LANZADERAS, JOSHUA

BSME -3B

ASSIGNMENT #6

AUTOMOTIVE EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEM

1. Three pollutant from the automobile

• Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx), which combine with hydrocarbons to create smog

• Particulate Matter (PM), tiny particles of solid matter that lodge in the lungs and deposit
on buildings
• Carbon-containing compounds (NMOG [non-methane organic gases], NMHC [non-
methane hydrocarbons], or THC [total hydrocarbon content]), that contribute to the
formation of ozone and smog.
Others:
• Carbon Monoxide (CO), a colorless, odorless, and poisonous gas
• Formaldehyde (HCHO), a lung irritant and carcinogen.
Cars and trucks that combust fuel also emit smog forming emissions. These emissions are usually
trapped close to the ground and can form a brownish haze that pollutes our air. Smog can make
it difficult for some people to breathe, triggering lung diseases such as asthma, emphysema, and
chronic bronchitis, which may lead to premature death.

2. Operation of the following:

a) Positive crankcase ventilation

• The major component in the PCV system is the

PCV valve, a simple spring-loaded valve with a
sliding pintle inside. The pintle is tapered like a
bullet so it will increase or decrease airflow
depending on its position inside the valve
housing. The movement of the pintle up and
down changes the orifice opening to regulate
the volume of air passing through the PCV
valve.
• A hose connects the top of the PCV valve to a vacuum port on the throttle body, carburetor
or intake manifold. This allows the vapors to be siphoned directly into the engine without
gumming up the throttle body or carburetor.
• Because the PCV system pulls air and blowby gases into the intake manifold, it has the
same effect on the air/fuel mixture as a vacuum leak. This is compensated for by the
calibration of the carburetor or fuel injection system. Consequently, the PCV system has
no net effect on fuel economy, emissions or engine performance -- provided everything is
working correctly.
WARNING: Removing or disconnecting the PCV system in an attempt to improve engine
performance gains nothing, and is illegal. EPA rules prohibit tampering with any emission control
device. Disabling or disconnecting the PCV system can also allow moisture to accumulate in the
crankcase, which will reduce oil life and promote the formation of engine-damaging sludge.

b) Evaporative control system. Carbureted and fuel injected engine.

Petrol vapours from fuel tank

escape into atmosphere by evaporation
(or breathing). When the engine is not
running, petrol will evaporative emission
control system leak in the carburettor
float chamber. In this, fuel tank and
carburetor float chamber are vented to a
carbon canister. A vapour liquid
separator is provided on the top of fuel
tank.
Vapours go to the tap of the separator while liquid petrol is returned to the tank. The other
vents connect to the charcoal canister. Flow of vapours from the fuel tank may be controlled by
a mechanically operated vent valve or an electrically operated solenoid valve. By that, it allows
the vapours from float chamber to canister during idling.
When the throttle is opened, the vent valve is closed. ignition switch is on the vent valve is
closed by the energization of solenoid. Some evaporative emission control system leak have the
purge valve in the purge line.
The fuel injection system of IC engine has no
float bowl. Therefore, the evaporative system is
employed solely fuel vapour from the fuel tank. Fig
illustrates the system of evaporative emission
management system for C.I engine. In this, the
canister has 2 affiliations. One is that the
connection to fuel tank, the opposite is the purge
line to the throttle body. rather than a vacuum
operated purge valve, an electrical purge control
magnet is also used. it's mounted on the canister
or within the purge line.
c) Cleaning the exhaust gas.
To control exhaust emissions, which are responsible
for two-thirds of the total engine pollutants, two types of
systems are used: the air-injection system and the exhaust
gas recirculation (EGR) system. In EGR a certain portion of
exhaust gases are directed back to the cylinder head, where
they are combined with the fuel-air mixture and enter the
combustion chamber. The recirculated exhaust gases serve to
lower the temperature of combustion, a condition that favours
lower production of nitrogen oxides as combustion products
(though at some loss of engine efficiency).