. The idea of nationhood often serves as a
symbolic framework for understanding one's place in the world, providing a narrative of shared history
and destiny that transcends individual differences.

Nevertheless, the concept of nationhood is not static but dynamic, evolving over time in response to
changing social, political, and economic dynamics. Globalization, migration, and transnational
movements have challenged traditional conceptions of nationhood, prompting debates about the
boundaries of inclusion and exclusion in an increasingly interconnected world.

In conclusion, nationalism, both as an ideology and as an idea of nation, remains a potent force in
contemporary politics and society. While it can inspire unity, solidarity, and collective action, nationalism
also carries the potential for division, conflict, and exclusion. Understanding the complexities of
nationalism is essential for navigating the challenges and opportunities of the modern world.
Meaning and Definition.

5. Ethnic Factors like blood relationships, Racial factors, Common Ancestry.

Ethnic factors such as blood relationships, racial factors, and common ancestry play a significant role in
shaping nationality by fostering a sense of shared identity and cultural heritage. These elements contribute
to the development of a collective consciousness, influencing societal norms, values, and traditions. They
can foster a sense of belonging and unity among individuals with shared ethnic backgrounds, contributing
to the growth and cohesion of a particular nationality
.
 6. Language.
Language plays a crucial role in shaping and preserving national identity. It serves as a cultural bond,
fostering a sense of unity and belonging among individuals who share a common language. Language
transmits traditions, values, and historical narratives, reinforcing a collective identity. Additionally, a shared
language facilitates communication and collaboration, contributing to the socio-economic and political
growth of a nation. Overall, language plays a pivotal role in nurturing and sustaining the growth of
nationality.

7. Religion.
Religion can influence the growth of nationality by shaping cultural identity and fostering a sense of
community among followers. Shared religious beliefs can strengthen national unity, providing a common
framework for values and norms. Conversely, religious differences may lead to divisions, impacting the
cohesion of a nation. Overall, religion plays a significant role in shaping the collective identity and social
fabric that contribute to the growth of nationality.

Concepts of Nationalism.

Classical Nationalism.
Classical nationalism, originating in the 18th and 19th centuries, is rooted in the idea of cultural, ethnic, or
linguistic homogeneity within a defined territory. It emphasizes the importance of shared history,
language, and customs in shaping the identity of a nation. Classical nationalists often seek political
sovereignty and self-determination for their nation-state, viewing it as a means of preserving their unique
identity and protecting themselves from external threats. This form of nationalism can sometimes lead to
exclusionary practices, where minorities or marginalized groups are marginalized or discriminated against
in the pursuit of national unity.

Liberal Nationalism.
On the other hand, liberal nationalism emerged as a response to the shortcomings of classical nationalism,
particularly its tendency towards exclusion and ethnocentrism. Liberal nationalism emphasizes principles
such as individual rights, democracy, and equality under the law, alongside national identity. It seeks to
reconcile the tensions between national unity and diversity by promoting inclusive citizenship and
multiculturalism. Liberal nationalists advocate for civic nationalism, where membership in the nation is
based on adherence to shared values and principles rather than ethnic or cultural background. They argue
that a nation can be strengthened by embracing its diversity and upholding the rights of all its citizens,
regardless of their ancestry or heritage.

Criticism towards Nationality.

Criticism of nationalism arises from various quarters, highlighting its potential pitfalls and negative
consequences. One key critique is its tendency to foster exclusionary attitudes, leading to discrimination
against minority groups and fueling ethnic or religious tensions. Critics argue that nationalism can breed
xenophobia, intolerance, and even conflict, as it prioritizes the interests of one nation over others.
Moreover, nationalism's emphasis on national identity may overshadow individual rights and liberties,
curtailing freedom of expression and dissent. Additionally, some argue that nationalism's glorification of
the nation-state can hinder global cooperation and perpetuate inequality between nations. Overall, while
nationalism can foster a sense of belonging and solidarity, its critics caution against its potential to sow
division, undermine human rights, and impede progress towards a more inclusive and peaceful world.

