Knowing the uses of

pure substances by
analyzing its properties
M Fadhlirrahman H
1906317745
What is Pure Sustance
• A substance that has a fixed chemical
composition throughout is called a pure
substance such as water, air, and nitrogen.
• A pure substance does not have to be of a
single element or compound. A mixture of two
or more phases of a pure substance is still a
pure substance as long as the chemical
composition of all phases is the same.
 • Liquid: A state of matter that consists of loose, free moving particles which
form the shape set by the boundaries of the container. This happens
because the motion of the individual particles within a liquid is much less
restricted than in a solid. One may notice that some liquids flow readily
whereas some liquids flow slowly. A liquid's relative resistance to flow
is viscosity.
• Solid: A state of matter with tightly packed particles which do not change

Phases of a
the shape or volume of the container that it is in. Solids can expand and
contract when temperatures change. This is why when you look up the
density of a solid, it will indicate the temperature at which the value for

Susbtances density is listed. Solids have strong intermolecular forces that keep particles
in close proximity to one another.
• Gas: A state of matter where particles are spread out with no definite shape
or volume. The particles of a gas will take the shape and fill the volume of
the container that it is placed in. In a gas, there are no intermolecular forces
holding the particles of a gas together since each particle travels at its own
speed in its own direction. The particles of a gas are often separated by
great distances.
Explanation of PvT Diagram

• There are two types of diagram

2D and 3D
 Explanation of PvT Diagram 2D and 3D
• The axes correspond to the pressure
and temperature.
• The phase diagram shows, in
pressure–temperature space, the
lines of equilibrium or phase
boundaries between the three
phases of solid, liquid, and gas.
• three-dimensional (3D) graphs showing
three thermodynamic quantities, that is
temperature, pressure, and specific volume
• A line on the surface called a triple line is
where solid, liquid and vapor can all coexist
in equilibrium.
• A state at which a phase change begins or
ends is called a saturation state.
• The domeshaped region composed of the
two-phase liquid–vapor states is called the
vapor dome.
Gibbs Phase Rule
• The Gibbs phase rule identifies the degree of freedom of a multiphase system that is
in thermodynamic equilibrium. It relates the number of intensive independent thermodynamic
properties for each phase and the number of phases for a system. For a system that does not
experience a chemical reaction, the Gibbs phase rule reads as follows:

• where Π is the number of phases present and N is the number of components present. The degrees
of freedom, f, designates the number of intensive independent properties that must be specified to
fix the state of a system for each phase.
p-T Diagram
• solidvapor = sublimation
• Solidliquid = Melting
• Liquidsolid = freezing
• Liquidvapor = vaporization
• Vaporliquid = condensation
• Vaporsolid= desublimation
P-v Diagram

• is a graphical representation of the changes in pressure with respect to volume in a

closed system. P-V diagrams are useful for determining the efficiency of a system
and/or the work done by or to a system.
• common processes in thermodynamic systems. The 4 most common processes are:
o Isobaric (constant pressure)
o Isothermal (constant temperature)
o Isometric – (constant volume) – also called Isochoric
o Adiabatic – (no heat exchanged)
Isothermal Process
a thermodynamic process, in which the temperature of
the system remains constant (T = const). The heat
transfer into or out of the system typically must
happen at such a slow rate. In each of these states
the thermal equilibrium is maintained.
isothermal process (dU = 0):
dU = 0 = Q – W    →     W = Q      (for ideal gas)
The isothermal process can be expressed with the ideal
gas law as:
pV = constant
Or
p1V1 = p2V2
Isobaric Process

• An isobaric process is a thermodynamic process,

in which the pressure of the system remains
constant (p = const). The heat transfer into or out
of the system does work, but also changes the
internal energy of the system.
• PVT relation
• 𝑉1/𝑇1 = 𝑉2/𝑇2
 • Vapor-liquid equilibrium
When the system is at the saturated liquid state, additional heat transfer
at fixed pressure results in the formation of vapor without any change in
temperature but with a considerable increase in specific volume, the
Two-Phase system would now consist of a two-phase liquid–vapor mixture. When a
mixture of liquid and vapor exists in equilibrium, the liquid phase is a

equilibrium saturated liquid and the vapor phase is a saturated vapor.

• Solid-liquid equilibrium
At this state the ice is a saturated solid. Additional heat transfer at fixed
pressure results in the formation of liquid without any change in
temperature. As the system is heated further, the ice continues to melt
until eventually the last bit melts, and the system contains only saturated
liquid
• Vapor-solid equilibrium
consider the case where the pressure is less than the triple point pressure
and the system is at state In this case, if the system is heated at constant
pressure it passes through the two-phase solid–vapor region into the
vapor region along the line.
Phase‐Change
Processes of
Pure Substances
1. Solid
2. Mixed phase of liquid and solid
3. Saturated liquid, the
temperature will stop rising
until the liquid is completely
vaporized.
4. Saturated vapor, after all liquid
is completly vaporized, at 100c
5. Superheated vapor (a vapor
that is not about to condense).
Fig. 1: T‐v diagram for the heating process of a pure substance
Answer of the problem
1.1 Explain why the degree of freedom of the surfaces of one (S/L/V), two (S-L, S-V, L-V) and three
stable phases (triple line) are two, one and zero, respectively, based on the pvT diagram provided
below?
For one phase(S/L/V),
where N=1. When one phase is present, Π = 1, so that for the case of a subcooled solid, for example, it can be
determined that f=2. This means that two intensive properties must be specified to fix the exact state of the
system. A system that must have two intensive properties specified is a system with two degrees of freedom.

