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Contribution of some anthropometric, physical and physiological

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 The Swedish Journal of Scientific Research
Original Article

Contribution of some anthropometric, physical

and physiological measurements in the level of
digital achievement in a running for 400 meters for
students in the field of physical education
* Hamed Salama 1, Riad Khalifa 2
1Doctor student at the Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education / Al-Said Palace, 2PhD in Sport Biology,
University of Manouba, Director of the Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education at Al-Said Palace

SUMMARY

The aim of this study was to identify the contribution of some anthropometric, physical and physiological measurements in the level
of numerical achievement in a running of 400- meter among students in the field of physical education. To achieve this, the study
was conducted on a sample of (100) students from the Department of Physical Education at the Technical University of Palestine
“Khadoori” (PTUK), between the ages of (18-23) years. The two researchers used the descriptive method of its relevance to the nature
of the study. Besides, Anthropometric measurements were made in terms of stature length, body mass, arm length, leg length, length
of the instep, circumference of the shoulders, circumference of the chest, circumference of the abdomen, circumference of the thigh,
circumference of the leg), and physical measurements in terms of (10 seconds, divide 5 steps (right-and-left), 200-meter sprint, Gri
Cooper (12) minutes. To be added, physiological measurements In terms of heart rate, resting time and postoperative stress, systolic
and diastolic pressure at the time of rest and after exertion (Cooper), and maximum oxygen consumption (Vo2max). The two researches
used the SPSS program in data analysis. The results of the study showed that the abdominal circumference and the instep length were
the most anthropometric measurements contributing to the level of digital achievement of track event (400 m), which contributed to the
interpretation of (13.8%) of running time. Based on these results, the researchers recommend that trainers should take appropriate
anthropometric, physical and physiological measurements for each of the athletics activities.

Keywords: Anthropometric, physical and physiological measurements, running for 400 meters, undergraduate.

INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY (Mande, 2016, p. 15) indicate that understanding the
anthropometric and physical determinants of each
Physical characteristics and anthropometric Sports activity is an important and influential factor in
measurements are one of the most important means athletic achievement. Each sport activity has its own
and the cornerstone of success and reach the highest anthropometric and physical requirements that pave
levels of any sport game.(Zar, et al. 2008, p21- 22) and
the way for the player who has these requirements
Access this article online to achieve achievement. (Gursavek & Mishra 2012)
added that it is as important as the athlete’s technique
Website: in any game. This requires the care of trainers and
http://sjsr.se/
teachers when selecting players. (Zar, et al., 2008,
ISSN:
p21- 22) thinks that excellence and success in sporting
2001-9211 activities depends on the player’s physical abilities
such as strength, speed, endurance, agility and other

:Address for correspondence

Hamed Salama, Doctor student at the Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education / Al-Said Palace
Education. E-mail: hameedsalameeh@gmail.com

The Swedish Journal of Scientific Research  •  Vol. 5  •  Issue 1  •  March 2018 12

