Research Proposal Writing

(Communication for Various Purposes)

 Outline of the Presentation
Research Proposal Writing - G. Parts of a Research Proposal
(Communication for Various a. Research Title
Purposes) b. Rationale
c. Research Objectives
A. Reliability of References d. Potential Outputs
B. APA 7th Edition Guidelines e. Beneficiaries
a. In-text Citation f. Research Methodology
b. Referencing g. Work Plan
C. Plagiarism h. Financial Plan
D. Paraphasing i. References
E. Synthesis Writing H. Writing a Research Proposal
F. Definition of Research Proposal (Insert discussion of informative, argumenttive, and
persuassive essays)
 A. Reliability of References
What is a Reliable Source?
A reliable source is one
that provides a thorough,
well-reasoned theory,
argument, discussion, etc.
based on strong evidence.

https://guides.libs.uga.edu/c.php?g=571070&p=3936511
 What is a Reliable Source?

Scholarly, peer-reviewed
articles or books - written by
researchers for students and
researchers. Original research,
extensive bibliography. Found in
GALILEO's academic databases and
Google Scholar.

https://guides.libs.uga.edu/c.php?g=571070&p=3936511
 What is a Reliable Source?
Trade or professional articles or books -
written by practitioners in a field to impart
practice-oriented information. Found in
GALILEO databases. Some may also be
found through Google or other search
engine, but may require payment to see the
full text. Beware of sources on the internet
that look like trade/professional articles,
but don't have reliable content.

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 What is a Reliable Source?
Magazine articles, books
and newspaper articles
from well-established
newspapers - written for a
general audience by authors
or journalists who have
consulted reliable sources and
vetted through an editor.

https://guides.libs.uga.edu/c.php?g=571070&p=3936511
 Who Decides a Source is
Reliable?

https://guides.libs.uga.edu/c.php?g=571070&p=4344660
 Who Decides a Source is
Reliable?

https://guides.libs.uga.edu/c.php?g=571070&p=4344660
 Who Decides a Source is
Reliable?

https://guides.libs.uga.edu/c.php?g=571070&p=4344660
 Finding Reliable Sources: Criteria for
Evaluating Reliability

https://guides.libs.uga.edu/c.php?g=571070&p=3937349
 Finding Reliable Sources: Criteria for
Evaluating Reliability

https://guides.libs.uga.edu/c.php?g=571070&p=3937349
B. APA 7th Edition Guidelines
APA Style is widely used by students, researchers, and
professionals in the social and behavioral sciences.
In October 2019, the American Psychological Association (APA)
introduced the 7th edition of the APA Publication Manual, which
replaces the 6th edition published in 2009.

In that time a lot of things have changed. Citing online material

has become more common, the use of inclusive and bias-free
language is increasingly important, and the technology used by
researchers and students has changed.

https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/apa-seventh-edition-changes/
The biggest changes in the 7th edition are:

https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/apa-seventh-edition-changes/
The biggest changes in the 7th edition are:

https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/apa-seventh-edition-changes/
The biggest changes in the 7th edition are:

https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/apa-seventh-edition-changes/
The biggest changes in the 7th edition are:

https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/apa-seventh-edition-changes/
The biggest changes in the 7th edition are:
Inclusive and bias-free language

https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/apa-seventh-edition-changes/
The biggest changes in the 7th edition are:

https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/apa-seventh-edition-changes/
The biggest changes in the 7th edition are:

https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/apa-seventh-edition-changes/
APA in-text citations
In-text citations are brief references in the running text that direct
readers to the reference entry at the end of the paper. You include
them every time you quote or paraphrase someone else’s ideas or
words to avoid plagiarism.

