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Skills for Real World Survival

- Student Notes
Directions:
Fill in the blanks.

Business Management Skills Segment


1. Conflict in the Workplace
• Is common with any business
– between employees
– between management and employees – between an employee
and a group.
– between groups
– between companies

2. Conflict in the Workplace


• May be caused by numerous situations, including:
– different values and beliefs of employees – different views
– poor communication .
– different goals
– personal style difference
– results dependent on other employees or departments
– Inconsistent managing styles
– misuse of power

3. Conflict in the Workplace


• Can be resolved through prevention and management techniques
– identify and confront the underlying problems
– be honest with management
– Clarify communication
– remain calm
– stress cooperation; not competition
– keep an open mind

4. Conflict Management as a Leader


• Is important for a cooperative environment
– remain impartial and listen to all sides

Accompanies: Skills for Real World Survival 1


Skills for Real World Survival
- Student Notes
– Resolve conflict quickly
– compromise in an effort to address all concerns fairly
5. Conflict Management as a Team Member
• Is necessary in a professional environment
– try to understand differing points of view
– strive to maintain a positive working environment, even during
conflict
– encourage management to resolve conflict quickly and fairly

6. Ethical Decision Making


• Involves the study and examination of moral and social
responsibilities in relation to business practices
– questions to help recognize if an action is ethical
• Is it legal?
• Is it right?
• Is it beneficial?
• Could it be publicly known?
• Could other employees, managers, and family members
respect the decision?

7. Ethical Decision Making


• Someone has offered you a stolen recipe for a product your competition
is making. Should you take it?
• One of your new candy bars was marketed to increase energy, but you
discover none of the ingredients added provide an energy boost. Although
your customers will never know, should you continue to market the
candy as an energy bar?

Communication Skills Segment


1. Effective Communication
• Requires the following:
– gather thoughts and information before communicating
– take time to calm down if someone is angry or upset
– prepare to give immediate and honest feedback

Accompanies: Skills for Real World Survival 2


Skills for Real World Survival
- Student Notes
– remember the messages are important to the person delivering it
– try not to intimidate or pressure someone
– treat everyone with respect
2. Verbal & Nonverbal Communication
• Can be used to understand and interpret a person’s message
• May contradict each other

3. Verbal Communication
• Involves communicating through words.
• Includes the following:
– Tone of voice (inflection)
– pitch
– volume
– emphasis

4. Tone of Voice
• Is the raising and lowering of the voice
– can indicate a question by raising voice at the end of message –
can indicate a statement by lowering voice at the end of message
• Can be referred to as inflection.

5. Pitch
• Is how high or deep a voice is
– can be considered authoritative if a voice is very low
– will get higher when a person is angry

6. Volume
• Is how loud or quiet a voice is
– can be too loud and overwhelm a listener
– can be too quiet for listeners to hear

7. Emphasis

Accompanies: Skills for Real World Survival 3


Skills for Real World Survival
- Student Notes
• Is the placing of more impact on certain words
– can change the meaning of the word
– can change the context of the word

8. Nonverbal Communication
• Involves messages communicated through body movement
• Includes the following:
– eye-contact
– posture
– Personal space
9. Eye-Contact
• Is to look at someone while communicating
– is important because it proves the receiver of the message is paying
attention
– is hard for one to do if he is shy, nervous or lacks self- confidence

10. Posture
• Involves the body position
– can indicate a person’s mood.
– can be misinterpreted .

11. Personal Space


• Is the area allowed between two or more people
– is smaller the closer the relationship
– is considered social space when people are 4-12 feet apart

12. Communicating with Different Audiences


• Requires the ability to communicate efficiently with the following:
– men and women
– people of all ages.
– people of other nations or cultures.
Diversity refers to differences in terms of age, generation, race, class,
gender, culture, education, etc.

