Partial Differentiation: 1-Fix, Y) X y + Xy

Chapter 11, Partial Differentiation
CHAPTER 11
Partial Differentiation
11.1 Functions of Several Variables, Pages 699-701
1- fix, y) = x^y + xy^

a. /(O, 0) = 0 Domain Range
b. /(-I, 0) = 0
5. X - y > 0 />0
c. /(O, - 1) = 0
d. /(I, 1) = 2 7. uv>0 / > 0
e. /(2, 4) = 22(4) 2(4)2 9. y - X> 0 R
= 48
11. />0
f. /(f, t) = t^{i) + f(<)2
13. 2:2 _ y2 ^ Q / > 0
= 2t^
g. /(<, <2) = + <(<2)2 15. We graph a few representatives (which may

vary).
= -h
2x — 3y = 0
h. /(I - f, f) = (1 - f)2< + (1 - <)<2
2x — 3y = 1
z= t - f
2x — Zy = 2
3. A (real) function of two variables eissociates a
2x — Zy = Z
real number with each point in the two-
dimensional ij^plane; examples vary.
SURVIVAL HINT: To find the domain of a function

(in IR2 or look for values of the variable(s) that
cause division by 0 or negative numbers under a
square root (or even roots); these values are excluded.
Other situations are possible, and would be found by
looking for values of the variable that cause the
expression to be undefined.
Page 457
Student Survival Manual for Calculus, Third Edition by Strauss/Bradley/Smith
17. We graph a few representatives (which may 21. This is a cylinder y^ + = 1, which has the
vary).
x-axis as its axis.
— y = 0
- y = I
x^ - y = 2
x^ - y = 2
23. This is a plane x + y — z = 1; its trace in the
xy-plane is the line x 4- y = 1; its trace in the
xz-plane is x — z = 1; and its trace in the yz-
plane is y — z = 1.
19. We graph a few representatives (which may
vary).
25. This is a sphere:
(x+ 1)2 + (j, - 2)2 + (^ _ 3)2 = 4
its cross sections in the planes x = — 1, y = 2,
and z = 3 are circles.
Page 458
27. Ellipsoid; traces are ellipses in all three 33. Elliptic cone; traces in the xz- and yz-planes are
coordinate planes. pairs of lines; trace in the xy-plane is the origin
if 2 = 0, and is an ellipse if z ^ 0.
29. Hyperboloid (1 sheet); trace in the a:j/-plane is
an ellipse; in the iz-and yz-planes the traces are
hyperbolas. 35. /(x, y) = x'^ - y^

2
This is an equation of the form z = ^ ^
which is a hyperbolic paraboloid; the level
curves are hyperbolas as shown, so the surface
must be the one shown in D.
37. fix, y) = 2 ! 2
X -h y
The level curves are circles, and the only

31 Elliptic paraboloid; traces in the xz- and yz-
surface shown that has circular level curves is
planes are parabolas; trace in the J;J^plane is a
the surface shown in B.
point. In a plane parallel to the x2/-plane the
on t! \ cos xy
39. fix, y) =
trace is an ellipse.
It is difficult to identify the level curves; but
we do see that the center portion does not have
any level curves shown. Also note (from the
equation) that as we move away from the
origin, there is a periodic effect. This looks
y most like the one shown in A. ,
Page 459
41. z = — 4; this is a plane parallel to the rj^plane. 47. z — 2x^ d” y^'i this is'an elliptic paraboloid with
vertex at the origin which rises upward from

I
the ly-plane.
r\ ^ ^
43. z— y + this is a cylinder which bends 49. ^ = I) this is a surface that lies close to the xy-
upward from the a:j/-plane. plane as it moves away from the origin, but
“peels” upward close to the i-axis.
45. z — 2x — 3y; this is a plane which intersects

0 o
the rJ^plane along the line 2x — 3y = 0. 51. 2 = X + ?/ + 2; this is a paraboloid with
vertex at (0, 0, 2) and rises upward from that
point.
Page 460
SURVIVAL HINT: The trace y =f{x) in is a point with vertical asymptote rf,- = K and horizontal
on a line. The level curve for z = /(x, y) in R^ is a
curve or line in a plane, which is a slice ofR^. If you asymptote = K.
can imagine a level surface for w = f(x, y, z) in R^
57. \Qxy = 1,000 or 3/ = (a hyperbola)
you would see a surface in R^. Since we are trapped in
a three-dimensional world we cannot visualize R"^, but 59. z = xj/; we sketch a few representatives
the mathematics in not restricted to three variables.
(answers vary).
53. E{x, y) = 7
xy = 1; xj^ = 2; xy = 3; xy = 4, and xy = 5
1/3 + -f- 2^
Equipotential curves are ellipses.
E= 1: ^ 2y2 _ 4g
E=2: r2 4. 2j,2 ^ ^
E=3: x2 4. 2^2 = ^
61. X machines sold at 60 — f+ 7^ thousand dollars

5 zO
apiece and y machines at ^ + ^ thousand
dollars apiece yield revenue
/e = (60 - I + ^)x + (50 - ^ + -^y
11.2 Limits and Continuity, Pages 708-710
SURVIVAL HINT: It might be a good idea to review

the concepts and definitions of limit and continuity as
presented in Chapter 2, since the concepts and
i
55. + + 4 = definitions for functions of several variables are a
4- L
direct extension from R^ to R^. If you covered the e-6
definition of limit and the three-part definition of
dpdj
L = > 0, d-> 0 continuity, then the multivariable definitions are the
di + dg
obvious extensions.
The level curves L = K satisfy