An APA in-text citation consists of the author’s last name and the
year of publication (also known as the author-date system). If
you’re citing a specific part of a source, you should also include a
locator such as a page number or timestamp. For example: (Smith,
2020, p. 170).

https://www.scribbr.com/category/apa-style/
APA in-text citations
Parenthetical vs. narrative citation

The in-text citation can take two forms: parenthetical and narrative.
Both types are generated automatically when citing a source with
Scribbr’s APA Citation Generator.
Parenthetical citation: According to new research … (Smith, 2020).
Narrative citation: Smith (2020) notes that …

https://www.scribbr.com/category/apa-style/
APA in-text citations

https://www.scribbr.com/category/apa-style/
APA References
APA references generally include information about the author,
publication date, title, and source. Depending on the type of
source, you may have to include extra information that helps
your reader locate the source.

Reference examples
Citing a source starts with choosing the correct reference format. Use
Scribbr’s Citation Example Generator to learn more about the format for
the most common source types. Pay close attention to punctuation,
capitalization, and italicization.

https://www.scribbr.com/category/apa-style/
APA References

https://www.scribbr.com/category/apa-style/
APA References

https://www.scribbr.com/category/apa-style/
 https://www.ox.ac.uk/students/academic/guidance/skills/plagiarism

C. Plagiarism
Plagiarism - is presenting someone else’s work or ideas as your own,
with or without their consent, by incorporating it into your work
without full acknowledgement. All published and unpublished material,
whether in manuscript, printed or electronic form, is covered under this
definition. Plagiarism may be intentional or reckless, or unintentional.
Under the regulations for examinations, intentional or reckless
plagiarism is a disciplinary offence.
 https://www.ox.ac.uk/students/academic/guidance/skills/plagiarism

Forms of plagiarism
Verbatim (word for word) quotation without clear
acknowledgement
Cutting and pasting from the Internet without clear
acknowledgement
Paraphrasing
Collusion
Inaccurate citation
Failure to acknowledge assistance
Use of material written by professional agencies or other persons
Auto-plagiarism
 https://www.ox.ac.uk/students/academic/guidance/skills/plagiarism

Examples of plagiarism
Source text
From a class perspective this put them [highwaymen] in an ambivalent position. In aspiring to that
proud, if temporary, status of ‘Gentleman of the Road’, they did not question the inegalitarian
hierarchy of their society. Yet their boldness of act and deed, in putting them outside the law as
rebellious fugitives, revivified the ‘animal spirits’ of capitalism and became an essential part of the
oppositional culture of working-class London, a serious obstacle to the formation of a tractable,
obedient labour force. Therefore, it was not enough to hang them – the values they espoused or
represented had to be challenged.

(Linebaugh, P., The London Hanged: Crime and Civil Society in the Eighteenth Century (London, 1991),
p. 213. [You should give the reference in full the first time you use it in a footnote; thereafter it is
acceptable to use an abbreviated version, e.g. Linebaugh, The London Hanged, p. 213.]
 https://www.ox.ac.uk/students/academic/guidance/skills/plagiarism

Examples of plagiarism
Plagiarised
1. Although they did not question the inegalitarian hierarchy of their society, highwaymen became
an essential part of the oppositional culture of working-class London, posing a serious threat to
the formation of a biddable labour force. (This is a patchwork of phrases copied verbatim from
the source, with just a few words changed here and there. There is no reference to the original
author and no indication that these words are not the writer’s own.)
2. Although they did not question the inegalitarian hierarchy of their society, highwaymen exercised
a powerful attraction for the working classes. Some historians believe that this hindered the
development of a submissive workforce. (This is a mixture of verbatim copying and acceptable
paraphrase. Although only one phrase has been copied from the source, this would still count as
plagiarism. The idea expressed in the first sentence has not been attributed at all, and the
reference to ‘some historians’ in the second is insufficient. The writer should use clear referencing
to acknowledge all ideas taken from other people’s work.)
 https://www.ox.ac.uk/students/academic/guidance/skills/plagiarism

Examples of plagiarism
Plagiarised
3. Although they did not question the inegalitarian hierarchy of their society, highwaymen ‘became
an essential part of the oppositional culture of working-class London [and] a serious obstacle to the
formation of a tractable, obedient labour force’.1 (This contains a mixture of attributed and
unattributed quotation, which suggests to the reader that the first line is original to this writer. All
quoted material must be enclosed in quotation marks and adequately referenced.)

