TEXTBOOK OF

PADĀRTHA VIJÑĀNA
AND HISTORY OF ĀYURVEDA

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– FOR BAMS FIRST YEAR
&
M.D. ĀYURVEDA SAMHITA & SIDDHANTA SCHOLARS –

Dr. Vaibhav Dadu

M.D. AYURVEDA, GOLD MEDALLIST
 Published by:
SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHERS (INDIA)
Jodhpur Delhi Germany
– – –
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© 2016, Dadu, V.

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ISBN: 978-81-7233-957-9
eISBN: 978-93-86102-24-9

Printed in India
 FOREWORD

Life is a journey and the science of Ayurveda drives it on the right

path. Ayurveda propagates certain principles that are effective scientific
tools to cure as well as prevent a disease. The subjects Padartha
Vidnyan and Ayurveda Itihaasa are the philosophical and historical
aspects of this science. These subjects enable us to understand the basic
principles of Ayurveda pertaining to the Chikitsaa Siddhanta. We all
live in a world of multiple choices. There is a plethora of books
available on different subjects of Ashtanga Ayurveda. The entire
subjects of Ashtanga Ayurveda are contingent with the basic principles
described in Padartha Vidnyaan and Ayurveda Itihaas.

This book attempts to focus on the salient principles to highlight

the subjects Padartha Vidnyan and Ayurveda Itihaas. Basic principles
are the gist of Ayurveda. A proper understanding of these subjects is of
utmost importance for the triumphant treatment of a disease. Students
often find it a tedious task to understand these subjects. This book
deciphers all the topics with ease and simplicity with the help of proper
illustrations everywhere. The detailed description of Pramanas is the
pinnacle of this book. This book presents the students with the knack to
understand the various topics in these subjects. The students will also
understand the historical significance of this science.

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The knowledge of Ayurveda is essential for the proper
illumination of knowledge. A Bhishaka who is bestowed with the dual
iv Textbook of Padārtha Vijñāna and History of Āyurveda

qualities of his own intelligence and the knowledge of the science can
lead to the successful treatment of diseases.

This book aims at providing the scholars with an appropriate

scriptural knowledge of the science of Ayurveda.

This book is an end product of the hard work and determination of

the author Dr. Vaibhav Dadu. He is an eminent scholar and an avid
reader of various subjects in the field of Ayurveda. He has explained
the historical events and the principles of Padartha Vidnyan to the core.
This book will be beneficial to all the scholars of Ayurveda to enlighten
their concepts in the concerned subjects.

Prof. Mahesh Vyas

Professor and Head,
Dept. of Basic Principles
I.P.G.T. & R.A.
Gujarat Ayurveda University,
Jamnagar
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

At this juncture, I am heart fully thankful to all those who have directly or
indirectly helped me accomplish this highly intellectual activity.
The first obeisance is to the almighty as without his will the inspiration for
this work and sweet feeling of accomplishment cannot be imagined. The dream
of authoring a book couldn’t be turned into a reality without the support of the
divine.
The completion of the work is dedicated to my father late Shri Prakash
Chandra Dadu and living legend my mother, Smt. Pushpa Devi who taught me to
tread the path of honesty and perseverance as the guiding principles of life.
I take this opportunity to pay my vote of thanks to my teachers and mentors
especially Prof. Ram Babu Dwivedi, Prof. Mahesh Vyas and Dr. Hitesh Vyas for
their guidance and making me realize my true potential.
I offer my sincere thanks to Prof. Mahesh Vyas for penning the foreword of
this edition.
The staff of Government Akhandanand Ayurveda College, Ahmedabad has
showered upon me their good wishes and support for the completion of the task. I
thank them all.
My special thanks to the Basic Principles department of the college, the
HOD Dr. Harish Purohit, Dr. Anil Kumar, Dr. Swati Ben Shah and my colleague
and a family friend Dr. Manmohan Gupta for their very exceptional assistance.
I offer my sincere apology to my better half Vaishali and son Kovid as the
toil and dedication towards the completion of this text has taken a lot of time out
of their quota. I thank them for their support and assistance.
At the end, I thank the Scientific Publishers (India), Jodhpur for their kind
co operation and in time publication.
Thank you one and all.