1. Pick a positive value e. You are given the
dpd^ surface z = /(x, y). Consider a fixed point

= K OT d^
d. + d.
(a, b) such that /(a, b) = L. Draw a circle
A typical level curve for {d^, d-) is a hyperbola around (a, 6) with radius ^ > 0. If the
vertical distance from z = /(x, y) to z = L is
Page 461
less than e for every point in the circle, with 11. Note X y.
the possible exception of the center (a, b),

- 2xy + y^
lim X - y
lim (x - y)
then {x,y)^{0, 0) 3/)-^(0,0)
lim f(x, y) = L
lx,y)^la,b) = 0
If no such circle exists, then the limit does not 13. Note y ^ 0.
exist. Formally,
e^tan ^y _ tan ^y
lim
(x,j)-^(o,o) y j->o y
lim f{x, y) = L
(x, s)—+(a, b)
= lim —-—5
y-Ô 1 4. y2
means that for any given e > 0 there exists a
(5 > 0 so that = 1
i/(x, y) - L\ < e
15. Note X ^ — y.
whenever (x, y) is a point inside the

sin(x + y) sin t
lim lim
punctured disk with radius 6. ^(0,0) X + y <—>0 t
3. lim (xy^ + x^j/ -|- 5) = 1

(x, 0)^ ^
= (- 1)0^ + (- 1)^0 + 5 17. Note x^ ^ y^.
4 4
= 5 X - y
lim
(x,3/)-^(5,5) X - y^
X + y _ 1+3
5. lim
(x,3/)—>(1, 3) X - y~ I - z
(x^ + y^)i3^ - /)
= -2 lim
(x,3/)—♦(5,5)
7. lim = e°
>{1. 0)
lim (2^ + y^)
= 1 (x,y)—>(5,5)
9. lim [e^ +a; in(ey^)] = e° In e = 50

(x,3/)—*(0, 1)
= 1
Page 462
19. Note X ^ 2y. 27. lim (sin x — cos w) = 0 — 1

(x,j,)-.(0,0)^
2^ — 4
lim -£5— = lim (x -|- 2y)
= -1
= 4
1 — cos(x^ + y^)
29. lim
(x,y)—>(0,0) ^ y^
I = 2(1) + 8(1)
(x,y)-^{2, 1)
= lim 1 - /Q" <
<—>0 t
= 10
= 0
23. Note X ^ y. Along the line x = 0, we
have: 31. /(x,

+
lim ^ ^ K, = lim ^ Along the line y = 0, we have lim which
(x,y)—»(0,0) ^ ’ y yô (— y) x-^0 x‘‘
is not defined, so the limit does not exist.

= lim (— 1)
y-Ô ^ ’
33. Along the line y = mx, we have
x^rp .. ... 2^4

= - 1 lim _:z: lim __
(x,y)—>(0,0) x‘^ + y‘^ aÔ (1 + rn^)x^
Along the line y = 0,
1- X + y X 1 +
lim —Ti = hm ^
(:r,y)^(0,0) ^ ^
which is not unique (the result varies with m).

= lim (1)
X— >0 ^ ' Thus, the limit does not exist.
= 1
35. Along the line y = kx,
The limit does not exist because these values

lim = lim
(x,y)^(0,0) X + y” a;—>0 -f Px”
are not the same.
25. lim e xy _ gO -
a^->0 1 + )tV
a A
(x,3^)—>(0,0)
= 0
= 1
Along the path x = y^.
Page 463
lim H = lim ^ 41. Approach the origin along the line x = i,

(r,y)—>(0,0) + / y-^0
_ 1 y = t, z = t:
” 2
lim _^^ lim
{x,y,z)-^{0,0,0) x'^ + y'^ + 3/2
Since these path limits are not the same,
= 0
f(x, y) has no limiting value as
(2:, y) (0, 0). Thus, / is not continuous at 43. In polar coordinates.
(0,0). 2x^ — x^y^ + 2y^

lim
(x,j/)^(0,0) x^ + y^
_ 9 + 2
37. a. lim
(i;,3/)^(3,1) 9+1 _ 2r^ — r‘*cos^^sin^^
r—>0
_ ii = 2
“ 10
Thus, A = 2.
b. Along the line x = 0,
45. lim (1 + = 5, so
T -> 0
lim ^ = 2
J/—>0 y^ In X = lim
r —> 0
Along the line y == 0, 2r
— lim —+—'■— = 1 I’ffo vital’s rule

r —> 0 4^=1
2r
lim ^ = 1
X— >0
Then L = = e.
Since these path limits are not the same, In r

