ME 263 ● Spring 2023 ● Lecture 3 Review

p-v-T relation
We have, so far, introduced 4 properties: Pressure p, specific volume v,
temperature T and specific internal energy u. A surface plot involving p,
v and T axes can be obtained:

The left figure is for a substance that expands upon freezing and the right
one is for one that contracts upon freezing.
We will be using more often the projections of these surface plots to the
p-v and T-v planes:
The shaded area corresponds to the liquid-vapor mixture, where pressure
and temperature are not independent of each other.
Studying phase change
To the left of that region, we have the liquid states. As the system is heated
at constant pressure, the temperature increases considerably while the
specific volume increases slightly. Eventually, the system is brought to the
state represented by f (the borderline of the liquid state with the two-
phase mixture state). This is the saturated liquid state corresponding to
the specified pressure. For water at 1.014 bar the saturation temperature
is 100oC. The liquid states are referred to as subcooled liquid states because
the temperature at these states is less than the saturation temperature at
the given pressure. These states are also referred to as compressed liquid
states because the pressure at each state is higher than the saturation
pressure corresponding to the temperature at the state. The names liquid,
subcooled liquid, and compressed liquid are used interchangeably.
When the system is at the saturated liquid state (state f), additional heat
transfer at fixed pressure results in the formation of vapor without any
change in temperature but with a considerable increase in specific volume.
The system would now consist of a two-phase liquid–vapor mixture. When
a mixture of liquid and vapor exists in equilibrium, the liquid phase is a
saturated liquid and the vapor phase is a saturated vapor. If the system is
heated further until the last bit of liquid has vaporized, it is brought to
point g (the borderline of the two-phase mixture state with the vapor
state), the saturated vapor state. The intervening two-phase liquid–vapor
mixture states can be distinguished from one another by the quality, an
intensive property. For a two-phase liquid–vapor mixture, the ratio of the
mass of vapor present to the total mass of the mixture is its quality, x:

The value of the quality ranges from zero to unity: at saturated liquid
states, x = 0, and at saturated vapor states, x = 1
When the system is at the saturated vapor state (state g), further heating
at fixed pressure results in increases in both temperature and specific
volume. Such a state is referred to as a superheated vapor state because
the system would be at a temperature greater than the saturation
temperature corresponding to the given pressure.
Retrieving Thermodynamic Properties
Thermodynamic property data can be retrieved in various ways, including
tables, graphs, equations, and computer software. The emphasis in this
course is on the use of tables of thermodynamic properties, which are
commonly available for pure, simple compressible substances of
engineering interest. The use of these tables is an important skill. The
ability to locate states on property diagrams is an important related skill.
Skilful use of tables and property diagrams is prerequisite for the effective
use of software to retrieve thermodynamic property data in professional
engineering practice.
Since tables for different substances are frequently set up in the same
general format, the present discussion is mainly on Tables A-2 through
A-5 giving the properties of water; these are commonly referred to as the
steam tables.

Below is a section of table A2:

Note that for a given value of saturation temperature, saturation pressure
is known (not independent). The specific volume (or specific internal
energy) for f and g states are given in the table. A second property (in
addition to temperature) has to be known to fix the state. If that known
property is quality, then the specific volume of that given state is:

Specific internal energy can be evaluated in a similar way.

If the quality is unknown, but, for example, the specific volume is known,
and the specific internal energy is to be determined, one has to evaluate
first the quality (using the same formula) then the specific internal energy.
Below is a section of Table A3:

This table has the same format, but this time the first column contains
the saturation pressure values. Saturation temperature values are known
(not independent).
The use of these tables often requires interpolation.
The use of tables A4 and A5 will be discussed next time. There pressure
and temperature are two independent properties.