 Khalifa and Salama: Anthropometric, physical and physiological measurements
physical abilities. In addition, (Parseh & Hassan 2015,
p382), citing (Zapartdis et al., 2009), noted that the
medals awarded to Eastern European players in 1972
and 1976 were due to attention to the anthropometric
and physical requirements in selecting gifted athletes
according to the requirements of each game. to be
added, Physiological measurements are also considered
to be the most important basic components of athletic
achievement, as the trainers are trained in guiding and
building training loads in terms of intensity, size and
density, the most important of which are the maximum
consumption of oxygen, heart rate and blood pressure.
Furthermore, Abdel Fatah (p.172, 1997) indicated that
“(Vo2max) is one of the most important physiological
parameters of success in endurance sports, in which the
player’s physical level can be predicted. Physiologists
such as (Fox, et al., 1989) (1984) (Lamb, 1985) (Astrand
& Rodahl, 1986) found that Vo2max is the most
accurate measurement of the fitness of the circulatory
system, which represents the efficiency of the heart,
lungs and blood in the transport of oxygen to the
working muscles. Besides, (Wilmore & Costill 2004)
noted that VO2max is strongly related to medium and
long-term events, most notably the running. The idea
of studying
​​ this variable stems from the fact that the
400-meter running is one of the short distances. The
two researchers also believe that the player who does not
have the anthropometric and physical measurements
appropriate to the type of activity he practices, will
be subjected to biomechanical problems leads to
exert more effort and time than his colleague, who
has the anthropometric and physical measurements
that qualify him to the required achievement at the
same time. Technical and training will not be able to
prepare a hero from anybody, and hence the problem
of the study, which can be summarized by answering
the following question:
What are the most anthropometric, physical and
physiological measurements, which contribute to the
level of digital achievement of the 400 meter running
of the students of physical education at the Technical
University of Palestine “Khadouri”?
The two researchers also believe that the importance of
the study is highlighted through the results that may
help the training workers to raise the level of athletes
and lead them to the highest levels, and save time,
effort and money.
The Swedish Journal of Scientific Research  •  Vol. 5  •  Issue 1  •  March 2018
METHOD AND PROCEDURES
Study Approach
The researcher used the descriptive approach in his
study of correlation due to its suitability for study
purposes.
Society and Sample of the Study
The study was conducted on a sample of (100) students
from the Department of Physical Education at the
Technical University of Palestine “Khadoori”. They
were randomly selected from the study population of
170 students. The study sample represented 58.82%
Table 1 shows the characteristics of individuals in the
study sample according to age, height, and body weight.
Tools and Devices Used
In order to collect data, the following tools were used:
• Data collection form that included the following
information:
(age, height, body mass, anthropometric measurements
in terms of lengths and circumferences, physiological
measurements, physical altars), an American-made
mechanical balance of “Deteco” type, Measuring
tape for lengths, and circumferences, siren, electronic
stopwatch, exercise bench, start cubes, polar clock for
pulse and postoperative systolic pressure measurement,
medical stethoscope, sources and references.
Study Procedures
The researcher performed the anthropometric, physical
and physiological measurements and measured the
level of digital achievement of the 400-meter track
event in the real time period between 2/10/2016 and
5/4/2017.
Reliability and Consistency of Tests
To verify the accuracy of the physical measurements
and the level of digital achievement of the 400- meter
running, the discriminatory reliability was used on a
sample of 30 students from the Department of Physical
Education at the Technical University of Palestine, who
were excluded from the original study sample and were
divided into two equal groups distinctive and Non-
distinctive. Then apply (T) test for the independent
samples to indicate the differences between them, and
the results of Table 2 show that.
13
 Khalifa and Salama: Anthropometric, physical and physiological measurements

It is clear from the results of Table 2 that there are
statistically significant differences at the level of
α (0.05) in all the physical tests and the time of
accomplishing the 400- meter running between the
two distinctive and non-distinctive groups and for the
benefit of the distinct group. In addition, the result of
the discriminatory reliability indicates measurement
of the tests in what they were designed for.
To ensure that the tests were stable, the (Test-Retest)
method was used on the same survey sample. The time
interval between the first and second application was
(8) days, Pearson correlation and self-honesty were
used, and the results of Table 3 show that.
It is clear from the results of Table 3 that there is a
statistically significant relationship at the level of
significance (α ≤ 0.05) in all physical measurements
and the level of numerical achievement of the run
400 m between the first and second applications.
(0.87 – 0.90) Self-correctness values ​​ranged from 0.932
to 0.948. The Pearson correlation coefficient for the
measurements of the digital achievement level of the
track event 400 meters (0.85) and Self-correctness
reached (0.921). This is evidenced by the physical
measurements and the digital achievement of the track
event 400 meters with a good degree of stability that
meets the purposes of the study.
As for anthropometric measurements, they are not
necessarily reliable and consistent, because they have
a high degree of reliability and consistency. They are
adopted in most previous studies and are one of the
most accurate measuring instruments because they are
relatively measurable and have little error (Kirkendall
et al., 1987).
As for the physiological measurements, the devices
used to measure the physiological variables are true and
consistent, they are highly accurate, and the possibility of
error is very few, where the researcher to verify the safety
before using them, and also make sure of the accuracy
of the results before entering them to the computer for
statistically processing which is adopted in most previous
studies such as Sarma & Anantarup (2017), (Prioreschi,
et al., 2017), Dhara & Chatterjee (2015).