4. Highwaymen’s bold deeds ‘revivified the “animal spirits” of capitalism’ and made them an
essential part of the oppositional culture of working-class London.1 Peter Linebaugh argues that
they posed a major obstacle to the formation of an obedient labour force. (Although the most
striking phrase has been placed within quotation marks and correctly referenced, and the original
author is referred to in the text, there has been a great deal of unacknowledged borrowing. This
should have been put into the writer’s own words instead.)
 https://www.ox.ac.uk/students/academic/guidance/skills/plagiarism

Examples of plagiarism
Plagiarised
5. By aspiring to the title of ‘Gentleman of the Road’, highwaymen did not challenge the unfair
taxonomy of their society. Yet their daring exploits made them into outlaws and inspired the
antagonistic culture of labouring London, forming a grave impediment to the development of
a submissive workforce. Ultimately, hanging them was insufficient – the ideals they
personified had to be discredited.1 (This may seem acceptable on a superficial level, but by
imitating exactly the structure of the original passage and using synonyms for almost every
word, the writer has paraphrased too closely. The reference to the original author does not
make it clear how extensive the borrowing has been. Instead, the writer should try to express
the argument in his or her own words, rather than relying on a ‘translation’ of the original.)
 https://www.ox.ac.uk/students/academic/guidance/skills/plagiarism

Examples of plagiarism
Non-plagiarised
1. Peter Linebaugh argues that although highwaymen posed no overt challenge to social orthodoxy – they
aspired to be known as ‘Gentlemen of the Road’ – they were often seen as anti-hero role models by the
unruly working classes. He concludes that they were executed not only for their criminal acts, but in
order to stamp out the threat of insubordinacy. 1 (This paraphrase of the passage is acceptable as the
wording and structure demonstrate the reader’s interpretation of the passage and do not follow the
original too closely. The source of the ideas under discussion has been properly attributed in both textual
and footnote references.)
2. Peter Linebaugh argues that highwaymen represented a powerful challenge to the mores of capitalist
society and inspired the rebelliousness of London’s working class.1 (This is a brief summary of the
argument with appropriate attribution.)

1 Linebaugh, P., The London Hanged: Crime and Civil Society in the Eighteenth Century (London, 1991), p. 213.
D. Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing is presenting ideas and information in your
own words and acknowledging where they come from. By
using your own words, you demonstrate your understanding
and your ability to convey this information.

https://lo.unisa.edu.au/mod/book/view.php?id=252144
 5 steps are involved with paraphrasing
They include:
1. Read the original text until you understand it
2. Note down key concepts
3. Write down your version of the text without looking at the original
4. Compare your paraphrased text and make adjustments to ensure that
it does not remain too similar. Edit your work so it is written in an
academic manner and it flows with the rest of your assignment
5. Make sure you have included a citation

https://lo.unisa.edu.au/mod/book/view.php?id=252144
Four tips for paraphrasing:
1. Start your first sentence at a different
point from the original source
2. Use synonyms
3. Change the form of words
4. Change the sentence structure

https://lo.unisa.edu.au/mod/book/view.php?id=252144
D. Paraphrasing

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tuC6E4qaq-c
E. Synthesis Writing
What is synthesis?
At the very basic level, synthesis refers to combining multiple sources and
ideas. As a writer, you will use information from several sources to create
new ideas based on your analysis of what you have read.