Accompanies: Skills for Real World Survival 4


Skills for Real World Survival
- Student Notes

13. Communicating with Different Audiences


• Requires the following skills:
– appreciate the differences
– eliminate judge mental opinions
– demonstrate empathy
– acquire new patterns of behavior and belief
– tolerate ambiguity
14. Communicating with Co-Workers
• Co-workers: people who work together
– should be treated with equality.
– should always follow through with commitments
– should never criticize each other in front of others
– should be willing to assist or help each other

15. Communicating with Authority Figures


• Authority figures: bosses, teachers, policemen, coaches, etc.
– should be respected
– should provide praise and credit to people who are responsible for
the success
– should strive for consistency when dealing with different people

16. Communicating with Elders


• Elders: grandparents, parents, veterans, etc.
– have more life experiences; therefore, it is important to listen and
learn from them
– should be treated with patience .
– should be treated with respect and manners

17. Communicating with People from Different Cultures


• Can be a very different experience from listening to people in the same
culture
• Requires attention to the following:

Accompanies: Skills for Real World Survival 5


Skills for Real World Survival
- Student Notes
– translation limitations: words from one language do not always
translate exactly to another
– body language: eye contact, posture and facial expressions carry
different meanings throughout the world

18. Passive-Aggressive Personalities


• Is a personality trait causing people to suppress their feelings
• Suppress their feelings
– unmotivated
– Procrastinate : to put off doing something, especially out of habitual
carelessness or apathy
– stubborn
– Suppress emotions instead of deal with them directly
19. Communicating with Passive-Aggressive Personalities
• Example: A co-worker is mad at you for not mailing a letter he asked
you to mail. Instead of telling you he is mad, he purposely arrives late to a
meeting with you.
– passive-aggressive people should be motivated by encouraging them
to work harder and express themselves more

20. Assertive Personalities


• Express their opinions in such a way to avoid offending others
– direct
– honest
– helpful
– self-motivated and capable of applying themselves without having to
be forced by others

21. Communicating with Assertive Personalities


• Example: You forgot to mail your co-worker’s letter. You realize what
you have done and immediately mail the letter. You apologize to your
co-worker explaining it was a simple mistake. You also offer to call the
mail recipient and explain why the letter is arriving late.

Accompanies: Skills for Real World Survival 6


Skills for Real World Survival
- Student Notes
– Assertive people are a good balance between passive- aggressive
and aggressive

22. Aggressive Personalities


• Cause people to be overly and forceful with their opinions and requests
– impatient
– pushy
– .
– “wound up” and on the move

23. Communicating with Aggressive Personalities


• Example: Your co-worker asked you to mail a letter for him. Instead of
allowing you reasonable time to mail the letter, your co-worker continues
to repeatedly ask you if you have mailed it and begins to explain how
he would have already mailed it by now.
– it is important not to get angry or with aggressive personalities
24. Writing Skills
• Are necessary in order to communicate effectively
• Can be unique to a particular profession
– a teacher may have to tailor his or her writing so a third grader can
understand and comprehend what she is reading
– a journalist must use a specific style of writing called AP style

25. Writing Skills


• Include having a general comprehension of basic spelling, grammar
and punctuation

Accompanies: Skills for Real World Survival 7


Skills for Real World Survival
- Student Notes

26. Common Grammatical Mistakes • Include the


following:
– using run-on sentences
– confusing singular and plural words (i.e., using improper verb
tense)
– confusing “a” and “an”
– using incomplete or fragmented sentences

27. Sentence Punctuation


• Includes the following:
– a period ends a basic sentence
– a question mark ends a direct question or inquiry
– an exclamation mark is used to express urgency or extreme emotion
28. Rules for Commas •
Include the
following:
– separate elements in a series
• one, two, three
– connect two independent clauses.
• He laughed, but then realized what he had done.
– separate related adjectives
• He was tall, dark and handsome

29. Rules for Commas •


Include the
following:
– avoid confusion
• Mostly people, are kind.
• Mostly, people are kind.
– separate quotation marks
• Marcus asked, “How old is she?”
– distinguish typographical rules
• Lincoln, NE