Table 1: Distribution of the sample of the study according to the variables of age, height and mass of the body
(n = 100)
Changes Measuring unit Average Deviation Torsion coefficient

Age Year 19.0 1.20 0.53

Height Meter 1.75 0.06 −0.32
Body mass Kilogram 70.33 8.07 0.05

Table 2: Test results for independent samples to indicate the differences between the two distinct and non-
distinct groups in physical measurements and the level of digital achievement of 400- meters track event under
study (n = 100).
Group Physical Measuring unit Distinct group (N=15) Non-distinct group (N=15) Value (T) Level of significance
and skill *
measurements Average Deviation Average Deviation
Wide jump of Centimeter 234.60 9.54 206.33 10.10 7.876 0.000*
stability Test
Sitting out of Number of 12.93 0.88 8.33 1.34 11.069 0.000*
recession 10 sec. times
Test
200 metre run SEC 28.27 0.93 31.59 1.17 −8.590 0.000*
Test
5-Step hop Meter 12.07 1.19 10.01 0.837 5.492 0.000*
(Right) Test
5-step hop (left) Meter 11.87 0.85 10.13 0.78 5.884 0.000*
Test
400 metre run Minute 1.17 0.05 1.59 0.27 −5.816 0.000*
Test

The Swedish Journal of Scientific Research  •  Vol. 5  •  Issue 1  •  March 2018 14

 Khalifa and Salama: Anthropometric, physical and physiological measurements

Table 3: Results of Pearson correlation coefficient for the relationship between the first and second applications of
physical measurements and the level of numerical achievement of the track event of 400 meters under study (n = 100)
Physical and skill Measuring unit First application Second application Value (R) Self-honesty
measurements
Arithmetic Standard Arithmetic Standard
average deviation average deviation
Wide jump of stability cm 220.46 17.31 223.26 15.56 0.90** 0.948
Test
Sitting out of once 10.63 2.59 11.40 2.14 0.87** 0.932
recession 10 sec.
Test
200 metre run Test second 29.94 1.98 29.80 1.89 0.87** 0.932
5-Step hop (Right) metre 11.04 1.45 11.23 1.26 0.88** 0.938
Test
5-step hop (left) Test metre 10.99 1.19 11.10 1.15 0.87** 0.932
400 metre run Test minute 1.38 0.29 1.34 0.32 0.85** 0.921
*D statistically at (α ≤ 0.05 ), **statistically significant at (α ≤ 0.01 )

Statistical Treatments Pearson correlation coefficient values w

In order to answer the questions of the study, the
Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used
by making the following statistical treatments:
• Standard averages and standard deviations.
• Coefficient Pearson Correlation.
• Simple Linear Regression (T) and (Beta) to
determine the regression line equation.
DISPLAYING AND DISCUSSING THE
RESULTS OF THE STUDY
First: Results Related to the First Question
What are the most anthropometric measurements
that contribute to the level of digital achievement of
400 meter track event when students in the field of
physical education?
To answer this question, Pearson Correlation
Coefficient was used to determine the relationship
between anthropometric measurements and the
level of digital achievement of the 400 meter run as
a first step. The linear stepwise regression was then
applied to determine the contribution of statistically
linked anthropometric measurements (Independent
variable) at the digital level of 400 meter track event
(continued variable) as a second step. The following is
a presentation of the results of this question:
The results of Table 4 show a statistically significant
relationship between the digital level of (400 m)
track event and the anthropometric measurements
(length of the instep and belly circumference), where
​​ ere respectively
(-0.28, 0.24) Where there is a statistically significant
relationship between the digital level of the event
of 400 m and other anthropometric measurements.
The following is a presentation of the results of
the multi-step linear regression of the contribution
of anthropometric measurements to the digital
achievement level of the 400 meter run under study:
The results of Table 5 show that the most anthropometric
measurements that are able to contribute to the digital
level of the 400 m event were the length of the instep and
the belly circumference, where R² reached (0.138) The
T-test, the beta factor, and the results of Table 6 were used.
The results of Table 6 show that the value of T was
statistically significant at α (0.05). The anthropometric
measurements (Belly circumference and length of
sitting) were interpreted in 13.8% of run time (400 m)
consequently the proposed equation would read as follows:
The digital level of track event (400 m) min. =
1.306 - () Length of instep (cm) × 0.014 (+) Belly
circumference (cm) × 0.003).
As for the event of (400) meters, the results of the
analysis of mono-variance in Table 5 showed that
the belly and foot circumferences were the most
anthropometric measurements capable of contributing
to the digital level of this event. They contributed to
the interpretation of 13.8% This result is consistent
with the study of Abdul Haq (2007), where the results
showed that the belly circumference contributed to
the interpretation of (62.5%) of the skill of jump on
the horse is open, as Othman, 2009 0.039), and the

