I.1.

Anemia is a medical condition characterized by a reduced number of red blood cells or hemoglobin
concentration in the blood. It results in a decreased capacity of the blood to carry oxygen to various
tissues and organs of the body. Anemia can be caused by a variety of factors, including nutritional
deficiencies, chronic diseases, genetic disorders, and other underlying conditions. The most common
symptoms of anemia include fatigue, weakness, dizziness, pale skin, shortness of breath, and rapid
heartbeat. Treatment for anemia depends on the underlying cause and may include medications,
supplements, blood transfusions, or other therapies.

Anaemia is a condition in which there is a decrease in the number of red blood cells or hemoglobin
concentration in the blood, leading to reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of blood. There are various
types of anaemia, including:

1. Iron-deficiency anaemia: This is the most common type of anaemia, caused by a deficiency
of iron in the body. Iron is an essential component of hemoglobin, and a lack of iron leads to
a reduced ability to produce hemoglobin.

2. Vitamin-deficiency anaemia: This type of anaemia is caused by a deficiency of certain

vitamins such as vitamin B12, folate or vitamin C, which are required for the formation of
red blood cells. Inadequate intake of these vitamins, or poor absorption of them, can lead to
anaemia.

3. Hemolytic anaemia: This type of anaemia is caused by the destruction of red blood cells at a
rate faster than the body can produce them. This can be caused by a range of factors,
including an inherited genetic disorder, infections, or autoimmune diseases.

4. Aplastic anaemia: This is a rare type of anaemia in which the bone marrow is unable to
produce enough red blood cells. It can be caused by a range of factors including radiation
exposure, toxins, and certain medications.

5. Sickle cell anaemia: This is an inherited form of anaemia caused by a genetic mutation in the
hemoglobin gene. The mutation causes the red blood cells to be shaped like sickles, which
can lead to a range of health problems.

6. Thalassemia: This is another inherited form of anaemia caused by mutations in the genes
that produce hemoglobin. Thalassemia can cause a range of symptoms, including fatigue,
weakness, and shortness of breath.

Treatment for anaemia depends on the underlying cause, and may include dietary changes,
supplements, medication, or blood transfusions.

Nursing management of sickle cell anemia involves a holistic approach that focuses on the
prevention of complications, relief of symptoms, and promotion of quality of life. The following are
some of the nursing interventions that are important in the management of sickle cell anemia:

1. Pain management: Pain is the most common symptom experienced by people with sickle
cell anemia. Nurses play a crucial role in managing pain by assessing the patient's pain level,
administering analgesics, and providing non-pharmacological interventions such as heat
therapy, distraction techniques, and relaxation exercises.
 2. Oxygen therapy: Patients with sickle cell anemia may require oxygen therapy to prevent
hypoxia, which can trigger a sickle cell crisis. Nurses monitor the patient's oxygen saturation
level and administer oxygen therapy as needed.

3. Fluid management: Adequate hydration is important in preventing sickle cell crises. Nurses
encourage patients to drink plenty of fluids and monitor their fluid intake and output.

4. Infection prevention: Patients with sickle cell anemia are at increased risk of infections due
to their compromised immune system. Nurses educate patients on infection prevention
measures, such as hand hygiene, avoiding sick people, and getting vaccinated.

5. Blood transfusions: In some cases, patients with sickle cell anemia may require blood
transfusions to prevent or treat complications such as stroke. Nurses monitor the patient's
vital signs and blood transfusion reactions.

6. Emotional support: Living with sickle cell anemia can be challenging, both physically and
emotionally. Nurses provide emotional support to patients and their families, such as
counseling, referrals to support groups, and assistance with coping strategies.

Overall, nursing management of sickle cell anemia involves a comprehensive approach that
addresses the physical, emotional, and social needs of the patient. By providing holistic care, nurses
can help patients with sickle cell anemia achieve a better quality of life and reduce the risk of
complications.

2.

A) Without further information on Mr.X's condition, it is difficult to determine the specific type of
tonsillitis he is experiencing. However, tonsillitis can be classified as either acute or chronic, viral or
bacterial.

B) The clinical manifestations of tonsillitis may include:

• Sore throat

• Difficulty swallowing

• Red, swollen tonsils with white or yellow spots

• Painful lymph nodes in the neck

• Fever

• Headache

• Fatigue

• Bad breath

• Hoarse voice

C) The medical management for tonsillitis may include:

• Antibiotics if the infection is bacterial

• Pain relievers and anti-inflammatory medications to reduce pain and fever

 • Throat lozenges or sprays to soothe the throat

• Fluids and rest to help the body recover

• In severe cases, tonsillectomy (surgical removal of the tonsils) may be recommended

D) As a nurse, some nursing management I would provide to Mr.X with tonsillitis include:

• Administering medications as prescribed by the doctor, including antibiotics and pain

relievers

• Monitoring the patient's vital signs, especially if the fever is high

• Encouraging the patient to rest and providing a comfortable environment for them to do so

• Providing oral care and hydration to help soothe the throat and prevent dehydration

• Educating the patient on proper hygiene, such as washing their hands frequently and
avoiding close contact with others to prevent the spread of infection

• Providing emotional support and reassurance to help the patient cope with the discomfort
and anxiety associated with tonsillitis.