Dr. Vaibhav Dadu

Author
 PROLOGUE

Every science begins its journey in philosophy, progresses as a science and

culminates in the philosophy. The questions unresolved by the scientific enquiry
are answered through the philosophical tenets.
The ultimate truth and purpose of any science is the uplift of mankind in all
the aspects. The intriguing and perpetual questions of the existence with all its
pros and cons can be solved with the Philosophy. So, the reasoning which is the
base of any science owes its origin to the Philosophy as the latter provides a
vision to investigate the hidden and the unknown truth which is the purpose of
science.
Āyurveda (Āyu- Life, Veda- Knowledge), the science of life is no different
as it is also closely related to the Indian Philosophy known as darśana. This
intricate relation between the Āyurveda and the Indian schools of philosophy or
the darshana can be gauged in the development of the Basic Principles (Maulik
Siddhānta) of Āyurveda. These fundamentals of Āyurveda seem to have been
influenced by or influence the Indian Philosophy (darśana). This mutual
trustworthy relation along with the maintenance of their individual self-esteem as
per their objectives is remarkably visible in both i.e. Āyurveda and the Indian
Philosophy (darśana).
Therefore, it becomes necessary for the aspirants of the Āyurvedic science to
be acquainted with the Philosophical background of Āyurveda viz Padārtha
Vijñāna.
Along with the Padārtha Vijñāna, the knowledge of the history of Āyurveda
i.e. the Āyurveda Itihās is essential for the Āyurveda beginner (BAMS first year
student). The history of Āyurveda appraises the Āyurveda entrant with the
Āyurveda glory and scope - past and present, based on which the future is to be
carved. The chronological status of Āyurveda education and practice is envisaged
in the history which paves the way for the future scope of the scientific
innovations and research in Āyurveda.
There is a worldwide approval of the fact that Āyurveda is a holistic system
of medicine which has to be made up to date in tandem with the recent scientific
developments in the medical world. The millions of people are looking forward
to the Āyurveda science as a ray of hope towards the maintenance of health and
cure of the ever increasing menace of the disease. This demand can be met with
the quality and skilled BAMS doctors which indeed requires the Qualitative
education that provides a precise vision towards the Āyurveda mainly the basic
principles.
viii Textbook of Padārtha Vijñāna and History of Āyurveda

So, keeping all these factors in mind, with the sole aim of qualitative
education with the utilitarian approach that enables a Āyurveda entrant (BAMS
first year student) to comprehend Āyurveda fundamentals, this book entitled –
‘TEXTBOOK OF PADĀRTHA VIJÑĀNA AND HISTORY OF
ĀYURVEDA’ has been designed that covers the complete syllabus of Padārtha
Vijñāna paper I and II as implemented by the Central Council of Indian
Medicine, New Delhi. So, this book is going to be of great utility for the
Ayurveda Scholars across the length and breadth of the nation and abroad.
Although a number of textbooks are available in the market regarding this
subject, this is an effort to produce a qualitative work with brevity of words but
presenting the true significance of the basic principles of Āyurveda.
Also, this is the first attempt of the author to pen his vision regarding the
basics of Āyurveda which makes him prone to make some inadvertent mistakes
for which he pleads an apology and requests for suggestions for the rectification
of such errors as there is always a scope of betterment.
Thanking you one and all.
Dr. Vaibhav Dadu
M.D. Samhita,
Gold Medallist
 ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE BOOK

ABBREVIATION FULL FORM

A.Hr.Su. Ashtanga Hridayam Sootra Sthana
A.Hr.Sa. Ashtanga Hridayam Shareera Sthana
A.Sa.Su. Ashtanga Samgraha Sootra Sthana
Br.Ar.Up. Brihat Aranyaka Upanishad
Ca.Su. Charaka Samhita Sootra Sthana
Ca.Ni. Charaka Samhita Nidana Sthana
Ca.Sa. Charaka Samhita Shareera Sthana
Ca.Vi. Charaka Samhita Vimana Sthana
Ca.In. Charaka Samhita Indriya Sthana
Ca.Ci. Charaka Samhita Chikitsa Sthana
Ny.Su. Nyaya Sootra
Pa.Dh.Sa. Padartha Dharma Samgraha
Ra.Va.Su. Rasa Vaisheshika Sootra
S.D. Samkhya Darshana
Sa.Su. Samkhya Sootra
Su.Su. Sushruta Samhita Sootra Sthana
Su.Sa. Sushruta Samhita Shareera Sthana
Su.Ut. Sushruta Samhita Uttar Tantra
Va.Su. Vaisheshika Sootra
Y.Su. Yoga Sootra
 KEY TO TRANSLITERATION