Accompanies: Skills for Real World Survival 8


Skills for Real World Survival
- Student Notes
• Daniel Sutton, III

30. Rules for


Apostrophes
• Include the following:
– use to form the possessive case of a singular noun
• add an apostrophe before the s
• Juan’s car; Sara’s house
– use to form the possessive case of a plural noun
• add an apostrophe after the s
• girls’ teams
– use to create contractions
• can’t = can not
• it’s = it is

31. Common Punctuation Mistakes • Include the


following:
– using too many commas
– using the wrong punctuation mark at the end of a sentence
– misusing dashes,hyphens, and apostrophes
32. Writing Skills
• Organization of written papers should include:
– an introduction
• a thesis or introductory statement
• a roadmap or intended outline
– the body
• appropriate transitions
• at least three main points
• a detailed content and analysis
– the conclusion
• a summary of main points
• a restatement of the thesis
• a concluding statement

Accompanies: Skills for Real World Survival 9


Skills for Real World Survival
- Student Notes
33. E-Mail
• Is a message transmitted through electronic networks and arrives at
an electronic address (e.g., yourname@someplace.com)
– is commonly misused
• sender can appear lazy , rude and uneducated if he does not
proofread his e-mail

34. Writing Skills: E-Mail • Includes the


following tips:
– do not type in all caps
– always put a subject in the subject line
– refrain from colors, graphics, and fonts which are hard to read
– do not use work related e-mail addresses for social e-mails
– do not forward crude jokes and stories through work e-mails; e-
mails remain in the system even when deleted
– spell check e-mail
– always include a signature
35. Speaking
• Is the most common way of communicating • Should be
organized to be clear and concise
• Occasions might include:
– school elections .
– class presentations
– pep-talks
– work meetings
– job interviews
– Charity events
– award ceremonies

36. Speaking Skills: Speeches


• Include the following:
– introduce yourself
– understand the audience
– be familiar with how the audience feels about the speech topic

Accompanies: Skills for Real World Survival 1


Skills for Real World Survival
- Student Notes
– speak slowly.
– repeat major points

37. Organizing a Speech


• Should include the following:
– begin with an “attention getting device,” such as:
• story
• quote
• statistic
– present a roadmap , or outline, of the speech
– introduce the main points
– discuss each point in detail
– Cite references when appropriate
– provide a general summary of ideas
– conclude with an idea similar to the opening
38. Speaking Skills: Telephone
• Include the following tips:
– use manners and courtesy
– promptly pick up the phone within three rings
– answer with “hello” or another formal greeting; do not answer
informally
– answer “this is she/he” not “this is her/him”
– say goodbye and do not hang-up without acknowledging the call is
over

39. Listening Skills


• Are one of the most important aspects of communicating well
• Active listener: letting a speaker know one is listening and hearing
– respectful to the speaker
– easier to absorb and understand the information
• Will help people respond specifically, accurately and honestly

40. Listening Skills


• Include the following tips:

Accompanies: Skills for Real World Survival 1


Skills for Real World Survival
- Student Notes
– do not make judgements about the speaker which may cloud
interpretation of the message
– focus attention on the speaker and away from distractions

Computer Skills Segment


1. Desktop Publishing Software
• Is used for composition, layout,editing and formatting of a document
• Can include:
– text
– Graphics and pictures
– templates for letters, calendars and publications
2. Writing & Desktop Publishing Software
• Programs to use include:
– Microsoft® Word ® – Microsoft® Publisher ®
– Adobe® InDesign®
• Popular uses include:
– letters
– newsletters
– Calenders
– reports and essays
– Brochures and fliers

3. Presentation Applications
• Are used to display information, usually in the form of a slideshow
• Programs to use include:
– Microsoft® PowerPoint®
– Prezi Pro®
– Corel® Presentations
• Popular uses include:
– business and educational presentations
– photo slideshows