INDIAN NATIONALISM.

31 December 1660.
East India Company was established.
French Officer Duplecy, was the first officer who interfered in the policy and political administration.
PLASSEY was the first battle after which the intervention of Britishers in the internal affairs began.
In 1885, Indian national Congress established and that was the institutionalisation of Indian Nationalism.
1885 to 1905 - moderates dominated nationalism.
1906 to 1920 - LAL (Lala Lajpat Rai) BAL (Bal Gangadhar Tilak ) PAL (Bipin Chandra Pal) domination.
Nationalism is the feeling of oneness towards the people of the Nation, and Patriotism is the devotion
towards Nation.
Indian Renaissance

Indian nationalism refers to the collective sense of pride, identity, and aspiration for self-governance that
emerged among the people of India during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It stemmed from various
factors deeply rooted in India's historical background.

Firstly, the British colonial rule played a pivotal role in shaping Indian nationalism. As British control
over India tightened, Indians began to experience economic exploitation, cultural suppression, and
political marginalization. This led to growing resentment and a desire for independence among Indians
from all walks of life.

Secondly, the Indian nationalist movement was influenced by ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity
propagated by the Enlightenment and various global movements for freedom. Concepts such as
democracy and self-determination resonated with Indian intellectuals, fostering a spirit of resistance
against colonial rule.

Furthermore, the formation of Indian nationalism was also fueled by cultural and religious identities.
Leaders like Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Swami Vivekananda emphasized the rich heritage of Indian
civilization, fostering a sense of pride and unity among the diverse Indian populace.

The historical background of Indian nationalism is characterized by key events and movements. The
Indian Rebellion of 1857, although unsuccessful, marked a significant turning point by sparking a
widespread anti-colonial sentiment and laying the groundwork for future resistance movements.

The formation of organizations such as the Indian National Congress (INC) in 1885 provided a platform
for Indians to articulate their grievances and demand political reforms. Leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji,
Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and Mohandas Gandhi played instrumental roles in mobilizing the masses and
advocating for Indian self-rule through non-violent means.
Overall, Indian nationalism emerged as a response to colonial oppression, drawing inspiration from
historical struggles, global movements for freedom, and the cultural and religious diversity of India. It
represented the collective aspiration of Indians to reclaim their sovereignty and shape their destiny as a
nation.

HINDU NATIONALISM.
Hindu nationalism, also known as Hindutva, is a political ideology that seeks to establish the cultural and
religious dominance of Hinduism in India. At its core, Hindu nationalism advocates for the assertion of
Hindu identity and values as the foundation of Indian society and governance.

Central to Hindu nationalism is the belief in the cultural and historical primacy of Hindu civilization in
India. Advocates of this ideology often highlight India's ancient Hindu heritage, emphasizing the need to
preserve and promote Hindu traditions, customs, and symbols. They argue that Hinduism is not just a
religion but also a way of life that forms the cultural bedrock of Indian society.

Hindu nationalism often intersects with ideas of national pride and unity, viewing Hinduism as a unifying
force that can bind together the diverse peoples of India under a common cultural identity. Proponents of
this ideology emphasize the importance of fostering a strong sense of national unity and solidarity among
Hindus, transcending regional, linguistic, and caste divisions.

Critics of Hindu nationalism raise concerns about its potentially exclusionary nature and its impact on
India's secular fabric. They argue that privileging Hindu identity could marginalize religious and cultural
minorities, threatening India's secular and pluralistic ethos. Furthermore, some critics accuse Hindu
nationalists of promoting majoritarianism and undermining the rights of minorities, particularly Muslims
and Christians.

The political expression of Hindu nationalism has been manifested through various organizations and
political parties, such as the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), and
Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP). These groups have advocated for policies and initiatives aimed at
advancing Hindu interests, including the construction of the Ram Mandir in Ayodhya, the promotion of
Hindi and Sanskrit, and the implementation of uniform civil code.