47. lim (rcos0)lnr = cos 0 lim iHX
7-^0^ ' r 0 r~^
r
the limit does not exist.
1
3x3 _ 3 3 = cos 6 lim --
39. lim —-7^ r —> 0 — -
r 2
{x,y)—f{0,0) X - y
— 0 FHopHal’s rule
Along the line y = 0:
3x3 _ 3^3 ^ J2 2
3x3
lim = lim 49. False; let /(x, y) = -j—Then /(x, y) is
(x,y)-^(0,0) x^ - x—^0 7-2
X + r
= 0
continuous for all (x, y) ^ (0, 0) but
Since / is to be continuous at (0, 0), we must

lim /(x, y) does not exist. See Problem 33.
have 5 = 0. (^>y)—’(o,o)
Page 464
51. |22;2 + - o| < 3| 2;^ + Thus, if (z, y) is any point inside the
< Sy/x'^ + punctured disk
for ar^ + < 1, for a point (i, y) near 0 < \J{x - a)^ 4- (y - hf < 6
(0, 0). Thus, if y/x^~+~p < 6, we have we must have
|(2r2 + 3y2)-0| < 3v/?T? -e < /(z, y) - /(a, ft) < e
< 36 which implies
and /(a, ft)-e</(z, y)
|(2r2 + 3y2)-0| <€ and since e = /(a, ft)/2, we have
fix:, y) > f{a, ft) - - 1/(a, b) > 0
57. Let e > 0 be given; there exist ftj > 0 and

53. = X y I if r / - y
x + y
($2 > 0 so that
<111 4- |y|
I /(z, y) - LI < I if
< y/^y/x^ 4- y^
0 < \/(i-Zo)^ 4- {y-yof < (5i
Thus, if y/x^ < 6, we have |y(z, y) - M|<| if
0 < 0z-zo)2 4- (y-yo)2 < ^2

- y\^ y/2y/x^ + y^ < y/2 6
Let ft = min(ftj, ft2); then if

x^2 - y^2
and - 0 < e if ^
X y
s/2 0 < ^/(z - Zo)2 4- (y - y^f < ft
55. Let e = since / is continuous at (a, ft). we have
there exists a <5 > 0 so that I/(a;, y) + y) - (L 4- A0|
\f{x, y) - f{a, ft)| < e < \fix:, y) - L|4- |y(a:, y) - M\
whenever
0 < yj{x - a)^ 4- (y - ft)^ < 6
Page 465
Thus,
lim [f{x, y) + g{x, y)] = LM f = ~ ^

^ yx y'i
(x, y)-^{xQ, t/o)
7. fix, y) = ln(2x + Zy)
11.3 Partial Derivatives, Pages 717-719 f = ^

2x->rZy
SURVIVAL HINT: For a function of two variables,
when you hold one variable fixed and find the f —_zzA_
(2x-f3y)2
derivative with respect to the other, you are reducing
the surface in to a curve in R^. The first and
second derivatives give the slope and concavity as you y 2x + Zy
move along the curve determined by the trace through
a given point. The mixed partial Indicates how the f =
slope would change if you moved to another trace. i2x+Zyf
The analogy of moving in various directions from a

9. SURVIVAL HINT: Contrast parts a and b: note
point on a hillside is useful.
that in part a, the function sin x^ is multiplied
by the function cos y, whereas in part b, the
1. Given a function of two (or more) variables,
function is the sine of the product x^cos y.
hold all but one independent variable(s)

a, fix, y) = (sin x^)cos y
constant and differentiate with respect to the

Treat j/ as a constant (not a product rule
remaining variable.
because cos y is not considered a
3. fix, y) =: x^ + x^y + xy^ + /

variable):
=3x^-1- 2xy -f y^
fj. = (2x cos x^)(cos y);
fxx = 6x + 2j/
Now, treat x as a constant:
/y = x^ + 2xy -t- Zy^

fy=- (sin x2)(sin y)
fyx = 2x+ 2y
b. fix, y) = sin(x^cos y)
5. fix, j/) = I
Treat y as a, constant:
/j, = cos(x^cos j^)(2x cos y)
fxx=^
Treat x as a constant:
Page 466
fy = cos(i^cos y)( — sin y) f, = Zy? + xy
11- /(*. y) = + y* 19. /(x, y, z) =
= f.=\
!, = ^31^ + y') - '/''(6I) / = —

J V Z
3r 1+ 2/
f.=-
z2
21. /(x, y, z) = ln(2; 4- + 5^)
fy = i(3^ + y*) - ’^2(4/)
1
f.=
x-\- y^ ->r ?
=
{Z^ + y'?'^ 2y .
^y- x-^y^ + z^'
13. f{x, y) = xê^'t'^cos y
3z2
fz =
x+ y'^ + ^
f j. = (cos y){x^t^'^ -t- 2ze^‘*‘^)
23. ^ 4- — 1
9 4 2 ~
= xe^'^{x + 2)cos y
dI ^ A
9 4^2/ :(1)
fy=— rê^^sin y + xê^^ cos y
— — 04- — z— 0
9 ^ 2 ^“
= xê^'^(cos y — sin y)
^+zz^=0
15. f{x, y) = sin “ ^(xy)
z =
^ 9z
-^— - — + —')- -^fli

^9 4^2/“ dy'^ ’
f -_?_
-^+ZZy=0
Z
17. f{x, y, z) = xy'^ + + xyz ~ 2z
25. Zz?y + y^z — z^ = 1

fx =
px^y+yh-
f y = 2xy + + xz
Page 467
6xy + — 2zZj. = 0 29. f{x, y) = xy^ + x^y, Po(l» - 1. -2)
{y^ - 2z)z^= -6xy a. - + ^3^y, -1) = -4