The Swedish Journal of Scientific Research  •  Vol. 5  •  Issue 1  •  March 2018 15

 Khalifa and Salama: Anthropometric, physical and physiological measurements

Table 4: Pearson correlation coefficient results to determine the relationship between anthropometric
measurements and the track event for 400 meter among students of physical education (N = 100)
Anthropometric Measuring Minimum value Maximum value Arithmetic average Standard deviation Value (R)
measurements unit
Age Year 18 23 19.70 1.20 −0.06
Body mass Kg 49 90 70.33 8.07 −0.01
Lengths Metre 1.62 1.86 1.75 −0.11 −0.11
Tallness Cm 68 80 74.37 −0.05 −0.05
Arm Cm 82 104 92.43 −0.02 −0.02
Leg Cm 23 34 26.55 −0.28** −0.28**
Instep
Circumference Cm 77 99 86.64 0.01 0.01
Chest normal Cm 21 33 26.25 0.15 0.15
Humerus Cm 21 29 25.64 −0.09 −0.09
Higher Cm 58 93 76.21 0.24* 0.24*
forearm
Belly Cm 41 63 52.52 −0.07 −0.07
Thigh Cm 28 45 34.67 −0.03 −0.03
Leg calf
*D statistically at (α ≤ 0.05) , **statistically significant at ( α ≤ 0.01 )

Table 5: Results of the analysis of the mono-variance to identify the regression coefficient of the proposed
predictive equation for track event of (400 m) among students in the field of physical education
Anthropometric Source of Total boxes of Freedom Average Value *Significance level R²
measurements Contrast Regression degrees boxes (F)
Length of the instep Regression 0.057 1 0.057 8.722 0.004*
Error 0.640 98 0.007 0.082
Total 0.697 99
Length of the instep Regression 0.096 2 0.048 7.777 0.001*
+ belly circumference Error 0.601 97 0.006 0.138
Total 0.697 99
* Significance level (α ≤ 0.05)

Table 6: The results of the T test and the beta coefficient of the regression line equation for the contribution of
anthropometric measurements at the digital level of (400 m) track event among students in the field of physical
education
Component of equation Value Standard error Beta Value (t) * Significance level Cumulative
of anthropometric coefficient Contribution Ratio%
measurements
Consistent 1.551 0.129 12.012 0.000* 8.2
Length of instep -0.014 0.005 ˗0.286 ˗2.953 0.004*
Consistent 1.306 0.159 8.218 0.000*
Length of instep + -0.014 0.005 ˗0.282 ˗2.988 0.004* 13.8
Belly circumference 0.003 0.001 0.238 2.251 0.013*

* Significance level (α ≤ 0.05)

researchers attributed the cause of the contribution of
the circumference of the belly in the completion of run
400 meters to the importance of belly circumference
is free of grease. In this increase in belly circumference
is an indication of increased body mass and therefore
increased resistance to the feet. This is confirmed by Al
Hindi (2012) and Al-Lala (2000, p. 140), who say that
weight gain is an impediment to muscle Of the speed
and strength of activities requiring rapid movements,
and the studies of Maldonado et al. (2002) and Arrese
& Ostariz (2006) Anthropometric measurements such
as height, weight, and body mass free of grease, while

The Swedish Journal of Scientific Research  •  Vol. 5  •  Issue 1  •  March 2018 16

 Khalifa and Salama: Anthropometric, physical and physiological measurements

researchers attribute the cause of the contribution of
the foot in the digital achievement of the event of 400
meters run to increase the base of the pivot, which gives
greater momentum and balance better during the run,
specifically the run on the direction of the impact of
strength repelling and central strength, and believes
that the length of the step and speed of frequency in
the run of 400 meters depends on two factors which
are the muscle strength of the two legs in addition to
the length of the instep, the longer the length of the
Length of the instep the less resistance and the greater
the strength produced and thus the length of the step
and speed of frequency increase.
analysis was applied to determine the contribution of
statistically linked physical measurements Independent
variable) at the digital level of track event 400 meters
(dependent variable) as a second step, the following is
a presentation of the results of this question:
The results of Table 7 show a statistically significant
relationship at α (0.05) between the digital level
of 400 meters and all physical measurements. The
following is a presentation of the results of the multi-
step linear regression of the contribution of physical
measurements at the digital level to the track event
of 400 meters:

Second: Results on the Second Question
What is the most physical measurements contribution
to the digital level of the track event of 400 meters
among the students of the specialization of physical
education?
To answer this question, Pearson Correlation Coefficient
was used to determine the relationship between physical
and digital measurements of the 400 m track event as
a first step, and then the Linear Stepwise Regression
The results of Table 8 show that the most physical
measurements capable of contributing to the digital
level of (400 m) track event were (200 m and 5 left)
and R2 to (0.275) The T-test, the beta coefficient, and
the results of Table 9 were used.
The results of Table 9 show that the value of (T) was
statistically significance at the (α ≤ 0.05)level. The
physical measurements (200m run and 5 left step) in
interpretation (27.5%) of the running time (400m)
Thus, the proposed equation becomes as follows:

Table 7: Results of correlation coefficient Pearson to determine the relationship between physical measurements
and the track event of 400 meter under study by students in the field of Physical Education (N = 100)
Physical measurements Measuring Minimum Maximum Arithmetic Standard Value (R)
unit value value average deviation

Wide jump from stability test cm 140 293 218.50 29.58 −0.31**
Sitting from recession 10 sec. once 8 15 10.89 1.75 −0.30**
test
200 metre run test second 26.60 37 29.99 2.19 0.45**

5-step hop (right) test metre 6.70 15.20 11.19 2.07 −0.38**
5-step hop (left) test metre 6.85 15.80 11.59 2.29 −0.39**

*D statistically at (α ≤ 0.05) , **statistically significant at (α ≤ 0.01 )

Table 8: Results of the analysis of the mono-variance to identify the regression coefficient of the proposed
predictive equation for (400 m) track event for students in the field of physical education.
Physical Source of Total boxes Freedom Average Value (F) Significance level * R²
measurements Contrast of Regression degrees boxes

200 m run Regression 0.142 1 0.142 25.155 0.000*

Error 0.555 98 0.006 0.204
Total 0.697 99
200 m run + Regression 0.192 2 0.096 18.414 0.000*
5 step left hop Error 0.505 97 0.005 0.275
Total 0.697 99
*Significance level (α ≤ 0.05)

The Swedish Journal of Scientific Research  •  Vol. 5  •  Issue 1  •  March 2018 17