In summary, Hindu nationalism represents a complex and contested political ideology that seeks to assert
Hindu cultural and religious identity in India. While it has garnered significant support among certain
segments of the population, it also faces criticism for its potential to undermine India's secularism and
pluralism.

Contemporary nationalism in India

Contemporary nationalism in India refers to the ongoing sense of pride, identity, and loyalty to the nation
that is prevalent among the people of India today. It encompasses various aspects, including cultural,
political, and social dimensions.
Culturally, Indian nationalism emphasizes the rich and diverse heritage of the country, celebrating
traditions, languages, and customs that are unique to India. This cultural nationalism fosters a sense of
unity and belonging among the people, despite the country's vast diversity.

Politically, nationalism in India often revolves around the idea of sovereignty and self-governance. There
is a strong emphasis on protecting and promoting India's interests on the global stage, as well as ensuring
that the nation's policies and governance reflect the aspirations of its citizens.

Socially, contemporary nationalism in India can sometimes take on a more exclusionary tone, with certain
groups advocating for the prioritization of the interests of specific communities over others. This can lead
to tensions and conflicts, particularly along religious, ethnic, or linguistic lines.

Contemporary Indian nationalism is also influenced by factors such as globalization, technology, and
socio-economic developments. The rise of social media platforms, for example, has provided a platform
for individuals and groups to express their nationalist sentiments and mobilize support for various causes.

Overall, contemporary nationalism in India is a complex phenomenon shaped by a multitude of factors,

including history, culture, politics, and socio-economic dynamics. It reflects the ongoing quest for
identity, unity, and self-determination among the people of India in the modern era.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

Pandurang Vaman kane also known as PV KANE, was a lawyer, sanskrit scholar and an Indian
Indologist. Indologist refers to a person who studies the cultures and traditions of the indian or the south
asian countries. He was awarded the bharat ratna in 1963.

He was nominated to the rajya sabha, upper house of the parliament from 1953 to 1964.
Kane initially studied and taught sanskrit in 2 colleges, however late law got his interest and he achieved
degrees in it and also practiced before the bombay high court. He was also a professor in GLC.
He was also a member at bombay asiatic society. His career also included a tenure as the vice chancellor
at the uni of bombay.

He is famously known for his HISTORY OF DHARMASASTRA, MAGNUM OPUS, a five volume
treatise on law in ancient medieval india.
He was also known as Mahamahaupadhyay meaning the greatest of all students.

Kane was also of the opinion that the constitution

P.V. Kane on Dharma.

Pandurang Vaman Kane, commonly known as P.V. Kane was an Indian scholar who significantly
contributed to our understanding of Dharma, which is the concept of righteousness or duty in Hinduism.
Kane's idea of Dharma revolves around the principles of moral duty, virtue, and ethical conduct that guide
individuals in leading a righteous life according to Hindu beliefs.

Kane's works related to Dharma are extensive and comprehensive. One of his notable contributions is the
multi-volume series titled "History of Dharmasastra." In this monumental work, Kane meticulously
examines various texts and scriptures that expound upon the principles of Dharma, tracing their evolution
over centuries. Through detailed analysis and interpretation, he sheds light on the diverse interpretations
and applications of Dharma throughout history.

Furthermore, Kane's exploration of Dharma extends beyond scholarly research. He emphasizes the
practical aspects of Dharma, aiming to elucidate how individuals can integrate these principles into their
everyday lives to foster personal growth and societal harmony. Kane's writings serve as a valuable
resource for both scholars and laypersons seeking a deeper understanding of Hindu ethics and moral
philosophy.

In essence, P.V. Kane's idea of Dharma encompasses not only theoretical concepts but also practical
guidance for adhering to righteous conduct. His works continue to be revered for their scholarly rigor and
their relevance in elucidating the timeless principles of Dharma for contemporary audiences.