https://writingcenter.uagc.edu/synthesis
 How is synthesis different from
summarizing?
When asked to synthesize sources and research, many writers start to
summarize individual sources. However, this is not the same as synthesis. In
a summary, you share the key points from an individual source and then
move on and summarize another source. In synthesis, you need to combine
the information from those multiple sources and add your own analysis of
the literature. This means that each of your paragraphs will include multiple
sources and citations, as well as your own ideas and voice.

https://writingcenter.uagc.edu/synthesis
Why do I need to include synthesis?
At the upper-division and graduate level, you are entering the scholarly
conversation on advanced topics in your field of study. Because of this,
you need to show that you understand and can integrate research on
these topics in a unique way that adds to the conversation. By
synthesizing research, you are showing that you can combine current
information in your field of study and add a new interpretation or
analysis of those sources.

https://writingcenter.uagc.edu/synthesis
What steps do I need to take to reach synthesis?
To effectively synthesize the literature, you must first critically read the
research on your topic. Then, you need to think about how all of the ideas
and findings are connected. One great way to think about synthesis is to
think about the authors of the research discussing the topic at a research
conference. They would not individually share summaries of their research;
rather, the conversation would be dynamic as they shared similarities and
differences in their findings. As you write your paragraphs, focus on a back
and forth conversation between the researchers.

https://writingcenter.uagc.edu/synthesis
 What strategies can I use to synthesize my
information?

The key to a good synthesis is to be organized as you’re researching and

reading sources on your topic. One way to organize your research is to use
a synthesis matrix. In this synthesis matrix chart, you can record your
sources and main ideas on the topic. When finished, it will provide a visual
representation of your research and help you to see how sources are
connected.

https://writingcenter.uagc.edu/synthesis
 What strategies can I use to synthesize my
information?
In addition to a matrix, as you critically read your sources, take note of
the following:
Do any authors disagree with another author?
Does one author extend the research of another author?
Are the authors all in agreement?
Does any author raise new questions or ideas about the topic?

https://writingcenter.uagc.edu/synthesis
 Example of Synthesis

https://writingcenter.uagc.edu/sites/default/files/inline-images/Synthesis%20.png
F. Definition of Research Proposal
 What is your research proposal
used for and why is it important?
It is used to establish whether there is expertise to
support your proposed area of research
It forms part of the assessment of your application
The research proposal you submit as part of your
application is just the starting point, as your ideas evolve
your proposed research is likely to change

https://www.westminster.ac.uk/study/postgraduate/research-degrees/entry-requirements/how-to-write-your-research-proposal
 How long should my
research proposal be?
It should be 2,000–3,500
words (4-7 pages) long.

https://www.westminster.ac.uk/study/postgraduate/research-degrees/entry-requirements/how-to-write-your-research-proposal
 What should be included in my
research proposal?
1. TITLE
Your title should give a clear indication of your proposed research
approach or key question
2. BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE
You should include:
the background and issues of your proposed research
identify your discipline
a short literature review
a summary of key debates and developments in the field

https://www.westminster.ac.uk/study/postgraduate/research-degrees/entry-requirements/how-to-write-your-research-proposal
 What should be included in my
research proposal?
3. RESEARCH QUESTION(S)
You should formulate these clearly, giving an explanation as to what
problems and issues are to be explored and why they are worth exploring
4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
You should provide an outline of:
the theoretical resources to be drawn on
the research approach (theoretical framework)
the research methods appropriate for the proposed research
a discussion of advantages as well as limits of particular approaches and
methods

https://www.westminster.ac.uk/study/postgraduate/research-degrees/entry-requirements/how-to-write-your-research-proposal
 What should be included in my
research proposal?
5. PLAN OF WORK & TIME SCHEDULE
You should include an outline of the various stages and
corresponding time lines for developing and implementing the
research, including writing up your thesis.
For full-time study your research should be completed within three
years, with writing up completed in the fourth year of registration.
For part-time study your research should be completed within six
years, with writing up completed by the eighth year.

