THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This study has adhered on the following theories:

According to Benjamin Bloom on his theory, Individualized Instruction
Theory. It focuses on the individual and their learning process. This instructional design
approach supports the Keller Plan and "The Personalized System of Instruction," which
assumes that students must be able to conduct independent research on a subject in
order to fully comprehend the concepts involved. Students can continue if they are
learning something and picking it up quickly. This theory demonstrates that having
instructional materials in school, particularly in calculus, is beneficial to students
because it allows them to work at their own pace if they are struggling to connect with
the subject. Learners will not only be able to better understand the materials being
presented, but they will also be able to retain information for much longer periods of
time. It also considers students who perform better when given a variety of learning
options.

According to Richard Mayer on his theory, Multimedia Learning Theory.

According to Mayer, the three facets of the multimedia learning theory help students
learn more effectively. The first is the multi-media concept, which asserts that
information may be processed through both audio and visual channels. Students may
learn more successfully from words and visuals together than from simply words alone,
according to this theory. The second characteristic is that each channel can only
process a certain quantity of data. In other words, humans have a limited capacity for
information processing, they seek to make sense of it by building mental models based
on information sources. In other words, instructional materials will assist pupils in
developing conceptions about specific knowledge. It allows individuals more time to
examine, grasp, and perfect a certain skill or information.

According to Abram Maslow, Carl Rogers, amd Jamaes F.T. on their theory,
Humanist Theory. This approach emphasizes that humans are inherently good, and
that fundamental wants are critical to human activity. According to this view, the student
is competent in their own learning process, and it is critical to meet all of their demands
so that they can learn effectively. A hungry student, for example, will not pay as much
attention to learning. As a result, schools provide meals to students so that their
requirements are met and they may concentrate on their studies. Thus, in order for
students to comprehend all of the material and learn efficiently, it is critical that their
needs are addressed during the learning process. As a result, having basic learning
materials would be an excellent tool for students in freeing up time to analyze and study
at their own speed.