Types of

Lubricants and
How to Use Them
Discussant:

Raymart Samson Garrido

John Robert Fumera
Mc Joseph Gaufo
Mar Kenny Gerola
 1. Oil

Oils are thin liquids consisting of long polymer

chains, with additives for various extra
characteristics. Popular additives include
antioxidants to prevent oxidation of the oil,
corrosion inhibitors to prevent corroding of
components, and detergents to avoid the
deposits from forming. These long chains are Uses: Hinges, Bearings, Tool Maintenance,
Sharpening Blades
difficult to squeeze out of between surfaces,
allowing use of oils as a slippery barrier between Use When:
them. Oils come in various "weights" (such as 5W You want to lubricate it without the
or 10W), corresponding to the viscosity. The inherent resistance to using grease.
smaller the number, the thinner the oil and the To wick into a small space you need
easier it flows. lubrication, without having to take it apart
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Don’t use when:

The lubricated surfaces are exposed to dust or dirt which can eventually gum up
and cause more friction
You must keep it clean around the surfaces, since the oils are poor in viscosity
and thus appear to leak and run
The surfaces are exposed to wind, or whatever will wash away the oil. That's not
going to last long! (While oil can help to make things water-resistant, it can also
absorb water over time. The more water it absorbs into the material, the lower its
adhesion, allowing it to wash off the very parts that need lubrication.)

Your paragraph text

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Fats are produced using oil (typically mineral oit) and combined with
2.Grease thickeners (such as soaps based on lithium).
External lubricating materials, such as graphite, molybdenum disulphide or
polytetrafluorothylene (PTFE, or teflon) can also be found, Greases combine
the lubricating qualities of oils with added stickiness, allowing the lubricant to
cling better to surfaces. Like oils, greases come in a variety of consistencies,
ranging from ketchup-thin to cheddar-thick. One downside of grease is that it
can create resistance in small or fast-moving devices, since it is so thick and
sticky.

Uses: Gears. Bearings, Chains, Linkages

Use when:
You need lubrication to remain long on the surfaces
You want pollutants like water or dust to be sealed out
You use a computer so rarely that you may forget to oil it
Don't use when:
You have fine or fast-moving systems where thick grease is too resistant
You wouldn't want a mess. They will spill grease all over as parts shift, so it may not be the best choice
to keep things clean
3. Penetrating Lubricant

Penetrating lubricants are the saviors

of many stuck-bolt fighters, which in
minutes remove years of rust and
debris.
Like the other substances discussed
here, penetrating oils are not intended
for long term lubrication. Alternatively,
they are low-viscosity oils with
additives specifically formulated for
one purpose: infiltrating the liny cracks
between surfaces (such as screw
threads), adding lubrication and
breaking rust.
4.Dry Lubricants
Dry lubricants are composed of graphite,
molybdenum disulfide, silicone, or PTFE
lubricating particles. Those particles are
super slippery at the molecular level, thus
reducing the friction between surfaces in
contact with each other. These lubricants
are commonly found in spray form, where
they are mixed with water, alcohol, or some
other solvent which will evaporate after
application, leaving behind a thin film.
Use: 3D Printer rails, Threaded Rods,
Locks, Hinges
Use when:
You have small sections that are
not to be gunked up by grease or
oil that absorbs dust
You need to keep the surfaces
around you clean
Exposure to extremely high heat
or pressure on your surfaces will
normally oxidize oils
Don't use when:
The surfaces are exposed to
solvents or other liquids capable
of washing them off
 Properties of Lubricants
1. Physical Properties
a. Viscosity

Viscosily is the measure of internal friction in a liquid: how molecules bind in order to avoid movement. A
lubricant is a vital property because it influences the oil's ability to form a lubricating film, or minimize friction.

b. Viscosity Index
The most widely used
method for comparing viscosity variance with temperature between different oils by measuring
dimensional numbers, known as the viscosity index.
c. Low Temperature Properties

is cooled the viscosity increases predictably before wax crystals begin to form.
Once an oil sample
With further cooling the matrix of wax crystals becomes thick enough to induce an apparent
solidification of the oil. Although the solidified oil does not pour under the influence of gravity, it can
move if sufficient force is applied.

c. I Cloud Point - This is the temperature at which one can detect the first sign of wax forming.


c.2 Pour Point - It is the lowest temperature at which the oil sample can flow only by gravity.

d.1 Volatility - This is relevant because it is an indicator of the propensity of oil to get lost by vaporization in

operation.
d.2 Flash Point - It is critical from a safety point of view for oil, since it is the lowest temperature at

which vapor auto-ignition occurs above the sample of healed oil.

d. High Temperature Properties

The high temperature properties of oil are governed by the oil's characteristics of distillation or boil range.