F=N-Π+2
F=1-1+2=2
For two phase (S-L, S-V, L-V),

a pure substance that has two phases in equilibrium, such as saturated liquid and vapor. The number of phases in
this case is Π = 2, and the number of the components is N=1. Application of the Gibbs phase rule leads to f=1,
which means that only one intensive property must be specified to determine the state of the system in each
phase.
F = N- Π + 2
F=1-2+2=1
For three phase (triple line)
consider the triple point of a pure substance, where N=1 and Π = 3, which leads to f=0. This is a system with zero
degrees of freedom because all intensive properties are fixed and therefore the state of the system is known.
F=C-P+2
F=1-3+2=0
1.2. Explain at what condition (in terms of temperature and pressure) solid, liquid or gas is the
stable phase?

We can tell when a liquid solid and a gas are in a stable phase when they are in equilibrium
1.3. Verify that the two dimensional p-T diagram shown below(right) qualitatively
represents the three dimensional p-v-T diagram

The three-dimensional p–υ–T surface is useful for bringing out the general relationships among the
three phases of matter normally under consideration. However, it is often more convenient to work
with two-dimensional projections of the surface. Also in the 3D p-v-t diagram we can see three
thermodynamic quantities, that is temperature, pressure, and specific volume but in 2D, just
temperature and pressure.
1.4. What is the distinction between a vapor and a gas
Usually, a vapour phase consists of a phase with two different substances at room temperature, whereas a gas
phase consists of a single substance at a defined thermodynamic range, at room temperature. Thus, this is
defined as the key differences between Vapor and Gas. You can find the major differences in the table below.

Difference between Vapor and Gas

Vapour Gas

Vapour is a mixture of two or more different phases at Gas usually contains a single thermodynamic state at
room temperature, these phases are liquid and gaseous room temperature.
phase.

Vapour has a definite shape of the gaseous particles Gas does not a definite shape when it is observed under
when observed under a microscope. a microscope.

Vapour consists of random molecules and atoms Gas also consists of random molecules and atoms
moving randomly about. moving about randomly.

Vapour is not a state of matter, unlike gases. Gases are a state of matter.

Vapours of water are around us all the time at Gases are usually formed above its critical temperature,
temperatures below the boiling point of water. but below critical pressure.
1.5. Define what a supercritical gas is.

Matter can be pushed to temperatures and pressures beyond those of its critical point. This stage is
characterized by the inability to distinguish whether the matter is a liquid or a gas, as a result,
Supercritical fluids (SCF) do not have a definite phase. SCF have the low viscosity of a gas and the
high density of a liquid, making it impossible to liquefy the matter using any amount of pressure.
However, it is possible to go from a gas to a liquid without crossing the boundary between the
vapor and liquid phase using a supercritical fluid just by lowering the temperature of the liquid.
Supercritical fluids have no surface tension because they are not subject to the vapor-liquid
boundary so no molecules have the attraction to the interior of the liquid. The densities and
viscosity of a supercritical fluid are subject to change when pressure or temperature are tampered
with, and the supercritical fluid of a substance can have very different properties than the regular
fluids.
2. Explain the following terms or concepts and, if relevant, the point/curve/region on the p-T and p-v
diagram: phase diagram, vapor-liquid equilibrium, vapor-solid equilibrium, solid-liquid equilibrium,
evaporation, condensation, melting, freezing, sublimation, desublimation, saturated liquid, saturated
vapor, superheated vapor, isothermal curve, isobaric curve.

• Phase diagram, is a graphical representation of the physical states of a substance under different conditions of temperature and pressure.
A typical phase diagram has pressure on the y-axis and temperature on the x-axis. As we cross the lines or curves on the phase diagram, a
phase change occurs. In addition, two states of the substance coexist in equilibrium on the lines or curves.
• vapor-liquid equilibrium, When the system is at the saturated liquid state, additional heat transfer at fixed pressure results in the
formation of vapor without any change in temperature but with a considerable increase in specific volume, the system would now consist
of a two-phase liquid–vapor mixture. When a mixture of liquid and vapor exists in equilibrium, the liquid phase is a saturated liquid and
the vapor phase is a saturated vapor.
• Solid-liquid equilibrium, At this state the ice is a saturated solid. Additional heat transfer at fixed pressure results in the formation of liquid
without any change in temperature. As the system is heated further, the ice continues to melt until eventually the last bit melts, and the
system contains only saturated liquid
• Vapor-solid equilibrium, consider the case where the pressure is less than the triple point pressure and the system is at state In this case,
if the system is heated at constant pressure it passes through the two-phase solid–vapor region into the vapor region along the line.
• solidvapor = sublimation
• Solidliquid = Melting
• Liquidsolid = freezing
• Liquidvapor = vaporization
• Vaporliquid = condensation
• Vaporsolid = desublimation
• saturated liquid, A liquid that exists at the saturation temperature or boiling point (T = Tsat = Tbp) that
corresponds to the existing pressure. If any energy is added to the liquid and the pressure is kept
constant, some of the liquid would boil. During the boiling process the temperature will remain constant.
• Saturated vapor, A vapor that exists at the saturation temperature (T = Tsat) that corresponds to the
existing pressure. If any energy was removed from the vapor while the pressure is kept constant, some of
the vapor would condense.  During the process of condensation the temperature would remain constant.
• Superheated vapor, A vapor existing at a temperature ABOVE the saturation temperature that
corresponds to the existing pressure (T > Tsat).  The removal of a small amount of energy will NOT cause
the vapor to condense, its temperature will just decrease.
• Isothermal curve, is a thermodynamic process, in which the temperature of the system remains
constant (T = const). The heat transfer into or out of the system typically must happen at such a slow rate.
In each of these states the thermal equilibrium is maintained.
• Isobaric curve, An isobaric process is a thermodynamic process, in which the pressure of the
system remains constant (p = const). The heat transfer into or out of the system does work, but also
changes the internal energy of the system.