Anatomy of excretory system

Prepared AS PER NEW SYLLABUS for bs.c

nursing ,semester (I)
Raj kumar jillepalli
B.sc(N)
TUTOR ,SRIMS
ONGOLE

EXCRETION:-
Excretion is the process of removing unwanted waste materials and metabolic waste from the body. During metabolism,
the body produces large amounts of carbon dioxide and other undesirable substance.

Various systems involved in the execution of Excretory Function.

Digestive system– Removes waste food waste in the form of feces.

Respiratory - Eliminating carbon dioxide

Integumentary – Excretes some water and salt in the form of sweat.

Liver - Eliminates bile pigments, heavy metals, drugs, toxins etc…

RENAL SYSTEM CONSISTS OF

PAIR OF KIDNEYS:-Eliminates wastes in the form o f urine.

URETERS:-Tube like structure in and pass urine in the bladder.

URINARY BLADDER:-Stores urine till it empties.

URETHRA:- Urethra is passed out via the urethra

PARTS OF RENAL SYSTEM

 KIDNEYS
Pair of excretory organs situated on the posterior abdominal wall, retroperitoneally, on each side of the lumbar part if the
vertebral column.

Left kidney is slightly at a higher level than the right kidney.

 Each kidney is bean shaped

 Measures about 7.5-10cm length.
 5cm in width.
 2.5cm in thick.
 Each kidney weighs about 150gms.

POLES AND SURFACE OF KIDNEY

Superior Pole :- Closely related to suprarenal gland (adrenal)

Inferior pole:-Lower pole is pointed slightly upwards.

Lateral Boarder:- convex.

Medial Boarder:-Concave ,and depressed at medial part and k on as Hilum

COVERINGS OF KIDNEY.

1. Innermost fibrous capsule or true capsule.

2. Middle fatty capsule or perinephric fat:- Collection of fatty acids, acts as shock absorber, maintains kidney in its
positions.
3. False Capsule is made of renal capsule: - It as two layers Anterior and posterior .Superiorly the two layers enclose
the suprarenal gland and then merge with the diaphragmatic fascia (covering the outer surface of the diaphragm).
4. Pararenal fat :-Cushion for kidney
RELATIONS:-

RIGHT KIDNEY

 Superior :Right adrenal gland

 Anterior : Right lobe of the liver, the duodenum.
 Posterior : Diaphragm and muscles of the posterior abdominal wall.

LEFT KIDNEY

 Superior : Left adrenal gland.

 Anterior : Spleen, pancreas ,jejunum .
 Posterior :Diaphragm and the muscles of posterior abdominal wall

RENAL PAPILLAE:-Tip of the renal pyramid is called papillae , attached to the small calyx structure generally collects urine form
the pyramids.

Several minor calyx fused from the larger calyx, the urine transformed from the larger calyces to the renal pelvis. From renal pelvis
the urine flows into ureter which directs the urine to store in the bladder.

The marked depression in the central part of the kidney is called HILUM.

TISSUES OF KIDENY:-

1. RENAL CORTEX :- Area of the smooth texture that extend from the renal capsule that extends from the renal capsule to the
bases of renal pyramids and the spaces between them .
- Divided into two parts outer cortical zone and inner juxtamedullary zone.
- Cortex that extends between the kidney pyramids are called renal columns

2. RENAL MEDULLA :-Consists of several cone shaped renal pyramids. The base of the each pyramid faces the renal cortex.
 MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE

The kidney comprises of one million functional units called NEPHRON and smaller number of collecting tubules.

NEPHRON: -Long tube like structure ,the length is varied between 35-55 mm long.

It is divided in to two parts.

RENAL CAPSULE
Renal Capsule:-

Renal Tubule