II.3.A)

The stages of infection can be broadly categorized into four stages:

1. Incubation period: This is the time between the entry of the pathogen into the body and the
onset of symptoms. During this stage, the pathogen is multiplying and spreading throughout
the body. The length of the incubation period varies depending on the type of pathogen.

2. Prodromal period: This is the stage where the initial symptoms of the infection begin to
appear. The symptoms may be mild or nonspecific, such as fatigue, fever, or headache. This
stage is important as the individual may be contagious, and the infection may spread to
others.

3. Acute period: This is the stage where the infection is fully developed, and the individual
experiences the full range of symptoms associated with the infection. The immune system is
actively fighting the pathogen, and the individual may experience a fever, inflammation, and
other symptoms.

4. Convalescent period: This is the stage where the individual begins to recover from the
infection. The immune system has successfully fought off the pathogen, and the symptoms
begin to improve. The length of the convalescent period varies depending on the type of
infection, the severity of the illness, and the individual's overall health. During this stage, the
individual may still be contagious, and precautions should be taken to prevent the spread of
the infection.

B)

Perioperative nursing refers to the specialized nursing care provided to patients before, during, and
after surgery. This type of nursing involves collaboration with the surgical team to ensure safe and
efficient care for the patient.
There are several key responsibilities of perioperative nurses. Before surgery, they may be involved
in preoperative assessments, such as taking the patient's medical history, conducting physical
exams, and reviewing lab results. They may also be responsible for preparing the patient for surgery,
which can include providing education about the procedure, administering medications, and
ensuring the patient is appropriately hydrated and nourished.

During surgery, perioperative nurses are responsible for ensuring that the surgical team has all the
necessary equipment and supplies. They also monitor the patient's vital signs, administer anesthesia
as needed, and assist with positioning the patient for the procedure. Additionally, they may be
responsible for maintaining a sterile environment in the operating room and documenting the
surgical procedure.

After surgery, perioperative nurses provide postoperative care to the patient. This can include
monitoring the patient's vital signs, administering pain medication, and monitoring the patient for
complications. They may also assist with wound care and provide education to the patient and their
family about postoperative care and follow-up appointments.

Overall, perioperative nursing is a specialized area of nursing that requires extensive knowledge and
skills in surgical procedures, patient care, and collaboration with the surgical team.

C)

An outpatient department (OPD) is a medical facility that provides diagnostic and treatment services
to patients who do not require admission to a hospital. The functions of OPDs are:

1. Consultation and Diagnosis: OPDs provide consultation services to patients who require
medical advice or diagnosis. Doctors and other healthcare professionals provide a thorough
examination of the patient's condition and recommend appropriate treatment.

2. Treatment: OPDs provide a wide range of treatment options to patients, including

medications, therapies, and minor surgical procedures. They may also provide rehabilitation
services for patients who have undergone major surgeries or have chronic conditions.

3. Health Screening: OPDs offer health screening services to patients who want to assess their
health status. This includes blood tests, imaging tests, and other diagnostic tests that can
detect potential health problems at an early stage.

4. Immunization: OPDs also provide vaccination services to prevent infectious diseases. They
offer a variety of vaccines for different age groups, including children and adults.

5. Follow-up Care: OPDs provide follow-up care to patients who have undergone medical
procedures or have chronic conditions. They monitor the patient's progress and provide
additional treatment or adjustments to the treatment plan as needed.

6. Health Education: OPDs also provide health education services to patients, including
information about disease prevention, healthy lifestyle habits, and proper medication use.

Overall, OPDs play an important role in providing accessible and affordable healthcare services to
patients, improving health outcomes, and reducing the burden on hospitals.
D)

Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious bacterial infection caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium

tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body, such as the
kidneys, spine, and brain.

The signs and symptoms of TB can vary depending on the part of the body affected, and they can be
mild or severe. Some common signs and symptoms of TB include:

1. Persistent cough: A cough that lasts for more than two weeks, often with thick, discolored
phlegm.

2. Chest pain: Pain or tightness in the chest, which may be exacerbated by coughing or
breathing.

3. Fatigue: Feeling tired or weak, even after getting enough rest.

4. Fever: A low-grade fever, which may be accompanied by night sweats.

5. Loss of appetite: A decrease in appetite, which can lead to weight loss.

6. Shortness of breath: Difficulty breathing, especially during physical activity.

7. Blood in cough: Coughing up blood or phlegm that contains blood.

8. Swollen lymph nodes: Swelling of the lymph nodes, which can be felt as lumps under the
skin.

If you suspect that you have TB or have been in close contact with someone who has the disease, it's
important to seek medical attention right away. TB can be treated with a combination of antibiotics,
but prompt treatment is essential to prevent the spread of the disease and minimize its potential
complications.