_ Qxy
b. f y = 3x2/^ + x^; fy{l, - 1) = 4
~7~^z
31. /(x, y) = x2sin(x -t- y); Pq{^, 0)
Zx^ + y^Zy + Zy^z - 2zZy = 0 a. /^ = x^cos(x + y) + 2xsin(x + y);
_ Zx^ + Zy^z f (IL _ _ TT^
/ - 2z / j:V2> 2’ ~ 4
27. + y^ + sin xz = 2 b. !y = x2cos(x + y); f) = “^
+ y + sin xz ) = #.(2)
33. /(x, y) = (<2 2i< + 1)
2^ + (cos xz){z + xzj = 0

y X
(/ 2 4-2t-t-l)
, 0-1 I 1^ dt
Jv — 142 -|-2^-t-l) dt
(^
(cos xz){z+ xz^) =
0 0
fx = - + 2x + 1)
X+ — cos XZ /y = y + 2y + 1
35. /(x, y) = Zx^y - y^

2y/x
XZ,
COS xz — z /. = 6xy
/xx = 6y
-y= + Z COS xz
_ 2y X
~ ~ X COS X2
fy = Zz? - Zi
__1 _ z fyy= -6y

2x^^^cos xz
Thus, + fyy = 0.
Now, with respect to y:
37. /(x, y) = e^sin y
2y 4- (cos xz){xz^ = 0
= e^^sin y
X COS XZ
/ii = e^sin y
Page 468
fy = c^cos y increases.
dD 1 dDo
t/ J-'O
fyy = - y Q - < 0 and -Q—= < 0 since the demand
dp2 op-y
Thus, -f fyy = 0. for Qy decreases as the price for the
39. f{x, y) = cos xy^ complementary commodity Q increases;

2
fx = - iP sin xy^ likewise the demand for Q increases as

2
fxy = “ tPi^xy) cos xy^ - 2y sin xy^ the price for Qy decreases,
= — 2a:j/^cos xy^ — 2j/ sin xy^ cameras and film
fy = - 2xy sin x^] 45. C(m, t, T) = (t{T -
fyx = - 2y[(sin x^) + x{cos xy‘^){y‘^)] a. C^ =a(r-<)(-0.67m-l-67)
= — 2a:j/^cos xy^ — 2j/ sin xy^ = -0.67(T(r -
They are the same. b. Cj =
41. /(i, j/, z) =■ x^ y^ — 2xy cos z
f j.= 2x — 2y cos z 47. a. PV=kT
fxz = 2j/ sin z
/ xzy = 2 sin z ^-k

dT~ P
fy = 2y - 2x cos z b. PV=kT
fyz = 2a^ sin z P= 0
fyzz = 2a^ cos z _£

dv~ K
fxzy - fyzz = 2(sin Z - X COS z) c. PV=kT
dD, dDo udT.^-V

43. a. -?r-^ < 0 and < 0 since the demand ~ dF dP~ k
api op2
_ PkV_
dVdT dP ~ VPk~
for a commodity decreases as its price
49. r(x, y) =Z + 2xy^ -|- y
Page 469
Student Survival Manual for Calculus. Third Edition by Strauss/Bradley/Smith
du / dv
a. Moving parallel to j means y is changing, Thus, ^ ^ but
ox oy dy ' dx
and X is constant. so the Cauchy-Riemann equations are not
satisfied.
|I=4»,+ 1
c. = ln(a;^ + y^). V = 2 tan
f(2. 1) = 9
du _ 2x
dx ~ 3^ +
b. In this case x is changing and y is constant.
du _ 2y
dy ~ a;2 + j,2
dv _ -2y
(2, 1) = 3(2)2 ^ 2(1)2 2 , 2
dx ~ X + y
= 14
dv _ 2x
dy ~ a; + y
51. a. u = e ®cos y, v = sin y
du _ dv
— e ^cos y Thus, «“ = and & =
dx ~ dx dy dy dx
du _
— e~ ^sin y so the Cauchy-Riemann equations are
dy ~
dv _ ^sin y satisfied.
— e
dx
dv _ e 53. If P{L, K) = then || = aL°^ “
®cos y
dy
dv and \ so
Thus, ^ and ^
dx
so the Cauchy-Riemann equations are not
= aL°‘K^ -i-
satisfied.
b. u ■= x^ y^, V — 2xy = (a + P)P
^ = 2x 55. P{x, t) = Pq + Pê ^®sin(>It — kx)
= 2y ^ = -P^ke- *>n(24<- kx) -t- cos(yl/- itx)]
f2k^P^t - *^cos(A/ - kx)

p = 2x dx^ ^ ^ ’
dy
Page 470
— A.Pê *®cos(>l< — kx) 11.4 Tangent Planes, Approximations, and

Differentiability, Pages 727-729
SURVIVAL HINT: The equation of a tangent plane

so where = 4.
dx 2r can be remembered as an extension of the point-slope
formula for a line in y — = m(x — Xq). For
the plane in R^:
57. Using the definition of the derivative, we find
z - Zq= Tn{x - Xq) -I- n{y - y^)
f,(0,0) = ito fllL+ 0) - m °)
’ hô h where m and n are the slopes In the x and y
directions, found with the partial derivatives.
A^sin(l//t^) — 0
= hm -’-= 0
h—ô n 1. z = (x^ -|- the equation of a tangent
plane is given by the formula:

since sini < 1 for all A ^ 0.
^ - ^0 = - ô) + /y(ô» yo)iy - yo)