 Khalifa and Salama: Anthropometric, physical and physiological measurements
Table 9: Results of T test and beta coefficient for regression equation for the contribution of physical
measurements at the digital level of (400 m) track event among students in the field of physical education
Components of equation for Value Standard
the physical measurements error
Consistent 0.652 0.104
200 metre run 0.017 0.003
Consistent 0.872 0.122
200 metre+ run 0.014 0.003
5 step left hop ˗0.010 0.003
*Significance level (α ≤ 0.05)
The digital level of track event (400 m) min. = 0.872
+ run 200 m (s) run × 0.014 (-) 5 steps left step (cm)
× 0.010).
As for the 400 meters run, the results of the single-
variance analysis in Table 9 showed that a test of 5 steps
hop left and 200 meters run were the most physical
measurements contributing to the digital level of the
track event of 400 meters (400) which contributed
to an explanation in the interpretation of (27.5%) of
time of the (400) meters run. This result is consistent
with the study of Al-Enezi (2012), which showed the
test of three hops contributed to the interpretation
(56.2%) in the long and triple jump as Abu Altaieb et
al. (2010) showed that there is a positive correlative
relationship between the strength characterized by
speed, explosive strength, moving strength and the
digital level of triangular jumping event, where their
percentage of performance interpretation reached
82%and researchers attribute the reason why the
contribution of the strength characterized by speed
in the test of the “5 steps” in the level of digital
achievement in the 400 meters run to the track event
of 400 meters classified among the events that depend
on the anaerobic system in the production of energy,
as Ahmed (1999, p. 149) referred to the association of
muscle strength with speed, saying, “There is no speed
without muscle strength.” Al-Khuzaie (2010) noted
that strength characterized by speed plays an important
role in the acceleration phase during the 400 meters
run, and the stage of decreasing speed requires the
player to compensate it by increasing the length of the
step frequency calculation in addition to the arms and
likely increase its speed and this requires the player to
a high level of strength characterized by speed in the
legs and arms.
Where the two researchers attribute the reason why the
200-meter run test at the digital achievement level in
The Swedish Journal of Scientific Research  •  Vol. 5  •  Issue 1  •  March 2018
Beta Value (t) * Significance Cumulative
coefficient level Contribution Ratio%
0.452 6.289 0.000* 20.4
5.016 0.000*
7.123 0.000*
0.364 4.004 0.000* 27.5
˗0.280 ˗ 3.081 0.0.00*
the 400-meter run has contributed to the importance of
speed bearing in this event as a common denominator
between 200-400 meters and depends on the lactic
energy system, Akira Ito et al. (2008) (Albek et al. 2009,
p. 83) states that the track event of (200-400 m) is the
most important based on the anaerobic system which
requires a high level of speed bearing, where the speed
of the player begins to decrease gradually due to high
intensity and great effort, and the emergence of fatigue
that is lactic acid, and Ahmed (1997, p. 36) thinks
that the player loses 0.5 seconds during the third and
fourth 100 meters of the race, as Zaher (2009, 124- 124)
states that the player feels tired after the end of 300
meters, and intensifies during the last 40-90 meters
of the race, and the player must maintain his speed as
much as possible to rush in the end with all his strength
to finish the race, and here shows the importance of
speed bearing the player will achieve a better result
than others, as the study of Singh and Malik (Singh &
Malik, 2015) and Ahmed (2010) that the characteristic
of speed bearing was the most important physical
characteristics of the 400 m runners.
Third: Results Related to the Third Question
What are the most physiological measurements that
contribute to the digital level of track event of 400 meter
among students in the field of physical education?
To answer this question, Pearson Correlation
Coefficient was used to determine the relationship
between physiological measurements and the digital
level of track event of 400 m as a first step, and then
the Linear Stepwise Regression analysis was applied to
determine the contribution of statistically associated
physiological measurements (independent variable)
at the digital level of 400 m (dependent variable) as
a second step. The following is a presentation of the
results of this question:
18
 Khalifa and Salama: Anthropometric, physical and physiological measurements

It is clear from the results of Table 10 that there is
a statistically significant inverse relation between at
(α ≤ 0.05) between the numerical level of (400  m)
track event and maximum oxygen consumption (VO2
max). The following is a presentation of the results of
the multi-step linear regression of the contribution of
physiological measurements at the digital level of the
400-meter track event:
(α ≤ 0.05), as the physiological measurement (the
maximum oxygen consumption VO2 max) contributed
to explain (9.4%) of the (400 m) running time, so the
proposed equation becomes as follows:
The digital level of the (400 mpm) track event =
1.401 - (maximum oxygen consumption VO2 max (ml/
kg/min) × 0.004).

The results of Table 11 show that the most physiological
measurements able to contribute to the digital
level of the (400 m) track event was (the maximum
consumption of oxygen VO2 max), where the (R²)
value reached to (0.094). To identify the linear
regression equation, the T- Test and the beta coefficient
were used, and the results of Table 12 show that.
The results of Table 12 show that the T-value was
statistically significant at the significance level
As for the 400 meter track event, the results of the
one-way analysis of variance in Table 9 showed that
the maximum oxygen consumption (Vo2 max) was the
most physiological measure, contributing to the digital
level of the 400 meter track event, as it contributed
to explain (9.4%) of running time. This result is
consistent with Abbas’ study (2008), which showed
that the Vo2 max contributed to explain (82.85%) of
the skilled performance level of ground tennis, and it
is also consistent with (Sarma & Anantarup, 2017),