4. Presentation Application Tips

Accompanies: Skills for Real World Survival 1


Skills for Real World Survival
- Student Notes
• Include the following:
– limit the amount of text on one slide
– use bullets to organize information
– font size should be at least 24 point
– avoid hard to read fonts and colors

5. Spreadsheet Applications
• Are a screen-orientated interactive program enabling a user to lay out data
on screen
– Rectangular table (or grid) of information, often financial data
• Programs to use include:
– Microsoft® Excel®
– KSpread®
– OpenOffice Calc®
– Abykus®
6. Spreadsheet Applications •
Popular uses include:
– calculating financial information
– organizing numerical and textual data
– creating charts and graphs
• Tips and features include:
– Automatic calculations using formulas
– combine spreadsheets into a workbook
– auto-fill function recognizes patterns in the spreadsheet

7. Database Applications
• Are like an filing cabinet
• Are a processing system in which data can be stored , manipulated,
reported and managed
• Programs to use include:
– Microsoft® Access®
– MySQL®
– Oracle®

Accompanies: Skills for Real World Survival 1


Skills for Real World Survival
- Student Notes
8. Database Applications
• Popular uses include:
– reports and data collection
– address books
– systems
– customer,payroll and employee information
– sales and order tracking

9. Database Applications
• Tips include:
– sketch your database relationships on paper before creating
– keep track of the relationships between various parts of the
database
– integrate formulas to calculate data with ease
• Features include:
– grouping, sorting, and arranging various types of data
– creating multiple reports using the same data
– compiling mail merge documents
10. Collaborative & Groupware Applications
• Allow multiple users to work on related tasks at the same time
• Provide an avenue to help users coordinate and keep track of ongoing
projects together
• Programs to use include: – Lotus® Notes
– Microsoft® SharePoint®

11. Collaborative & Groupware Applications


• Popular uses include:
– organizing calendars and schedules
– databases
– Reference libraries
• Tips and features include:
– allow teams to work on same project from any location
– Document sharing
– extension to clients, suppliers, etc.

Accompanies: Skills for Real World Survival 1


Skills for Real World Survival
- Student Notes

12. Operating System Applications


• Are software designed to control the hardware of a computer in order to
allow users and application programs to make use of it
• Programs to use include:
– Microsoft® Windows®
– Mac® OS
– Linux®

13. E-Mail Applications


• Include the following computer-based programs:
– Microsoft® Outlook®
– Windows® Live Mail
– Mozilla® Thunderbird
• Web browsers may also substitute for the mail client, such as:
– Gmail®
– Hotmail®
– Yahoo®
14. Netiquette
• Is etiquette or proper behavior in the electronic environment
• Violations include:
– flaming: sending an immediate, angry overreaction to an e-mail
message
– shouting: typing a message in all capital letters
– Forwarding personal messages without permission
– sending a personal message to an entire list of contacts
– sending e-mail messages criticizing others
– using emoticons – typed symbols to indicate facial expressions –
in business e-mail

15. E-Mail Privacy


• Courts have upheld the right of corporations to review the e-mail of
employees who use company resources to compose and send e-mail
messages, such as:

Accompanies: Skills for Real World Survival 1


Skills for Real World Survival
- Student Notes
– hardware
– software
– time
• Employees should be sensible in their use of e-mail
– do not put in electronic writing anything you would not want publicly
distributed

16. E-Mail Privacy Policies


• Have been implemented by many organizations
• Should clearly define an employer’s expectations about how e-mail
should be used by employees
• Should outline conditions for when personal e-mail is acceptable

17. E-Mail Issues


• Include the following:
– spam: unsolicited commercial e-mail
• uses an inexpensive Internet connection
– worms and viruses
• use e-mail as a way of reaching vulnerable computers
18. E-Mail Issues
• Also include the following:
– phishing: an e-mail falsely claiming to be an established legitimate
business
• attempts to scam the user into providing private information
which will be sued for identity theft
• directs the user to visit a bogus website
• asks the user to update personal information the real
organization already has, such as:
– passwords
– credit card information
– social security number
– bank account number

