Objective

O Determine and explain the heating and cooling

curve of a substance.
O Phase Changes are transformations of matter from one
physical state to another.
O They occur when energy is added or removed from a
substance.
O They are characterized by changes in molecular order;
molecules in the solid phase have the greatest order,
while those in the gas phase have the greatest
randomness or disorder.
What changes in molecular order occur
during phase changes?
Heating and Cooling Curve
O When the system is heated, energy is
transferred into it. In response to the energy it
receives, the system changes, for example by
increasing its temperature. If the temperature
of a material is monitored during heating, it
varies with time. A plot of the temperature
versus time is called the heating curve. One
such heating curve is shown here.
• Between A & B, the material is a
solid. The heat supplied to the
material is used to increase the
kinetic energy of the molecules and
the temperature rises.
• Between B & C, the solid is melting.
Heat is still being supplied to the
material but the temperature does not
change. Heat energy is not being
changed into kinetic energy. Instead, the
heat is used to change the arrangement
of the molecules.
• At point C, all of the
material has been changed to
liquid.
• Between C & D, the heat
supplied is again used to
increase kinetic energy of the
molecules and the
temperature of the liquid
starts to rise.
• Between C & D, the liquid
is heated until it starts to boil.
• Between D & E, the liquid is still
being heated but the extra heat energy
does not change the temperature
(kinetic energy) of the molecules. The
heat energy is used to change the
arrangement of the molecules to form
a gas.
• At point E, all of the liquid has been
changed into gas.
• Between E & F, the gas is heated and
the heat energy increases the kinetic
energy of molecules once more, so the
temperature of the gas increases
O When a system contains only one phase (solid, liquid,
or gas), the temperature will increase when it receives
energy. The rate of temperature increase will be
dependent on the heat capacity of the phase in the
system.
O When the heat capacity is large, the temperature
increases slowly, because much energy is required to
increase its temperature by one degree. Thus, the
slopes of temperature increase for the solid, liquid,
and gases are different.
• The heat added increases the
kinetic motion of the particles.
• Since temperature measures the
average kinetic energy, the
temperature rises along Stage 1.
• This ontinues until a temperature
is reached at which the crystalline
structure is destroyed by the
vibrations of the particles and the
soling is converted to liquid. this
process is called melting.
• If heating is continued, the solid
will completely melt although
the temperature does not rise.
This is stage 2 of the graph.
• However, if the heating is
stopped and no heat is allowed to
escape, both solid and liquid
phases are present in equilibrium.
• The changes continue, but the
rate melting is just equal to the
rate of freezing and the amounts
of solid and liquid remain
constant.
• Take note the melting point of
the solid is also the freezing point
of the liquid.
• Melting point indicates the
strength of the intermoleculart
forces in rthe solid.
• A low meltimng point indicates
that the forces holding the
particles are weak and a high
melting point requires more
energy to break apart the particles
of the solid.
• For example, the intermolecular
forces in common table salt,
NaCl, are much stronger than that
of ice, H2O, because NaCl melts
at 800 while ice melts at 0 . The
amount of energy required to
overcome the intermolecular
forces to convert solid into a
liquid is calles heat of fusion.
• When all the solid is converted to
liquid and heating is continued, the
temperature of the lid rises steadily
until it reaches its boiling point at
Stage 3. Another phase changes
occurs as the liquid turns to vapor
STage 4.
• While vaporization takes place, the
temperature again reamains constant.
• the heat added at the boiling point
does not change the temperature of
the liquid, but is used to break the
intermolecular forces of attraction of
the liquid particles and change them
to gas.
• the amount of energy necessary to
convert a liquid to gas is called heat
of vaporization.
• When all the molecuiles are in
gaseous state, the heat added to the
molecules is used to increase their
kinetic energy and the temperature
rises again (Stage 5).
How does a change in energy affect phase
changes?
 Objectives
O Interpret the phase diagram of water and
carbon dioxide;
O Perform stoichiometric calculations for
reactions in solution; and
O Describe the effect of concentration on the
colligative properties of solutions
O A phase diagram is a graphical representation
of the physical states of a substance under
different conditions of temperature and
pressure. It gives the possible combinations of
pressure and temperature at which certain
physical state or states a substance would be
observed. Each substance has its own phase
diagram.
O Phase diagrams are plots of pressure (usually
in atmospheres) versus temperature (usually in
degrees Celsius or Kelvin). Three Areas
(Solid, Liquid, Gas)
O The three areas are marked solid, liquid, and
vapor. Under a set of conditions in the
diagram, a substance can exist in a solid,
liquid, or vapor (gas) phase.
O The lines that serve as boundaries between
physical states represent the combinations of
pressures and temperatures at which two
phases can exist in equilibrium.
O In other words, these lines define phase
change points.
O The green line
divides the solid
and liquid
O phases, and
represents
melting (solid to
O liquid) and
freezing (liquid
to solid) points.
O Melting (or freezing) curve – the curve on a phase
diagram which represents the transition between
liquid and solid states.
O It shows the effect of pressure on the melting
point of the solid. Anywhere on this line, there is
equilibriumbetween the solid and the liquid.
O The blue line
divides the liquid
and gas phases, and
represents
vaporization (liquid
to gas) and
condensation (gas to
liquid) points.
O The curve on a phase diagram which
represents the transition between gaseous and
liquid states. It shows the effect of pressure on
the boiling point of the liquid.
O Anywhere along this line, there will be
equilibrium between the liquid and the vapor.
O The red line
divides the solid
and gas phases,
and represents
sublimation (solid
to gas) and
deposition (gas to
solid) points.
O The curve on a phase diagram which
represents the transition between gaseous and
solid states.
O It represents the effect of increased
temperature on a solid at a very low constant
pressure, lower than the triple point.
O The triple point is the combination of pressure
and temperature at which all three phases of
matter are at equilibrium.
O It is the point on a phase diagram at which the
three states of matter coexist. The lines that
represent the conditions of solid-liquid, liquid-
vapor, and solid-vapor equilibrium meet at the
triple point
O The critical point terminates the liquid/gas
phase line. It is the set of temperature and
pressure on a phase diagram where the liquid
and gaseous phases of a substance merge
together into a single phase.
O Beyond the temperature of the critical point,
the merged single phase is known as a
supercritical fluid.
 Phase Diagram of Water
O Notice that the triple point for
water occurs at a very low
pressure, 0.006 atm and at
273.2 K temperature.
O Also notice that the critical
temperature is 647 K (374°C).
It would be impossible to
convert water from a gas to a
liquid by compressing it
above this temperature.
O The critical pressure is 218
atm.
O The normal melting and
boiling points of water are
found in exactly the same
way as we have already
discussed by determining
where the 1 atm pressure
line crosses the solid-
liquid, and then the liquid-
vapor equilibrium lines.
O The normal melting point
of water is 273 K (0 °C),
and its normal boiling
point is 373 K (100 °C).
 Phase Diagram of Carbon dioxide
O Identifying data from
the phase diagram of
Carbon dioxide.
O The only thing special
about this phase
diagram is the position
of the triple point,
which is well above
atmospheric pressure.
O It is impossible to get any liquid
carbon dioxide at pressures less
than 5.2 atmospheres.
O At 1 atm pressure, carbon
dioxide will sublime at a
temperature of 197.5 K (-75.5
°C). This is the reason why
solid carbon dioxide is often
known as "dry ice."
O There is no liquid carbon
dioxide under normal conditions
only the solid or the vapor.
How can this effect be achieved using CO2 or
dry ice?