Devanāgarī English Transcription

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आ ā Ā

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ऊ ū Ū

ऋ ṛ Ṛ

ऌ ḷ Ḷ

ए e E

ऐ ai Ai

ओ o O

औ au Au

अं ṁ Ṁ

अः ḥ Ḥ

क च ट त प
k K c C ṭ Ṭ t T p P
ख छ ठ थ फ
kh Kh ch Ch ṭh Ṭh th Th ph Ph
ब
ग ज ड द
b B
g G j J ḍ Ḍ d D
xii Textbook of Padārtha Vijñāna and History of Āyurveda

घ झ ढ ध भ
gh Gh jh Jh ḍh Ḍh dh Dh bh Bh
ङ ञ ण न म
ṅ Ṅ ñ Ñ ṇ Ṇ n N m M
ह य र ल व
h H y Y r R l L v V
श ष स
ś Ś ṣ Ṣ s S
 CONTENTS
(As implemented by the CCIM, New Delhi)

Chapter Chapter & Topics Page

No. Number

Paper I : Part A

1. Ayurveda Nirupanam 1-7

 Ayu & Ayurveda lakshana
 Lakshana & Classification of Siddhanta
 Introduction to the basic principles of Ayurveda & their
significance
2. Ayurveda Darshana Nirupanam 8-28
 Philosophical background of the fundamentals of Ayurveda
 Etymological derivation of word ‘Darshana’
 Classification & general introduction to schools of Indian
Philosophy with emphasis on Nyaya, Vaisheshika,
Samkhya & Yoga
 Ayurveda as a unique and independent school of thought
 Padartha : Lakshana, Enumeration, Classification, Bhava &
Abhava Padartha, Padartha according to Charaka (karana
Padartha)
3. Dravya Vijnaniyam 29-69
 Dravya: Lakshana, Enumeration and Classification
 Panchabhuta: Various theories of creation
(Taittatiyopanishad, Nyaya- Vaisheshika, Samkhya Yoga,
Shankaracharya, Charaka ans Sushruta), lakshana and
qualitiesa of each bhoota.
 Kaala: Etymological derivation, lakshana and
division/units, significance in Ayurveda.
 Dik: Lakshana and division/units with significance in
Ayurveda.
 Atma: Lakshana, classification, seat, guna, limga according
to Charaka, method /process of the origin of knowledge
(jnana pravrittih)
 Purusha: in Ayurveda - Ativahika Purusha, Sookshma
Shareera, Rashi Purusha, Chikitsa Purusha, karma Purusha,
Shad dhatvatmaka Purusha.
xiv Textbook of Padārtha Vijñāna and History of Āyurveda

 Manas : Lakshana, Synonyms, Qualities, Objects,

functions, dual nature (Ubhayatmakatvam), as substratum
of disease, penta elemental nature (Panchabhutatmakam)
 Role of Panchamahabhuta & Triguna in the Deha and
Manas Prakriti.
 Tamas as tenth dravya.
 Practical study/application in Ayurveda.

Paper I : Part B

4. Guna Vijnaniyam 73-101

 Etymological derivation, classification and enumeration
according to Charaka, Nyaya-Vaisheshika, Artha, Gurvadi
Guna, Paradi Guna, Adhyatmika Guna.
 Lakshana and Classification of all 41 gunas.
 Practical/Clinical application in Ayurveda.
5. Karma Vijnaniyam 102-104
 Lakshana, Classification in Nyaya.
 Description according to Ayurveda
 Practical/Clinical application in Ayurveda
6 & 7. Samanya- Vishesha Vijnaniyam 105-109
 Lakshana, Classification
 Practical/Clinical application in Ayurveda with reference to
dravya, guna and karma.
 Significance of ‘Pravrittirubhayasya tu’
8. Samavaya Vijnaniyam 110-111
 Lakshana
 Practical/Clinical application in Ayurveda
9. Abhava Vijnaniyam 112-115
 Lakshana
 Clinical significance in Ayurveda

Paper II : Part A

1. Pareeksha 119-124
 Lakshana, significance, necessity and use.
 Definition of Prama, Prameya, Pramata, Pramana.
 Significance and importance of Pramana, Enumeration of
Pramana as per various philosophies.
 Four types of methods of examination in Ayurveda
(Chaturvidha Pareeksha Vidhi)
 Subsudation of different Pramanas under the three
Pramana.
Contents xv