Accompanies: Skills for Real World Survival 1


Skills for Real World Survival
- Student Notes
Interpersonal Skills Segment
1. Leadership
• Is the quality of a person allowing them to guide , direct or influence
people • Characteristics include:
– Ambitious
– dynamic
– persuasive
– credible
– organized
– optimistic

2. Leadership
• Is natural for some people, others have to develop the skills necessary
to be a leader
• Is an instrumental part of any group or team; a leader initiates thinking
in a group and motivates action
• Helps determine the appropriate way to handle conflict.
• Is the ability to recognize different personalities and how to use
different methods to relate to them
3. Leadership Styles • Include the following:
– Autocratic: makes decisions independently
– participative: shares decision-making authority with others
– free reign:empowers
– employees to function independently

4. Methods of Leadership
• Coach Jones is coaching the softball championship. He really needs
his two best players to play harder. He knows one of the girls is shy
and insecure while the other is aggressive and confident. He motivated
the first girl by taking her aside and quietly explaining how she can
play better. He shouts to the other girl to focus on the game and work
harder.
– How was Coach Jones a leader?

Accompanies: Skills for Real World Survival 1


Skills for Real World Survival
- Student Notes
– Why did he treat both girls differently in order to get the same
results?

5. Methods of Leadership
• Tom is the manager at a pizza place. He want his employees to come up
with a new slogan idea. No one seems to care or want to
participate. Tom offers incentives, such as a raise and a day off to
whoever comes up with the idea.
– How did Tom motivate his employees?
– Was he a good leader?
– What other methods might have worked?

6. Teamwork
• Helps accomplish goals and efficiently
• Can form naturally
• Can form as the result of a collective interest, such as a soccer team

7. Successful Teamwork
• Consists of cooperation, compromise and collaboration
– cooperation: each team member offers assistance and listens to
everyone’s ideas
– Compromise : each team member is willing to give up an idea of
their own to consider or use ideas of others
– Collaboration : each team member expands on the thoughts,
opinions and ideas of others
8. Successful Teamwork
• Is accomplished when team members trust each others
• Can be accomplished through the following: –
communicate effectively
– demonstrate capability .
– display concern for other team members
– apply fairness to all team members
– admit when people are wrong or do not know the answer
– welcome new members with patience and guidance

Accompanies: Skills for Real World Survival 1


Skills for Real World Survival
- Student Notes
– applying team building skills in exercises or simulations to bond
members of a team

9. Team Effectiveness
• Can be measured by whether the team:
– achieved the goals
– accomplished the objectives.
– were able to give and receive feedback
– were able to present the achievements to the organization

10. Team Effectiveness


• Can be measured by whether the team members:
– listen carefully
– provide clear and accurate instructions
– ask clear questions
– understand their individual roles and responsibilities
– communicate in a professional manner
– communicate effectively with a diverse audience
– react properly during conflict

11. Community Involvement


• Includes extra-curricular activities, groups, clubs and organizations
– sports teams
– Student clubs
– service organizations
– church groups or local youth groups
– Choir or other performing groups
12. Community Involvement •
Accomplishes the following:
– meet new people, learn new things, build your résumé, learn
social skills and discover personal talents
– develop leadership, communication, citizenship and competitive
skills

Accompanies: Skills for Real World Survival 1


Skills for Real World Survival
- Student Notes
– gain experience with people of varying ages, cultures,
socioeconomic backgrounds , attitudes and abilities
– build tolerance

Personal Skills Segment


1. Assessing Self Accuracy
• Helps people identify their strengths and weaknesses
– create a list of , how and why they were achieved
– create a list of failures , how and why they failed
• Helps people learn from their mistakes

2. Constructive Criticism
• Is evaluative judgment of others
• Helps improve people’s work
• Should be offered and received
• Should be a judgment of a person’s work , not of a person’s character

3. Types of Goals
• Include the following:
– long-term goals: goal set for a year or more
• for example: you set a goal your freshman year to be on the
varsity basketball team your junior year
– short-term goals: goals set for less than a year
• for example: you set a goal to get an A on next week’s history
quiz
4. Goal Setting
• Should be realistic to a person’s capabilities
– On Wednesday, Jenny decides she wants to tryout for the school
talent show where she will sing a song she has never sung
before. On Friday, Jenny is upset she did not make it into the
show.
• What is wrong with Jenny’s goal?
• Did Jenny set a realistic goal?
• How might she have better set her goal?

