14.

"Dual Nature ofMatter And Radiation

NG SHOT
&

Ajay Dubey
"
NEW INDIAN GRA"
 r

S Radiation3
-m

S M atter 3
we

d
w
"Heat, light ou

in this
Anything energy
that is sent
which
"

universe out from something

And
occupy space
masses
have some

By Ajay Dubey sir

 photoelectric effect:
"The emission of an electrons from
surface when suitable
the metal
(radiation) falls
amount of light
on it."
By Ajay Dubey sir

cmetal
surface
 Experimental set up for photoelectric

Here

s: source of light
E . emitter

c: collector

MA: micro ammeter

v: potential diff

By Ajay Dubey sir

 Constructions:

1) An experimental set up for the photoelectric

effect consists of an evacuated glass tube
with quartz window.

ii) The glass tube

consists of photosensitive
is emitter and another is
plates. One

collector.

emitter and collector plates are

iii) The

connected with battery.

By Ajay Dubey sir
iv) An ammeter is added to measure the
in circuit.
photocurrent flowing the

Working
falls
i) when suitable light radiations)
the emitter then due to
on

effect the electrons from

heating
metal surface get emitted
the

towards the collector plate.

By Ajay Dubey sir

ii) The flow of electrons are called
photoelections.
when enters
iii) These photoelections
becomes
in the circuit they
photocurrents.
measured
iv) These photocurrents are

microammeter.
by

By Ajay Dubey sir

CHARACTERISTICS OF PHOTOCLECTRIC

"photoelectric current is directly

i)

Incident
depends on Intensity of
light."
ii) "It is spontaneous process"
frequency is variable for
iii) "Threshold
different metals".

is less than
iv) "If the frequency
emission
threshold frequency then no

occurs." By Ajay Dubey sir

 Work function

required by an electrons
Minimum energy
from metal surface is
to escape

called "work function".

Note: I t is
1) denoted by (Woldo)
It is in unit
ii) or

hw
iii) formula:Wo =

By Ajay Dubey sir

Threshold frequency

The minimum frequency of incident

required to start
radiations are

emission of an electrons from

an

metal surface
called as Threshold
the

frequency.
Note: i) It is denoted by Uo

measured in HertzCHz).
ii) It is
By Ajay Dubey sir
 observations of photoelectric
Graphical
effect:
9) ophotocurrent vs Intensity

By Ajay Dubey sir

 Photocurrent vs stopping Potential
b)

Bos Note:
X

Intensity diff
frequency same

*
By Ajay Dubey sir
 Note:

Intensity
If same

frequency diff

By Ajay Dubey sir

4) Stocking potential vs frequency

By Ajay Dubey sir

 photoelect via Equ:
Einsteins
Einstein's
According to
part of photoenergy is
1) A
used to overcome

surface barrier and ecomes out from

the
metal surface this part of energy is
the

called Warkfunction.

ii) The remaining part of energy is used

to

giving velocity
to the photoelections
equal to maximum kinetic energy.
this is

to Law of Conservation of
↓
According
By Ajay Dubey sir
energy
 this can be written as,

ie photon =Workfunction + Maximum

Kinetic
energy
energy

-e E = Wo t K.Emax

Also
nv =
hwo+ mv

By Ajay Dubey sir

 of Wavetheory to explain
Failure
*
notoelectric effect:
i) "According
to wavetheory of light
the carried by light is
energy
measured in terms of Intensity but
it is measured in terms
actually
of frequency."
ii) "Below threshold frequency no emission

will take place."

By Ajay Dubey sir
wave
* Particle duality of selectromagnetic
Radiation.
consists of particle's these particles
1) Light
moves in the form of Wave.

called as photon
ii) Group of particles
travels in the form of
iii) Photons are

wave.
transverse

created electric and magnetic

iv) photons
field when it propagates.
By Ajay Dubey sir
De Broglie's Hypothesis:
De Broglie's Hypothesis says that

Matter consists of both the particle

nature as well as wave nature.

· According to Einsteins
-
E mc
= -
(i)

According to plancks

I= nx -
(ii)

from (i) and (ii) By Ajay Dubey sir

 mc (c ut)
=

nv
=
...

mc2
t
.. =

.x
=
2
... X I
a
since
. x
=
x v)
. =

nv

Also

x E
# By Ajay Dubey sir
De-Brogrie's wavelength of Electron:

We know that

ev
Kinetic energy
=

1:e tmv ev
=

(i)
:
a
V I
r
-
&ev

we have an eqh,
Also,

lie x = - (ii)

By Ajay Dubey sir

 ... We can find

x =

m
t
:a x -

-
eVm2
2
-

h
-

- x I

are By Ajay Dubey sir

"Hence this is an expression"

Davisson And Germer Exp:

By Ajay Dubey sir

 hoto Cell:
9)

"Photocell is a

device which
into
converts light
electrical energy."

By Ajay Dubey sir

 of Matter:
Wave particleDuality
"According to the be-Broglie concept
the matter has
of matter waves,

nature. It means when the matter

dual
is moving it shows the wave properties
and when it is in the Rest then it

shows the particle properties."

By Ajay Dubey sir

Thank
you,
in