IV.A)

Medical-surgical nursing is a nursing specialty that involves the care of adult patients in acute care
settings, such as hospitals, surgical centers, and long-term care facilities. Medical-surgical nurses are
responsible for managing the care of patients before, during, and after surgical procedures, as well
as for providing ongoing care to patients with medical conditions that require close monitoring and
frequent interventions. They collaborate with other healthcare professionals to develop and
implement care plans, monitor patient progress, administer medications and treatments, and
educate patients and families on disease prevention and management. The goal of medical-surgical
nursing is to promote optimal health outcomes for patients by providing high-quality, evidence-
based care in a safe and supportive environment.

B)

A deviated nasal septum is a condition in which the nasal septum, the wall of cartilage and bone that
divides the nasal cavity into two nostrils, is displaced to one side. This can result in one nostril being
larger than the other, making it difficult to breathe through the nose. Deviated nasal septum can be
caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, injury, and developmental abnormalities.
Symptoms can include nasal congestion or obstruction, difficulty breathing through the nose,
snoring, and frequent sinus infections. Treatment for deviated nasal septum may include
medications to alleviate symptoms, nasal decongestants, nasal sprays, or surgery to correct the
structural abnormality.

C)

Acute inflammation is a short-term response of the body to injury or infection, characterized by

redness, heat, swelling, and pain at the site of injury or infection. This response is initiated by the
immune system to protect the body against harmful stimuli, such as bacteria or viruses, and to
promote healing. Acute inflammation is typically resolved within a few days to a few weeks and is
generally considered a beneficial response of the body.

Chronic inflammation, on the other hand, is a long-term response of the body to injury or infection
that can last for months or years. Chronic inflammation can occur when the immune system
continues to release inflammatory mediators in response to a persistent stimulus, such as a chronic
infection, autoimmune disorder, or exposure to toxins. Unlike acute inflammation, chronic
inflammation can lead to tissue damage and scarring, and it is associated with many chronic
diseases, including arthritis, asthma, and cardiovascular disease. Chronic inflammation may not
produce obvious signs of inflammation, such as redness and swelling, but it can cause symptoms
such as fatigue, fever, and weight loss.

D)

Epistaxis is the medical term for a nosebleed. It occurs when blood vessels in the nose rupture,
causing bleeding from one or both nostrils. Epistaxis can be caused by a variety of factors, including
dry air, injury to the nose, nose picking, high blood pressure, blood clotting disorders, and
medications that affect blood clotting. Most cases of epistaxis are minor and can be treated with
self-care measures, such as pinching the nostrils together and applying ice to the nose. However, in
some cases, epistaxis can be severe and require medical intervention, such as cauterization or
packing of the nose to stop the bleeding.

E)

The diagnostic test for anemia is a complete blood count (CBC), which is a blood test that measures
the levels of red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and other components of the blood. In
anemia, the levels of red blood cells and/or hemoglobin are lower than normal, indicating a
decrease in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. The CBC can also provide information on the
size and shape of the red blood cells, which can help determine the type and cause of anemia. In
addition to the CBC, other diagnostic tests may be ordered to determine the underlying cause of
anemia, such as a peripheral blood smear, iron studies, vitamin B12 and folate levels, and bone
marrow biopsy.

F)

ITP stands for Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura, which is a bleeding disorder that occurs when
the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys platelets, which are necessary for blood
clotting. This can result in easy bruising, petechiae (small red or purple spots on the skin), and
mucosal bleeding (such as nosebleeds or bleeding gums). ITP can be acute or chronic, and it can
occur in both children and adults. The diagnosis of ITP is based on the clinical symptoms, physical
examination, and blood tests, which show a low platelet count and normal or increased bleeding
time. Treatment for ITP may include medications that increase platelet production or decrease
platelet destruction, such as corticosteroids, immunoglobulin therapy, or splenectomy.
A. The surgical procedure used in Deviated nasal septum is b) Septoplasty.

B. There are 41 chapters in ICD-10.

C.

D. The other name of hospital-related infection is b) Nosocomial infection.

E. The test used to diagnose tuberculosis is b) MPQBC (Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex

Polymerase Chain Reaction).

F. Sickle cell anemia is an inherited form of anemia.

G. The other name of tuberculosis disease is a) Koch's disease.

H. The production of abnormal and immature blood cells in the body leads to b) Blood cancer.