Accompanies: Skills for Real World Survival 2


Skills for Real World Survival
- Student Notes

5. Goal Setting
• Should be realistic to time
– Jenny only allowed two days to practice her song. If Jenny had
decided a month or two before the tryout to start practicing she
may have been able to be in the show.

6. Goal Setting
• Should include a strategy for accomplishing the goal
– Jenny could have asked her music teacher for some voice lessons
or could have started practicing by joining her church choir.

7. Goal Setting
• Should include a method for monitoring the progress of the goal
– If Jenny had realized after a couple of weeks she was not very
good at singing, but really wanted to participate in the show, she
could have changed her talent to dancing, which she has been
practicing for years.

8. Personality
• Is the characteristics of a person including behavioral and emotional
tendencies, personal and social traits, self-concept and social skills
• Is unique to everyone king.

Accompanies: Skills for Real World Survival 2


Skills for Real World Survival
- Student Notes
9. Personality Traits •
Include the
following:
– introvert: a person who is more comfortable with his or her own
thoughts and .
– extrovert: a person who enjoys sharing thoughts and ideas with
others
– adaptability: ability to adapt to new circumstances, such as a new
boss or new coach

10. Personality Traits •


Include the following:
– dependability: people can count on someone to do what they are
asked, such as return a friend’s library book on time or take a kid
brother to school
– responsibility: ability to get tasks done efficiently and effectively such
as being able to organize a school trip or fundraiser
– attitude: is the mental position one possesses regarding a fact,
issue or belief

11. Personality Traits •


Include the following:
– tolerance: ability to handle different people and their different
attitudes, such as not judging some one based on their color,
race, ethnicity or other .
– honesty: ability to be honest with actions and opinions even when
wrong, such as a student who admits she cheated on a test even
though she could fail

12. Personality Traits •


Include the following:

Accompanies: Skills for Real World Survival 2


Skills for Real World Survival
- Student Notes
– empathy: sympathetic toward people and showing feeling when
someone is hurt, such as listening to a friend when he is upset
about the loss of a family member
– courtesy: respecting others in a friendly manner, such as listening to
people’s thoughts and ideas without interruption
- Student Notes
13. Personality Traits •
Include the
following:
– self control: ability to control feelings and actions, especially when
the feelings or actions could be harmful to the person or someone
else, such as somebody not losing her temper when
driving because it could result in a car wreck
– respect: ability to show willingness , appreciation and
consideration for others, such as being attentive when a teacher
is lecturing

14. Ethics
• Are the moral rules and values governing the conduct of a person or
group
• Force people to make difficult choices which may not serve their
personal best interest but serve the interest of others
• Lead to successful relationships, business and life

15. Ethics
• Provide the following rewards:
– respected more in the workplace
– Trusted by co-workers and peers
– admired by family, friends and co-workers
• Reduce people’s chances of making illegal decisions

Accompanies: Skills for Real World Survival 2


Skills for Real World Survival
Organizational Skills Segment
1. Organization
• Promotes effectiveness and efficiency
• Allows people to stay on schedule
• At school:
– color code school subjects
– punch holes in loose papers and keep them in binder
– date all work and keep in order
– create reminders for homework
2. Organization
• At work:
– label all folders
– use computer databases
– keep phone and work logs
– keep all business information in order
• record: information or data on a particular subject collected
and preserved
• : the total sum of money to be paid out to employees at a
given time
• directory: contains an alphabetical or classified listing of
names, addresses and other data