https://www.westminster.ac.uk/study/postgraduate/research-degrees/entry-requirements/how-to-write-your-research-proposal
 What should be included in my
research proposal?
6. BIBLIOGRAPHY
You should include:
a list of references to key articles and texts
discussed within your research proposal
a selection of sources appropriate to the proposed
research

https://www.westminster.ac.uk/study/postgraduate/research-degrees/entry-requirements/how-to-write-your-research-proposal
G. Parts of a Research Proposal
a. Research Title
A good title is usually a compromise between conciseness and explicitness. One
good way to cut the length of titles is to avoid words that add nothing to a reader's
understanding, such as "Studies on...," "Investigations...," or "Research on Some
Problems in...." The title needs to: match interests of reviewers; use appropriate
key words; be specific to the work to be accomplished; and be long enough to
distinguish it from other studies in the field, but not too long to bore the reader.

https://orsp.umich.edu/proposal-writers-guide-research-proposals-title-page
G. Parts of a Research Proposal
a. Research Title
Examples of good titles are:
“Applications of the motivic Becker-Gottlieb transfer,”
“Advancing engineering education through virtual
communities of practice,”
“Structural controls of functional receptor and antibody
binding to viral capsids,”
“Active tectonics of the Africa-Eurasia zone of plate
interaction in the Western Mediterranean.”
https://orsp.umich.edu/proposal-writers-guide-research-proposals-title-page
G. Parts of a Research Proposal
b. Rationale
- States the reason(s) why a researcher chooses to focus on
the topic in question, including what the significance is and
what gaps the research intends to fill. In short, it is an
explanation that rationalises the need for the study. The
rationale is typically followed by a hypothesis/research
question(s) and the study objectives.

https://www.cwauthors.com/article/how-to-write-the-rationale-for-your-research
G. Parts of a Research Proposal
b. Rationale
SHARP: Structured, Holistic Approach for a Research Proposal.
SHARP should be implemented in eight consecutive steps:
1. Set up a causal model;
2. Establish a fact-hypothesis matrix;
3. Develop a variable-indicator-method matrix;
4. Select the study design;
5. Define the sampling procedure and calculate the sample size;
6. Select the statistical methods;
7. Consider the ethical aspects;
8. Set up an operational plan.

https://archive.unu.edu/unupress/food/V193e/ch08.htm#b2-Introduction
G. Parts of a Research Proposal
c. Research Objectives
The objectives are a very important part of a research proposal
because they outline where the project is headed and what it will
accomplish. Developing objectives can be a little tricky, so take
some time to consider them. Then work on wording them
carefully so your readers understand your goals. With clear
objectives, your research proposal will be much stronger.

https://www.wikihow.com/Write-Objectives-in-a-Research-Proposal
How to Write Objectives in a Research Proposal
Brainstorming Your Objectives
State your main research question to guide your ideas
Describe the ultimate goal of your study
Break that goal down into sub-categories to develop your
objectives.
Limit your objectives to 3 to 5 at most.
Divide your objectives into 1 general and 3-4 specific ones.
Assess each objective using the SMART acronym

https://www.wikihow.com/Write-Objectives-in-a-Research-Proposal
How to Write Objectives in a Research Proposal
Using the Right Language
Start each objective with an action verb.
State each objective clearly and concisely.
Use specific language so readers know what your goals are.
State your objectives as outcomes rather than a process.

https://www.wikihow.com/Write-Objectives-in-a-Research-Proposal
How to Write Objectives in a Research Proposal
Writing the Objectives
Insert your objectives after your introduction and problem
statement.
Note the objectives in the proposal abstract if you have one.
Introduce the section with your general objective first.
List your specific objectives next.

https://www.wikihow.com/Write-Objectives-in-a-Research-Proposal
 d. Potential Outputs
Features of Expected Outcomes
The Expected Outcomes Section contains these features:
1. An explanation of how the proposal will address the needs shown in the Statement of
the Problem;
2. An explanation of the benefits that will be realized if the proposal is accepted;
3. Clear information about WHO will benefit and HOW they will benefit from the proposal;
4. Some Expected Outcomes Sections also indicate what might happen if the proposal is
NOT accepted.
5. Most Expected Outcomes Sections are written in either the future tense (will) or with
the conditional (would).

https://public.wsu.edu/~mejia/EOfeatures.htm
 e. Beneficiaries
Beneficiaries are those who are likely to be interested in or to benefit from the proposed research.