e. Other Physical Properties

Many other physical properties can be calculated, most of which apply to specific applications of lubricants.
Some of the more important measurements are:

e.1 Density - Significant, since oil can be formulated by weight, but measured by volume.
e.2 Demulsification - Ability of oil and water to separate.
e.3 Foam Characteristics - Tendency to form foam, and resulting foam stability.
e.4 Thermal Conductivity - Important for heat transfer fluid.
e.5 Electrical Properties - Resistively, dielectric constant
e.6 Surface Properties - as surface tension, air separation.
2. Chemical Properties
a. Ease of Starting Rapidity of Warming Up
The ease of starting depends mainly on the velocity of cranking that is influenced by the oil viscosity at
the crankcase temperature. The key reason for a lubricant's use is its viscosity.
It is not enough for the lubricants to have the correct viscosily but they should also maintain the small
change in viscosity within the lemperature range during and after the appertain. Thus, viscosity
controls not only the frictional and thermal effect but also the flow of oil depending on the load speed,
temperature and design of the lubricated device

b. Low Carbon Forming Tendency

This property is significant for petro engine with high compression ratio where carbon deposit will
adversely affect the quality of the combustion. The degree and also the composition of these formed
deposits cause noisy and rough burning which subjects the engine to high thermal and mechanical
stresses resulting in reduced performance and engine life.

c. High Oxidation Stability

One of the lubricant's most important requirement is that its properties are not altered while in use.
Thus oil temperature, the presence of oxygen in engine components, nature by fuel composition
products contributes to the oxidative change of lubricant properties during use.
d. Wear Reduction
Wear occurs by three mechanisms (abrasion, corrosion and metal-tometal contact, i.e. adhesion) in
lubricated structures. The lubricant plays an important role in the fight against any kind of wear.

d.I Abrasive Wear - It is caused by solid particles entering the region between the lubricated surfaces
and eroding these surfaces physically and can contaminate fragments of wear. For wear the solid
particles must be larger than the thickness of the oil film and tougher than the lubricated surfaces.

d.2 Corrosive Wear - The oxidation products of lubricants typically cause corrosive wear. The fuel's high
sulfur content helps with corrosive attacks.

d.3 Adhesive Wear - Such form of wear can affect significantly certain parts of the engine where metal-
to - metal contact occurs. Adhesive wear occurs even if the nature, finishing and composition of the
metal parts is increased power without corresponding alteration.
e. Detergency and Dispersancy
In the exception of detergence and dispersion in the combustion chamber, the deposit in the oil is regulated by
its detergent strength. The source of the deposits contained in engines is various and their volume depends
mainly on the one used, the nature of the combustion, the temperature of lubricating oil and coolant, and the gas
sealing of the ring in the cylinder.

f. Seal Compatibility
Lubricants are also used in devices where they come in contact with plastic or rubber seals. Interaction with the
oil can affect the strength and degree of swell of these seals. Different experiments were designed to measure
the impact of different seals on base oils and under various test conditions.

Microbial Infection of Your Lubricating Oil

All organisms require other organisms to provide a symbiotic relationship. Even humans require various forms of
bacteria to stay alive. Microbes and fungus found in oil sumps and fuel tanks are no different. The following are
life sources that might be found in your fuel or oil sump:
1. Sulphate Reducing Bacteria (SRB)
SRB reduces sulfates and makes hydrogen sulfide (a lethal gas). They are directly involved in
many microbial corrosion reactions and may cause the souring of sulfide from stored fuels and
oils. They change the ph which creates an acidic environment that promotes corrosion. They are
difficult to rid because they form an aggressive adhesion to the walls of the tanks. We contain a
sludgy by-product with a heavy odor of Sulphur (the hydrogen sulfide scent of rotten eggs).

2. Iron Reducing Bacteria

These also contribute to corrosion, eating steel, and by a chemical reaction reducing iron or iron
alloys to an oxide.

3. Yeasts
Yeasts prefer an acidic environment provided by the aforesaid SRBs. Within a few hours their
population could more than double.
4. Fungus
Fungal growth at the water-petroleum interface is usually seen as a vegetative mass plume.
 Lubricant Impurities and Contaminants
1. Water
Lubricants' action in corrosion and oxidation is critically related to the water content. The
emulsion is supplied by an oil mixed with water. An emulsion has a much lower carrying
capacity than pure oil and lubricant failure which can result in damage to the operating
surfaces.
2. Sulphur Content
Sulfur is a very strong limiting agent and can work efficiently under intense pressure and
temperature conditions. In comparison, it's really corrosive. The bomb oxidation technique
is a widely used technique for determining the sulphur content.
3. Ash Content
A lubricant includes a quantity of non-combustible content that can be measured by
calculating the volume of ash left after the oil has been combusted. The pollutants may be
wear products, solid fuel or lubricant decomposition products, ambient dust entering
through a filter, etc
4. Chlorine Content
The chlorine content in a lubricant should be at an optimum level. Excess chlorine induces
corrosion while

Thank
you for
listening!