/(O, 0 + /i) - /(O, 0)
fyi^^ 0) = lim
For this problem, we let z = /(x, y) so that
h sm(l/h^) /. = + y^) - ^l\2x)

= lim -^^
hô h
= lim sin -4 + y^
hÔ
does not exist. f -_I_
59. ^
_ 1
^ aftsin 7
At Po(3, 1, yio)
dA
a. ^ sin 7
da
/x(3, 1) =
^ - iasin T 4- 1^
db ~ 2“®^" ^
3
= iafccos 7
vTo
d-f
1
/,(3, 1) =
2A \/PTT^
b. a =
b sin 7
_ 1
^ _ 2A cos 7
vAo
dj b sin^7
Page 471
The tangent plane is;

- 22 22
_ _1
- 1) “ 4
Zx -\- y — -\/lOz = 0
y 2^+2^
3. f{x, y) = + sin xy _ 1
“ 4
f^=2x+y cos xy 2 - f = “ 2) + i(j/ - 2)
fy = 2y+x cos xy X — y 4z — 7r = 0
SURVIVAL HINT: The total differential can be

remembered as an extension of the concepts of the
/^(O, 2) = 2(0) + 2 cos 0 differential In dy = f'{x) dx. This says the
change along the tangent line is the rate of change,
= 2 f'(x), multiplied by the change in the x-direction, Ax,
or in the limiting case, dx. In R^ the change in z
/j,(0, 2) = 2(2) + 0 cos 0 along the tangent plane, dz or df, is the rate of
change in the x direction, dzfdx, multiplied by the
= 4 change in the x-direction, dx, plus the same
computation for change of z in the y-direction:
z - 4 =2{x-0) + 4{y - 2)
2x+4y — z — 4=0
S''*'
7. The total differential is given by the formula:
_ — 1 V
5. z = tan ^
df= dx + fy dy
^ - y/x'^
f{x, y) = 5i^y^
1 + (y/x)'^
df = lOary^ dx + dy
- ~y
2? + y^
9- fix, y) = sin xy
_ \/x
df = y(cos xy) dx + r(cos xy) dy
^ 1 + (j//r)2
11. = %
X
df = — dz + ^ dy
at Po(2, 2, f)
Page 472
13. f{x, y) = ye^ /(l.Ol, 2.03)
dy « /(I, 2)4-/,(1, 2)Ax+/j,(l, 2)Aj/
15. /(x, y, z) = 3x^ - 2y'^ + bz « 35 4- 12(0.01) 4- 64(0.03)
df = 9x^dx — Sy^ dy + 5 dz = 37.04
17. f{x, y, z) = 2^sin(2x - 3y) By calculator,
df = 22:^cos(2x — Zy)dx /(l.Ol, 2.03) « 37.08544565
— 32^cos(2x — Zy)dy 25. fix, y) = sin(x 4- y)
+ 2z sin(2x — Zy)dz ^0 = f. 2/0 = f> = 0.01, Ay= - 0.01
19. /(x, y) = xy^ 4- Zxy^ /j, = cos(x 4- y)
f^=y^->r 3y2 fy = cos(x 4- y)
fy = Zx^ 4- 6xj; /(f + 0.01, f - 0.01)
f f^, and f y are all continuous, so the « /(f> f) + /x(f> + fyih
function is differentiable. « 0 + ( - 1)(0.01) 4- ( - 1)( - 0.01)
21. fix, y) = = 0
= 2e2^+^^ By calculator,
fy = 2ye'^^+y' /(f + 0.01, f - 0.01) = 0
f, fj., and fy are all continuous, so the 27. fix, y) = e^y
function is differentiable. ^0 = 1) 2/o = 1) — 0-01, Ay = - 0.02
23. fix, y) = 3x^ 4- 2j/^; /. = 2/e"^
Xq = 1, j/g =r 2, Ax = 0.01, Ay = 0.03 fy = xe^y
/. = 12^^ /(I + 0.01, 1 - 0.02)
/. = 83/^ Rs e 4- e(O.Ol) 4- e( - 0.02)
Page 473
w 2.691 Thus,.
By calculator, fix, y) « /(O, 0) + x/^(0, 0) + yfyiO, 0)
/(l.Ol, 0.98) « 2.6906963 y \ -y « 1 + x(-l) + y(l)
29. z= 5 — + Ay = 1 — X+ y
z_X = —2x c.
z^= —2x is equal to 0 when x = 0.

^ 2(x + 1)
Zy= -2y + 4
[(x + 1)2 + (j + l)2f
2(;+ 1)
Zy = — 23/ + 4 is equal to 0 when y = 2.
’ [(x + 1)2 + (j + 1)2]2
The tangent plane is horizontal when