List any beneficiaries from the research and give details of how the results of the proposed research would be
disseminated. Please state whether the research is likely to lead to patentable or otherwise commercially
exploitable results. Wherever possible, the beneficiaries should consist of a wider group than that of the
fellows immediate professional circle carrying out similar research. Specific beneficiaries might be:

Researchers in other disciplines;

Academic organisations;
Companies, public sector bodies and others who may use the results to their advantage; or
Policy makers.

https://je-s.rcuk.ac.uk/handbook/pages/GuidanceoncompletingaFellowshi/Beneficiaries.htm
 e. Beneficiaries
This field must be completed using:

No more than 4000 characters, including spaces, tabs and character

returns (2 characters)
Only the standard Je-S character set; and
No specialist characters and symbols (e.g. mathematical symbols) because
these may not transfer successfully to other computer systems.
Please note that typing into a text box is not detectable by the system and
is regarded as system inactivity. Please remember to save text regularly.

https://je-s.rcuk.ac.uk/handbook/pages/GuidanceoncompletingaFellowshi/Beneficiaries.htm
 f. Research Methodology
The objective of this section of the research proposal is to convince the reader that
your overall research design and methods of analysis will enable you to solve the
research problem you have identified and also enable you to accurately and effectively
interpret the results of your research. Consequently, it is critical that the research
design and methods section is well-written, clear, and logically organized. This
demonstrates to your reader that you know what you are going to do and how you are
going to do it. Overall, you want to leave your reader feeling confident that you have
what it takes to get this research study completed in a timely fashion.

https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/jibcresearchmethods/chapter/14-3-components-of-a-research-proposal/
 f. Research Methodology
The objective of this section of the research proposal is to convince the reader that
your overall research design and methods of analysis will enable you to solve the
research problem you have identified and also enable you to accurately and effectively
interpret the results of your research. Consequently, it is critical that the research
design and methods section is well-written, clear, and logically organized. This
demonstrates to your reader that you know what you are going to do and how you are
going to do it. Overall, you want to leave your reader feeling confident that you have
what it takes to get this research study completed in a timely fashion.

https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/jibcresearchmethods/chapter/14-3-components-of-a-research-proposal/
 f. Research Methodology

https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/jibcresearchmethods/chapter/14-3-components-of-a-research-proposal/
 g. Work Plan
This section includes a comprehensive explanation of the proposed
research, and is addressed to other specialists in your field (not to laymen).
The section is the heart of the proposal and is the primary concern of the
technical reviewers. To make it clear and easy to follow, you may need
several subsections tailored to your work. Research design is a large subject
and cannot be covered here, but a few reminders concerning frequently
mishandled aspects of proposals may be helpful.

https://orsp.umich.edu/research-proposals-plan-or-approach
 g. Work Plan
Be realistic in designing the program of work.
Be clear about the focus of the research.
Be as detailed as possible about the schedule of the proposed work.
If you are proposing new, risky or unorthodox methods, be sure to include adequate
justification, e.g., references in literature about success of these methods in similar studies.
Be specific about the means of evaluating the data, conducting the analysis, or
determining the conclusions. Try to imagine the questions or objections of a hostile critic
and show that the research plan anticipates them.
Be certain that the connection between the research objectives and the research method is
evident. If a reviewer fails to see this connection, s/he will probably not give your proposal
any further consideration.