3. Money Management
• Is important, but can be difficult
• Should be a necessary skill utilized in all stages of life
– write down every dollar spent and earned
– budget money for fees and bills
– save money for personal items
– begin a savings account for future needs

4. Time Management
• Refers to how people allocate their time
• Requires the ability to prioritize esponsibilities according to importance

Accompanies: Skills for Real World Survival 2


Skills for Real World Survival
- Student Notes
– school
– work
– Extra-curricular activities
– homework
– sports practices
– social commitment

5. Time Management
• Helps organize obligations in order of importance and allot the most time
to the most important obligations
• Allows people to all of their tasks

Accompanies: Skills for Real World Survival 2


Skills for Real World Survival
- Student Notes
6. Time Management
• Can be monitored every day with the following:
– time log: a record of a person’s activities every minute of the day
• used to show people where they the majority of their time
• helps people not waste time
– schedule book or calendar
• Hourly tasks
• responsibilities
• events and due date

Research Skills Segment


1. Research Skills
• Are needed to locate, analyze, and present information •
Include the following:
– discovering
– Interpretating
– revising
– citing

2. Types of Reference Materials


• Include the following:
– Internet
– magazines
– newspapers
– Encyclopedias
– trade publications

3. Internet Research
• Popular search engines include:
– Google™
– Bing™
– Ask.com™
• Tips include the following:
– include quotation marks around specific words

Accompanies: Skills for Real World Survival 2


Skills for Real World Survival
- Student Notes
– use credible and accurate sources
– try different combinations of words or phrases
– check for accuracy when typing a web address
4. Textbook & Literature Research
• Features include:
– glossary: list of terms and definitions used throughout the book
– index: database which allows you to locate a specific author, title
or subject
– table of contents:outline or list of available chapters and sections
– appendix: section of supplemental materials or additional
references

5. Bibliography Rules • Include the following:


– list sources in alphabetical order according to author’s last name
• if an author is not given, the entry should be alphabetized by
the first word in the item’s title (excluding “A”, “An” or
“The”)
– include the page numbers for articles from magazines or
newspapers
– include a period at the end of every entry

6. Editorial Research Styles


• Refer to the rules or guidelines used to present information for written
material
• Refer to specific methods of:
– citing sources
– organizing a professional document
– Arranging pages and information
• Examples include: – APA Style
– MLA Style
7. APA Style Guidelines
• Were established by the American Psychological Association • Refer
to Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association •
Include the following:

Accompanies: Skills for Real World Survival 2


Skills for Real World Survival
- Student Notes
– specifically title page
– page numbers and a page heading
– short overview of the research paper or essay known as an
“abstract”
– list of references
– follows the author-date method for in-text citations

8. MLA Style Guidelines


• Were created by the Modern Language Association in 1883
• Refer to MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers or MLA Style
Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing
• Include the following:
– one-inch margins
– works cited page
– Seperate page for end notes
– running heading with page number in top right corner
– referencing an author’s name in parentheses at the end of a
quotation

9. Ethics in Writing & Broadcasting


• Identify all possible sources
• Ensure the accuracy and validity of information
• Avoid distortions or fabrications
• Avoid misleading statements
• Avoid stereotyping .
• Never plagiarize

10. Plagiarism
• Is the unauthorized use of information
• Includes:
– copying
– imitating
– giving inappropriate citations.
– Infringing on copyright laws

Accompanies: Skills for Real World Survival 2


Skills for Real World Survival
- Student Notes
11. Copyright Laws
• Regulate the use of specific expressions or ideas
except by the person or company who generated
the idea
• Are identified by the © symbol • Protect a variety
of items, such as:
– Printed material
– art work or pictures
– music and audio recordings
– software

12. Intellectual Property Rights


• Protect the specific rights of inventors , authors and computer IP holders
• Are related to the expression of ideas, not necessarily the idea
themselves
• May be shared on an exclusive basis according to the property rights
holder

Accompanies: Skills for Real World Survival 2

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