/(0,0)=^; 4(0,0)=-l;/,(0,0)=-l
z^= Zy = 0: Since
fix, y) « /(O, 0) -f- x/^(0, 0) + yfyit), 0)
z(0, 2) = 5 - 0^ - 2^ + 4(2)
= 9
= i(l - X - y)
the equation of the horizontal plane is
33. Let X, y, and z be the length, width, and
z= 9.
height of the box, respectively. The total cost
31. a. Since x and y are very small, we can take
is
Ax = X and Ay = y. Then
C = 2xy 4- 1.50(xy + 2xz + 2y2)
y) ^ /(O, 0) + r/^(0, 0) + y/j,(0, 0)
= 3.5xy + 3xz -f 3j/z
t>. fix, y) = ^ ^ ^ /(O, 0) = 1
Cj. = 3.5y -I- 3z,
-1 2; /,(0, 0) = - 1
fr = Cy = 3.5x + 3z,
(1 -f- X- y)
— 3x + 3y
/ =_ — 1 ; /.(o, 0) = 1
(l + x-yf^y
AC = (3.5j/+3z)Ax + (3.5x-f 3z)Aj/ + (3x4-3y)Az
Page 474
2(500) 2(750)
Since ar=2, y=4, z=3 and 1A2:|< 0.02, AR 8 - (20) + 20 (18)
500 3 450
I Ay\ < 0.02, and | A2:| < 0.02, we have

= 180
|AC| < 13.5(4) + 3(3)K0.02)

That is, revenue is increased by approxi¬
+ 13.5(2) + 3(3)K0.02) + |3(2) + 3(4) |(0.02)

mately $180.
= 1.14
37. dR = ^ - ^ dr
Thus, the maximum possible error will cost

dR _ cr^ dx Acxr^dr
R cxr cxr
$1.14.
dx _ 4dr
35. p{x) = 4,000 - 5001, q{y) = 3,000 - 450j/ X r
_ 4,000 — p « 0.03 - 4(-0.02)

a. X
500
= 0.11
_ 3,000 — q
y= 450 Thus, R increases by approximately 11%.
39 Fix
r(x, y)
v) -
— ^ ^
R=z x{p)-p+ y{q)-q
^ ^ (1.798X + y)(1.786y) - (1.786ry)(1.798)

/'4,000 - p\ , /'3,000 - q\
“V 500 / V 450 p ^ “ (1.798a: + yf
^ _ (1.798a: + y)(1.786a:) - 1.7863:y(l)
K D _ a _ - 20 2g ^ “ (1.798a: + yf
® 500’ ^9 “ 3 450
X = h, y = A, dx = 0.1, dy = 0.04
AR fa RpAp + RÂq
F^(5, 4) « 0.1693
/’^(b, 4) « 0.4758
= (« - + (f -
Ai^ fa Fj. dx + Fy dy
When p = 500, q = 750, Ap = 20, and

fa (0.1693)(0.1) + (0.4758)(0.04)
Aq = 18, we have
fa 0.0360 cal
41. fix, y) = lOrj/^/2
Page 475
X = 30, y = 36, dx = \ AVf^dV= nlR'^dH+ 2RH dR)
= C = 7r[9( - 0.2) + 2(3)(12)( - 0.3)]
i^xy ^^^dy + y^^^dx = 0 = -23.47r

-y/y dx {2)^
AV _ -23An
dy =-7-
V ~ IOStt
2y dx » -0.217
X
This is about 22% less volume.

_ 2(36)(1)
30
45. S=
y
= -2.4
y
The manufacturer should decrease the level of s = -
- y)'
unskilled labor by about 2.4 hours.
s = ^
Alternatively, we can work with ^ {x - y)^
approximations -y
dS = dx + dy
{x - yY (x - y)
A/ « df = (lOy^^^) dx + {hxy~ ^^^)dy
For X = 1.2, y = 0.5, 0 < dx < 0.01,
For / to stay constant when x = 30, y = 36,
0 < dy < 0.01, we have
dx = 1, we want A/= 0. Thus, dy must
AS w ds
satisfy
-0.5
dx + 1.2 dy
10(36)^/2(1) + 5(30)(36) “ dy = 0 (1.2 - 0.5)^ (1.2 - 0.5)^
-10(36)
dy
5(30) < ( - 1.02)(0.01) + (2.45)(0.01)
= -2.4
= 0.014
43. V{H, R) = TrR?H

The maximum possible error in the
Given, H= 12, R = S, dH = - 0.2,

measurement of S is 0.014.
dR = -0.3; T(12, 3) = IOStt

47. Approach along the line y = mr,
Page 476
Ita ■ = lim ^ m 7^0 essentially the same, the formula involves both
^^0 ]f + (mxy ^0 m^ + 1
variables. For two parameters, suppose
Thus, / is not continuous at (0, 0),
z = /(x, y) is differentiable at (x, y) and that

cannot be differentiable at (0, 0) either.
the partial derivatives of x = x{u, v) and

49. A = hb = ab sin ^ = âb
y = y{u, v) exist at (m, v). Then the

^ = 0.04, ^ = -0.03
composite function z = /[x(«, v), y(u, v)] is

dA = ^b da db
dA _ b da _|^ a db differentiable at (u, v) with

A ba ab
^ ^^ ^^ 1 dz _ dz dx I dz dy
— _L dk du ~ dx du~^ dy du dv ~ dx dv^ dy dv
The chain rule allows us to compute dzj dt
= 0.04 - 0.03
without determining z{f) explicitly.
= 0.01
3. z = /(x, y), X = x{u, V, w), y = y(u, v, w),
Thus, A increases by about 1%.
^ ,^dy
du dx du dy du
11.5 Chsdn Rules, Pages 735-737

dv dx dv ' dy dv
1. Let /(x, y) be a differentiable function of x

dz _df dx I df dy
dw dx dw dy dw
and y, and let x = x{t) and y = y(t) be
5. /(x, y) = (4 -f y^)x, X = and y = e^^