https://orsp.umich.edu/research-proposals-plan-or-approach
 i. References
If a list of references is to be included, it is placed at the end of the text.
This section typically is not counted in the page limitation of the Research
Description.
In the text, references to the list can be made in various ways; a simple way is to
use a raised number at the appropriate place, like this.1 Such numbers should
be placed outside any contiguous marks of punctuation.
If you have space, you might consider the American Psychological
Association style because the reader does not have to refer to the reference list
to see authors and data of publication, e.g., (Wiseguy, 2014).

https://orsp.umich.edu/research-proposals-references
H. Writing a Research Proposal
In a research proposal, the goal is to present the author’s plan for the research
they intend to conduct.
In some cases, part of this goal is to secure funding for said research. In others,
it’s to have the research approved by the author’s supervisor or department so
they can move forward with it.
In some cases, a research proposal is a required part of a graduate school
application.
In every one of these circumstances, research proposals follow the same
structure.

https://www.grammarly.com/blog/how-to-write-a-research-proposal/
H. Writing a Research Proposal
In a research proposal, the author demonstrates how and why their
research is relevant to their field. They demonstrate that the work is
necessary to the following:
Filling a gap in the existing body of research on their subject
Underscoring existing research on their subject, and/or
Adding new, original knowledge to the academic community’s
existing understanding of their subject

https://www.grammarly.com/blog/how-to-write-a-research-proposal/
How to write a research proposal
Research proposals, like all other kinds of academic writing, are written
in a formal, objective tone.
Keep in mind that being concise is a key component of academic
writing; formal does not mean flowery.
Adhere to the structure outlined above. Your reader knows how a
research proposal is supposed to read and expects it to fit this template.
It’s crucial that you present your research proposal in a clear,
logical way. Every question the reader has while reading your proposal
should be answered by the final section.

https://www.grammarly.com/blog/how-to-write-a-research-proposal/
 Editing and proofreading a
research proposal
When you’re writing a research proposal, follow the same six-step
writing process you follow with every other kind of writing you do.
After you’ve got a first draft written, take some time to let it “cool
off” before you start proofreading.
By doing this, you’re making it easier for yourself to catch mistakes
and gaps in your writing.

https://www.grammarly.com/blog/how-to-write-a-research-proposal/
Common mistakes to avoid when
writing a research proposal

Being too wordy

Failing to cite relevant sources
Focusing too much on minor issues
Failing to make a strong argument for your research

https://www.grammarly.com/blog/how-to-write-a-research-proposal/
Common mistakes to avoid when
writing a research proposal

Being too wordy

Failing to cite relevant sources
Focusing too much on minor issues
Failing to make a strong argument for your research

https://www.grammarly.com/blog/how-to-write-a-research-proposal/
Informative, argumentative,
and persuasive essays
 Informative Essays
a type of writing that explains a certain issue or a topic.
should always maintain an objective, neutral tone throughout the essay,
or they shouldn’t try to argue one side over another. The author of an
informative essay is kind of like a reporter at a newspaper: only there to
state the facts, not to offer any sort of opinion.
the writer should refrain from pointing out his personal ideas and
beliefs.

https://www.ccsdut.org/site/handlers/filedownload.ashx?moduleinstanceid=497&dataid=2171&FileName=argumentative%20vs%20informative%20essays.pdf
 Informative Essays
For SAGE testing, an informative essay is three paragraphs long:
one introduction paragraph containing the central idea of the paper,
one body paragraph that contains enough facts and information to cover
the topic, and
a conclusion that briefly summarizes all the points explained in the
body.
Real writers use as many body paragraphs as they need to explain the topic
they’re writing about, but for the purposes of SAGE testing, stick to just one
body paragraph.

https://www.ccsdut.org/site/handlers/filedownload.ashx?moduleinstanceid=497&dataid=2171&FileName=argumentative%20vs%20informative%20essays.pdf
 Argumentative Essays
a type of writing in which the writer tries to convince his
audience that his opinion is valid.
contains a combination of facts and writer’s personal ideas.
has to do a lot of research and gather evidence to prove and
defend his point. is biased and subjective, although the writer
has to be aware of the opposing views on the subject.
Appeals to the logic and the reasoning.