 Practical application of the methods of examination

(Pareeksha Vidhi) in treatment.
2. Aptopadesha Pareeksha/Pramana 125-134
 Lakshana of Aptopadesha and Apta.
 Lakshana of Shabda and its types
 Shabda vritti – Abhidha, Vyanjana, lakshana and
Tatparyakhya, Shaktigrahahetu.
 Vaakya- characterstics, vaakyaarthagyana hetu- Akamsha,
Yogyata and Sannidhi.
3. Pratyaksha Pareeksha/Pramana 135-153
 Lakshana of Pratyaksha, types- Savikalpaka and
Nirvikalpaka with their detail.
 Indriya Prapyakaritvam, six types of Sannikarsha
 Indriya lakshanam, classification and enumeration, Indriya
–Panchapanchaka, Penta elemental nature of Indriya,
Similarity of sources (Tuluayonitva)
 Trayodasha Karana, dominance of Antah karana.
 Hindrances in direct perception (Pratyaksha Anupalabdhi),
enhancement of direct perception (Pratyaksha) by various
instruments/equipments, necessity of other pramana in
addition to Pratyaksha.
 Practical study/application of Pratyaksha in physiological,
diagnostics, therapeutics and research.
4. Anumana Pareeksha/Pramana 154-169
 Lakshana of Anumana, Introduction to Anumiti,
Paramarsha, Vyapti, Hetu, Sadhya, Paksha, Dristanta.
Types of Anumana as mentioned by Charaka and Nyaya.
 Characterstics and types of Vyapti.
 Lakshana and types of hetu, Ahetu and Hetvabhasa.
 Characterstics and significance of Tarka
 Practical study/application of Anumana in physiological,
diagnostics, therapeutics and research.
5. Yukti Pareeksha/Pramana 170-172
 Lakshana and discussion
 Importance in Ayurveda
 Practical study/Utility in therapeutics and research.
6. Upamana Pareeksha/Pramana 173-175
 Lakshana and discussion
 Practical study/Utility in therapeutics and research.
7. Karya-Karana Siddhanta 176-188
 Lakshana of Karya-karana, Types of karana
xvi Textbook of Padārtha Vijñāna and History of Āyurveda

 Significance of Karya-karana in Ayurveda

 Different opinions regarding the manifestation of Karya
from Karana- Satkaryavada, ASatkaryavada, Parinamavada,
Arambhavada, Paramanuvada, Vivartavada,
Kshanabhanguravada, Swabhavavada, Peelupaka,
Pitharpaka, Anekantavada, Swabhavoparamavada

Paper II : Part B (Āyurveda Itihaas)

1. General Introduction to Ayurveda Itihāsa 191-197

Etymological derivation, Syntactical derivation and definition of word
Itihaas, necessity, significance and utility of Itihaas/history, means and
methods of history, description of historical person (vyakti), Subject
(Vishaya), happening (Ghatana), Kala (period) and their impact on
Ayurveda.
2. Introduction to authors of classical texts-Samhitakala and their 198-212
contribution- Atreya, Dhanwantari, Kashyapa, Agnivesha, Sushruta,
Bhela, Harita, Charaka, Dridhbala, Nagarjuna and Jeevaka.
3. Introduction to commentators of classical samhitas - Bhattara 213-217
Harishchandra, Jejjata, Chakrapani, Dalhana, Nishchalkara, Gayadasa,
Vijayarakshita, Arundutta, Hemadri, Gangadhara, Yogendranath Sen,
Haranachandra and Indu
4. Introduction to authors of compendium (grantha sangraha kaal) – 218-221
Bhavamishra, Sharangadhara, Vrinda, madhava, Shodhala, Govind
Dasa.
5. Introduction to authors of modern era- Gananath Sen, Yamini 222-225
Bhushan Rai, Shankar Daji Pade, Swami Laksmirama, Yadavji
Trikamji, Dr. P.M. Mehta, Ghanekar, Damodar Sharma Gaur,
Priyavrit Sharma
6. Globalization of Ayurveda- Expansion of Ayurveda in Egypt (Misra), 226-230
Srilanka, Nepal and other nations.
7. Developmental activities in Āyurveda in the post-independence period 231-245
 Establishment of Committees and their recommendations
 Introduction to the activities of organizations like the AYUSH,
CCIM, CCRAS, APC, NMPB, TKDL.
 Introduction to institutes like the NIA, IPGT & RA, Faculty of
Āyurveda BHU, RAV.
 Drugs and Cosmetic act 1940.
8. Introduction to national and international journals of Āyurveda 246-247
9. Introduction to activities of WHO in promotion of Āyurveda 248-249
Bibliography 250-251