differentiable functions of t. Then z = f(x, y)
/(<) zz (4 -f-
is a differentiable function of <, and
dz _ dz dx I dz dy = 4e2‘
dt ~ dx dt~^ dy dt
f'{t) = 8e2< +
Recall the chain rule for a single variable:
dy_iydu = 8e2‘(l + e®')

dx du dx
— dz dx I dz dy
b.
The corresponding rule for two variables is ^ ~ dx dt ^ dy dt
Page 477
= (4 -t- j/2)2e2< + {2xy)Ze^^ a. /’(«, v) = ln[e“*' +’“^
In terms of t: uir uv
(4 + e®*)2e2‘ + (2e^ê^*)3e^*
ou
= 8e2'(l + e®') = 2«t; + u

ov
7. f(x, y) = xy^, X = cos 3<, y = tan 3t
du dx du dy du
a. /(<) = (cos 3t)(tan^3<)
_ 1
~ X
_ sin^3<
cos 3t
UV «
e 2 ,
= ^-o + V
_ cos 3t(6sin 3<)(cos 3<) — sin^3t( — 3sin 3t)
J — JTi
cos 3<
=z + V
_ 6 sin 3t(l — sin^3<) + 3sin^3t

cos^3<
dv dx dv dy dv
_ 6 sin 3t — 3sin^3<
= ê-”"(2H] + i[e-a]
cos^3t
= 2uv + u
io dw _ dj^^ , dw^ , dwdz

ds dx ds dy ds dz ds
= ^{ — 3 sin 3t) + 2xy{3 sec^f)
dw _ dw dx I dw dy dw dz
= —3sin 3t tan^3< + 6cos3<tan3tsec^3< di dx di dy dt dz dt
_ — 3 sin^3< + 6sin 3< ir dw _ dw dx ■ dw dy Qw Qz

cos^3t ds dx ds dy ds dz ds
dw _ ^ ^ ^^ ^^
SURVIVAL HINT: Check to see if the given dt dx dt dy dt dz dt
parameters restrict the domain of f[x, y). In
Problem 11, both x and y must be positive, so f{x, y) dw _ ^ ^ , dw ^ . dw ^
du dx du dy du dz du
has only first octant values.
11. F{x, y) = In xy, where x = and y = e“*' 17. w = sin xyz, where r = 1 — 3t, y = ^
and ^ = 4t
Page 478
I
dw _ dw , dw ^ , dw ^
dt dx dt dy dt dz dt 23. Fix,y) = {i;^-yf/^ + x^y-2
= - yy^\2x) + 2xy
= [j/z cos(xyz)](—3) + [r^’cos (2ryz)](— e^~^)
Fy = |(^ - - 1) + ^
^ _ -F^
+ [xy cos (13/2)] (4)
dx Fy
= cos{xyz)[-3yz - e^~*xz + Axy]
- [Sx{i? - y)^/^ + 2xy]
19. w = where x = y = ln(2< — 3), and
z= 25. F{x, y) = icos y-|-j/tan ^x — x
dw _ dw ^ , dw^ , dw^
dt ~ dx dt dy dt ^ dz dt
3, Fy = — ar sin 3/ + tan ~ ^x
= +3/^
( <2 ) 2< - 3
6x2 ^ 2^ dy _ -Fx
= (e^^+2'^) 2 1 “ly 1 oy _ 0 d^~ Fy
V
2r •4“ v - cos 3/ + --■ ^ ^ - 1
21. w = 2 _ ^) where x = 2rs, y = sin rt, and 1 + a;^
— X sin y + tan ~ ^x
z = si^
(1 - cos 3/)(l + x^) - y
dw _ dw ^ , dw ^ I dw ^
dr dx dr dy dr dz dr (1 + x^)( — I sin y + tan “ ^x)
= 25 ^ i ^ ^ 27. Fix, y) = tan - tan “ i(|)

2 z 2 z
2s + t cos(r<)
2-2
dw _ dw ^ , dw ^ , dw ^
dt ~ dx dt ' dy dt dz dt
_ ^ ^ rcos(r<) ^ {x + y)i2st)
2 - z + (2 _ ,)2
_ (2 — 2)rcos(rt) + 2s<(x + 3^)
" (2 -
Page 479
respect to t.
Next, take the derivative of both sides
with respect to y.
29.
Now, find Zy^.
b.
Page 480
_ — sec yf — cog j;
2?V\ 2^
20 j
_ 2:P{x + z) _ sec^y cos x

~ 4?
z b 0 -A/'_cos_rN
yy di ^^^~dx( 20 )
I — z sin X — Zj. cos X

= “2 ?
- ^(29) _ 20^sin X — cosâ:

20^
" ?
_ sec^y\
c.
_ 2z^(y + z) yy dx\ 2z J
= sec^y tan y - sec^y z^)
33. sin X = tan y

_ A^se<?y tan y — sec^y
z^ = tan y — sin x ~ 4?
2zZj. = — cos X dz _ dz dx . dz dy
35.
du dx du dy du
. _ cos X
2z ^ dz , dz n
— ®
dx dy
Next, take the partial with respect to y:
= a
dz
2zz.. = sec^ y dx
sec^y dz _ dz dx I dz dy
dv dx dv dy dv
~ “2^
= p-o + p-b
Finally, the mixed partial is: dx dy
_ ^ sec^y
= ‘s^
z..^
y=^
=
M 2z ) dy
d^z _ d ^
sec y( — du^ du^^
= + (zj
Page 481
[1 - t(b - «)]e-“‘ - e"*'