https://www.ccsdut.org/site/handlers/filedownload.ashx?moduleinstanceid=497&dataid=2171&FileName=argumentative%20vs%20informative%20essays.pdf
 Argumentative Essays
For SAGE testing, an argumentative essay is supposed to be 4-5 paragraphs long:
one introduction paragraph containing the author’s claim or main argument,
two or three body paragraphs or sub points that support and illustrate the
author’s argument, and
a concluding paragraph that briefly summarizes all the points explained in
the body.
Real writers use as many body paragraphs as they need to explain the topic
they’re writing about, but for the purposes of SAGE testing, stick to two or three
body paragraphs

https://www.ccsdut.org/site/handlers/filedownload.ashx?moduleinstanceid=497&dataid=2171&FileName=argumentative%20vs%20informative%20essays.pdf
 persuasive essay
A persuasive essay is a type of academic writing where you
use logic and arguments to convince readers of your point
of view, using solid evidence such as research, stating facts,
examples, and quotes from experts.

https://bid4papers.com/blog/persuasive-essay/#What-is-a-persuasive-essay
 persuasive essay

https://bid4papers.com/blog/persuasive-essay/#What-is-a-persuasive-essay
References
Research Proposal Writing
(Communication for Various Purposes)
- https://www.westminster.ac.uk/study/postgraduate/research-degrees/entry-requirements/how-to-write-your-research-proposal
https://youtu.be/166FXhGd9T4

A. Reliability of References
https://guides.libs.uga.edu/reliability
B. APA 7th Edition Guidelines
https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/apa-reference-page/
a. In-text Citation
b. Referencing
C. Plagiarism
https://www.ox.ac.uk/students/academic/guidance/skills/plagiarism
D. Paraphrasing
https://lo.unisa.edu.au/mod/book/view.php?id=252144
https://unisa.au.panopto.com/Panopto/Pages/Viewer.aspx?id=d72c272f-28bd-4857-b3ba-ab3c00354993&start=7.317329
References
E. Synthesis Writing
https://writingcenter.uagc.edu/synthesis
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7dEGoJdb6O0
F. Definition of Research Proposal
G. Parts of a Research Proposal
a. Research Title
https://orsp.umich.edu/proposal-writers-guide-research-proposals-title-page
b. Rationale
https://archive.unu.edu/unupress/food/V193e/ch08.htm#b2-Introduction
https://www.cwauthors.com/article/how-to-write-the-rationale-for-your-research
c. Research Objectives
https://www.wikihow.com/Write-Objectives-in-a-Research-Proposal
d. Potential Outputs
https://public.wsu.edu/~mejia/EOfeatures.htm
References
e. Beneficiaries
https://je-s.rcuk.ac.uk/handbook/pages/GuidanceoncompletingaFellowshi/Beneficiaries.htm
f. Research Methodology
https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/jibcresearchmethods/chapter/14-3-components-of-a-research-proposal/
g. Work Plan
https://orsp.umich.edu/research-proposals-plan-or-approach
h. Financial Plan
https://orsp.umich.edu/research-proposals-budget
i. References
https://orsp.umich.edu/research-proposals-references
H. Writing a Research Proposal
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kJcmDJ9uGjE
https://www.grammarly.com/blog/how-to-write-a-research-proposal/

Informative, argumentative, and persuasive essays

https://www.ccsdut.org/site/handlers/filedownload.ashx?
moduleinstanceid=497&dataid=2171&FileName=argumentative%20vs%20informative%20essays.pdf
https://bid4papers.com/blog/persuasive-essay/#What-is-a-persuasive-essay
Thank you & God bless!
Keep growing, shalom!