Table 10: Results of Pearson correlation coefficient to determine the relationship between physiological
measurements and the track event of 400 meter under study by students in the field of Physical Education (N = 100).
Physiological measurements Measuring unit Minimum Maximum Arithmetic Standard Value (R)
value value average deviation
Pulse during resting time Pulse/minute 52 88 65.78 6.18 0.18
Pulse during effort Pulse/minute 120 184 149.21 13.31 0.16
Systolic pressure resting time Mm / hg 99 130 115.13 6.47 -0.10
Systolic pressure time effort Mm / hg 120 189 150.50 12.74 -0.13
Diastolic pressure resting time Mm / hg 43 80 65.48 8.04 -0.09
Diastolic pressure time effort Mm / hg 48 110 73.78 8.86 -0.03
Maximum oxygen consumption Mm/ kg / minute 35.75 67.04 53.94 6.03 -0.30**
(VO2 max).
*D statistically at (α ≤ 0.05) , **statistically significant at (α ≤ 0.01)

Table 11: Results of the one-way analysis of variance to identify the regression coefficient of the proposed
predictive equation for the (400 m) track event among physical education students
Physiological Source of The sum of squared Degrees of The average F Value Significance R²
measurements contrast deviations freedom of squares level*
Maximum oxygen Regression 0.065 1 0.063 10.158 0.002*
consumption Error 0.631 98 0.006 0.094
VO2 max Total 0.697 99
*Significance level (α ≤ 0.05).

Table 12: Results of T- test and beta coefficient of the linear regression equation for the contribution of
physiological measurements in the digital level of the (400 m) track event among physical education students
Equation components for Value Standard Beta T- value Significance Cumulative
physiological measurements error coefficient level * Contribution Ratio %

Constant 1.401 0.073 19.286 *0.000 9.4

Maximum oxygen consumption VO2 ˗0.004 0.001 ˗0.306 ˗3.187 *0.002
max

*Significance level (α ≤ 0.05).

The Swedish Journal of Scientific Research  •  Vol. 5  •  Issue 1  •  March 2018 19

 Khalifa and Salama: Anthropometric, physical and physiological measurements
Figure 1: Regression line for the contribution of anthropometric
measurements in the digital level of the track event of 400 meters
(minute)
Figure 2: Regression line for the contribution of physical measurements
at the digital level of the track event of 400 meters (minutes)
Figure 3: Regression line of Maximum oxygen consumption at the
digital level of the (400 m) track event (min.).
(Prioreschi, et al, 2017) study, and (Dhara & Chatterjee,
2015) study, whose results showed a contribution
rate and a great connection to sports achievement.
The researcher attributed the reason of VO2 max
contribution in the digital level of the 400 meter track
event to the development of heart and lungs’ of the
study sample individuals on the understanding that
they are student athletes, and therefore have advantage
of the heart cavity size and this leads to the absorption
of a larger amount of blood, so athletes receive more
The Swedish Journal of Scientific Research  •  Vol. 5  •  Issue 1  •  March 2018
oxygen for the purpose of producing energy with fewer
heartbeats.
In addition to increasing the heartbeat size caused by
the heart size increasing as an adaptation of what the
students learn from different programs and loads of
training during the practical lectures. Furthermore,
Sayed (2003, p. 211) stated that the lungs elasticity and
their ability to stretch and shrink for the performance
of strong and deep breathing movements increases,
the breathing rate decreases,its depth increases,
the athlete’s efficiency increases in oxygen utilizing
and consuming to produce energy, the strength and
efficiency of breathing muscles improves, and the
pulmonary sizes of the endurance athlete increases
in general. As well, the researcher attributed this to
the increased cardiac output during running due to
the muscles need to consume oxygen, to increase the
heart drive during the enemy resulting from the need
for muscles to consume oxygen. Khalil (2008, p. 155)
stated that the pulse amplitude increases during
physical exertion, leading to an increase in cardiac
output. This is confirmed by Abdel Fattah (2000) by
saying that cardiac output can increase by increasing
the heart rate or pulse size, so this increase in cardiac
output is offset by an increase in the maximum rate
of oxygen consumption (Vo2 max) among students.
CONCLUSIONS
By presenting and discussing the study results, the
two researchers found that the best anthropometric
measurements that have the ability to determine the level
of digital achievement of 400 meters running were (the
abdominal circumference and the length of the instep),
while the tests (running 200 meters, and hopping 5 steps
on the left foot) were the most physical measurements
able to determine the level of digital achievement of the
400 meters track event, while (Vo2 max) was the most
physiological measurements able to determine the level
of digital achievement of the 400 meters track event.
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