WELCOME

BT-101: ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY

PPT – PRESENTATION

TOPIC- IMPORTANCE,MECHANISM AND

CLASSIFICATION OF LUBRICANTS

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SUBMITTED TO : SUBMITTED BY:

Dr. DEEPESH BHARDWAJ HARDIK KAPOOR CS060

HARSH CHATURVEDI CS061
HARSH DONERIA CS062
HIMANSHU THAKUR CS071
MAYANK SUINGH RAJAWAT CS097

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 INTRODUCTION
• In machine, the friction between metal to metal
parts arises due to moving surfaces and machine
experienced a resistance which retards their
movement. Due to friction large amount of energy
is liberated in the form of heat which reduces the
efficiency of machine.
• “Substances which apply between two moving and
sliding surface to reduce friction between them are
known as Lubricants” and the process by which
friction between sliding surface is reduce, known
as Lubrication.
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 OBJECTIVES OF LUBRICANTS
• To reduce the friction between the moving parts.
• To reduce wear and tear of the moving parts.
• To act as a cooling medium.
• To keep the engine parts clean.
• To prevent deposition of carbon and metallic components from
corrosive attack.
• To resist oxidation.

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 CLASSIFICATION OF LUBRICANTS
 On the basis of physical state lubricants may be classified
into following type:-

• Solid lubricants.
• Semi-solid lubricants.
• Liquid lubricants.
• Gases lubricants.

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 SOLID LUBRICANTS
 Solid lubricants are solids applied to friction surfaces to reduce friction and
wear and prevent surface damage. They may be in the form of powders, films
or
composite materials.
• Advantages of solid lubricants:
(1) More effective than fluid lubricants at high loads and speeds.
(2) High resistance to deterioration in storage.
(3) Highly stable in extreme temperature, pressure, radiation, and reactive environments.
(4) Permit equipment to be lighter and simpler because lubrication distribution systems and
seals are not required.
 The examples of solid lubricants are molybdenum
disulfide and Graphite:
• Molybdenum Disulphide
Molybdenum disulfide (or moly) is an inorganic
compound composed of molybdenum and sulfur.
Its chemical formula is MoS2

• Graphite
Graphite is a crystalline form of carbon with its atoms
arranged in hexagonal
structure . Graphite has a layered structure that
consists of rings of six carbon atoms arranged in
widely spaced horizontal sheets.
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 LIQUID LUBRICANTS
 Liquid lubricants are liquids that separate and reduce friction between two
moving surfaces and decrease wear and tear.
• Advantages of liquid lubricants:
(1) Appropriate viscosity .
(2) Resistance to oxidation.
(3) High thermal stability .
(4) High flash and fire points.
(5) Low acid value and carbon residue.
(6) It does not corrode machinery.

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 Examples of liquid lubricants are as follows :

1) Water (used as such or in combination with other oils and used in

engineering processes such as milling and lathe turning.

2) Mineral oil (derived from crude petroleum oil) eg polyalphaolefins,

naphthenics, polyalkyleneglycos.

3)Animal oil (allow oil, whale oil).

4)Vegetable oil (triglyceride esters, eg castor oil, palm oil, sunflower oil,
whale oil etc).

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 SEMI-SOLID LUBRICANTS
 The most important semi-solid lubricants are grease, Vaseline, waxes and other
compounds of oil and fats. These are called semi-solid because they are neither solids nor
liquids at ordinary temperatures.
 Greases are prepared by saponification of fat with alkali followed by adding hot
lubricating oil while under agitation. At high temperature the soap dissolves in the oil,
where upon the inter-connected structure exist and & the grease liquefies and it becomes
a stiff solid mass.

They are used:

• For high load, low speed, intermittent operation, sudden jerks, etc.
• In bearing & gears at high temperature,
• As sealing agent in bearing.
Important greases are :
1. Calcium-based Grease :
These are emulsion of petroleum oils with calcium soaps.
They are cheapest, most commonly used and good water resistance and
used up to 800C because above 800c oil & soap separate out.

2. Soda-Based Grease :
These are petroleum oil thickened by mixing sodium soaps. They are
poor water resistance because sodium soap is soluble in water. However
they can be used up to 1750C. They are suitable for use in ball bearings.

3. Lithium Based Greases :

These are petroleum oils thickened by mixing lithium soaps. They are
water resistance & suitable for use at low temperature only.
 Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY):
The Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY), was launched by
the Govt. of India to provide connectivity to unconnected Habitations
as part of a poverty reduction strategy.
 PROPERTIES OF LUBRICANTS
• Viscosity - Viscosity is the property of a lubricating fluid that determines its
resistance to flow.
• Flash&Fire point - The observed temperature when the flame momentarily
ignites the vapor/air mixture is the Flash Point . The observed temperature
when the burning becomes continuous is the Fire Point.
• Oiliness - Oiliness is an important character of lubricant which is a measure
of its capacity to stick onto the surfaces of machine parts, under conditions of
heavy pressure or load.
• Cloud&Pour point - The temperature at which lubricating fluid becomes
cloudy in appearance is called cloud point. The lowest temperature at which
the lubricating fluid become semi-solid and ceases to flow is called pour
point .
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