Nervous system – is a highly integrated and complex system, and it has two principal parts.

 CNS – Central Nervous System (barin, spinal cord)

 PNS – Peripheral Nervous System (nerves outside CNS)
- they work together to receive an impulse, interpret it.
And initiate a response enabling the individual to maintain a high level of adaptation and
homeostasis or balance.

The nervous system

is responsible for the control of cognitive function and both our voluntary and involuntary
activities.
The basic cell of Nervous system is:
Neuron or the nerve cell - It's a highly specialized cell that sends impulses throughout the body.
 Cell body – contains nucleus. Source of infor for proteinsysnthesis
 Protoplasmic Processes: dendrites and axon
 Dendrites - carry impulses toward the cell body.
 Axon - carries impulses away from the cell body.
Axon is covered by a tight pack of myelin sheath
Myelin sheath – is produced by the Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system and
oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system.
Nodes of Ranvier – the gaps between myelin sheath
Axon Terminal

CNS
BRAIN – largest portion of the nervous system. Covered and protected by the meninges.
Meninges - are the three connective tissue membranes that cover, protect and nourish the central
nervous system.
 Dura matter
 The arachnoid matter
 Pia matter
so from the outermost to the innermost.
 CSF or the Cerebro spinal fluid and the Bony structure of the skull. So they cover and protect
the brain.
 CSF Helps nourish the CNS
 CSF - its primary function is to caution the brain and prevent injury to the brain tissue.
Brain is divided into different Rigions:
The cerebrum – largest portion of the brain. The outermost layer of the cerebral cortex is composed
of Gray matter
BGOWI – Brain, Gray outside, white inside
SWOGI (Spinal cord) – White outside, Gray Inside
The cerebral cortex is responsible for all conscious behavior by enabling the individual to perceive,
remember, communicate and initiate movements.

Cerebrum or the cerebral hemispheres are divided into two:

 Right cerebral hemisphere
 Left cerebral hemisphere
they are divided by the median longitudinal Fisher, and they are connected by the commissures. The
largest among them is the corpus callosum.

4 Lobes of Cerebrum:
 FRONTAL LOBE – (Motor) This helps control our voluntary skeletal movements, speech,
emotions and intellectual activities, or our motor movement.
 PARIETAL LOBE – (sensory) which controls our conscious awareness of sensation and
somatosensory stimuli, including temperature, pain and shapes.
o Somatosensory, this relates to or denotes a sensation, OK, which can occur anywhere
in the body in contrast with our special sense organs.
 OCCIPITAL LOBE – (visual cortex) his contains the visual cortex that receives stimuli from the
retina and interprets visual stimuli in relation to past experiences
 TEMPORAL LOBE – (auditory stimuli) This interprets auditory stimuli and contains olfactory
cortex and transmits impulses related to smell.
The Diencephalon:
 thalamus - The Forum was the gateway to cerebral cortex, so all inputs channeled to the
cerebral cortex are processed by the thalamus.
 hypothalamus - his is our autonomic Control Center, which influences activities like our blood
pressure, heart rate, force of construction, digestive motility, respiratory rate and depth and
perception of pain, pleasure and fear. This also regulates body temperature.
 epithalamus - here the pineal gland or the penal bodies part. So this helps control mood and
sleep cycles and contains the choroid plexus where the cerebrospinal fluid is formed.
the brainstem - the brainstem contains the midbrain. The points and the medulla oblongata. So this
is located between the cerebrum and the spinal cord. Spinal cord here. So this connects pathways
between the higher and the lower structures. Brainstem influences blood pressure by controlling the
vasoconstriction or the constriction of the blood vessels and also regulates respiratory rate.
the cerebellum - in other references they call this the little brain. So this is located below the
cerebrum and behind the brainstem. So this coordinates stimuli from the cerebral cortex to provide
precise timing for skeletal muscle coordinations and smooth movements, and this assists with
maintaining equilibrium and muscle tone.
PNS:
 Cranial Nerve - they are called as cranial because they originate in the brain and they serve
various parts of head and neck. The Vagous Nerve - It's the only cranial nerve gave that
serves a muscle and body region below the neck.
the first two pairs of the cranial nerves originate in the anterior brain and the remaining 10 pairs
originate in the brainstem.
 SSMMBMBSBBMM - some say merry money but my brother says bad business makes
money.
 OOOTTAFAGVSH
8, 12, 5, 5, 1 – SPINAL
 Cervical plexus which supplies the neck and shoulders.
 Brachial plexus, which supplies the arm and the upper back, the lumbar plexus, which
supplies the abdomen and leg muscles, and sacral plexus, which supplies nerves to the back
of the thigh, most of the lower leg, and the entire foot.
 Phrenic nerve, which supplies the diaphragm
Diaphragm is considered as the major muscle of respiration, is considered as the most important
branch of the cervical plexus.
 Lumbosacral plexus supplies nerves to the lower limb.