' (b - «)'
u d . gC' _ (6-a)(ê~*^) - (e~°*-e~ **)(!)
dv^ ^ dv y
db (6 — a)^
ht _ g— at
[(6 - a)t + l]e
(6 - a)‘
b\..
yy
37. V = Iwh
b. Since o = b constant, we have
^ = (e»)f + di dt „— at _ 1
When < = 5, A = 20 - 3(5) = 5; ^ = 0

di ^
^ = 10 + 2(5) = 20 da _ — In 6
dt- /2 ’
and
w = 8 + 2(5) =: 18
(6 — a)/ = (^h —
V^(5) = (20)(18)(-3) + (20)(5)(2) + (18)(5)(2)

= 6< — In 6
= — 700 < 0 (decreasing)
Thus,
For the area, S = 2{ih -y iw hw)‘, dC

di da di db di dt di
de First, we find
f =2[(«+ »)" + («+A)^+(A+»)^
dC^
da b - a - af
5'(5) = 2[(20 + 18)( - 3) + (20 + 5)(2)
+ (5 + 18)(2)] ^ - f(6-a)e~°^-e-*<
(b - af
= — 36 < 0 (also decreasing)
_ [1 - (6 - g)<]e~°* - e~*^
39. a.
(b - a)2
QC _ (6-a)(-te--»0-(e-°^ - e " >>*){ - 1)
da (t - af
Now we find:
Page 482
dC
and
dt da dt ' dh dt'^ dt dt
y=80 + 10^/4(4) = 120

(1 - bt + In — bi
(- In 6)
<2
(‘ - ¥>
+ + be- *‘](1) « 30.75
Thus, the monthly demand for bicycles will

(1 - bi + In 6)(i) - bt
(-In 6) be increausing at the rate of about 31 bicycles
(6< - In 6)2
per month (4 months from now).

t — In 6
+
bt — In b bt
43 i-J-
P — P +* J-4-J-
P ' P
jv "^1 "^2 "^3
3/2
41. Q = 240 - 21y^ + 4(0.2y + 12)
1 dR
dR^ R.
<3.= -21(1)^
l_ _ f_R\2
-10.5
dR
Similarly,
Qy = 4(|)(0.22/ + 12)'/''(0.2)
dR
dR-,
= 1.2(0.2y 4- 12)^/^
dR
dR-,
Since x = 120 + 6^, ^ = 6.
dR^fA.\2^,{^\2^,f_R \i2 _
^^3
Since y = 80 + 10\/4i, ^ dt \^l) \^2/ \^3/
Vt
^ - n ^ n ^ When R^ = 100, R2 = 200, R^ = 300

dt ~ di^ dt
i^_l- +J_ +J_

= ^^^^(6) + [1.2(0.2j/+ 12)^/2j^^^ R 100 ^ 200 ^ 300
1 _ 11
R ~ 600
When t = A:
R w 54.545
1= 120+ 6(4) = 144
Page 483
dw _ df du
With
dr du dr
dw _ df du
ds ~ du ds
= [/'(«)]( -
= 0
49. w = /(<), where i = {x^ + y^ +
dw _ df dt
Ri -0.3471 dx dt dx
The joint resistance is decreasing at the
approximate rate of 0.3471 ohms/second. dw _ df Qt

dy ~ dt dy
45. Let X = u — V, y = V — u so z = f(x, y)
dz _ dz dx I dz dy
du dx du dy du
dw _ df dt
dz dt dz
= 2j,\) + 2j,(- 1)
dz _ dz dx . dz dy
dv dx dv ' dy dv
= 1) + 2y(l)
= [f'(t)nx^+y^+z^)-\x^+y^+z^)
^v= i^x - ^y) + (^y - ^x)
= 0
47. Let u = ^ s ^ — 1 ~ so Ti) = /(«)
Page 484
Cl dz _ df dx . df dy dz __ dz dx I dz dy
de ~ dxde^ dy de d6 dx do ^ dy dO
= ( - sin 0)f^ + (cos 0)fy = fj-i - e’’ sin 9) + cos 0)
= -yfx+ ^fy = -yfx+ ^fy
d^z _ _^( dz\ = ( - yfxx + ^fyx + fy)i - c’'sin 0)

de^ ~ do\d0)
+ ( - yfxy - fx+ ^/ ,y)(e’'cOS 9)
2 3
= -^l-yfr+^fy]
= y^fxx + ^fyy - ^^yfxy “ ^fx “ yfy
~ '§x^~
f| ++ y')fxx + + y%y
= ( - yfxx + ^fyx + 4)( - sin 0)

+ {2xy - 2xy)f^y + {x - x)f^
+ ( - yfxy - fx + 2;/j,3,)(cos 9)
+ (j/ - y)fy
= y^fxx- y^fyx- yfy- ^yfxy- ^fx+ ^fyy
= {3^ + y'^)fxx + + y^)fyy
= y^fxx+ ^fyy - “^^yfxy- yfy
CO dz _ dz dx , dz dy = ^"Vxx + fyy)
dr dx dr dy dr
Thus,
= /r(^^ COS 0) 4- f y{t^ sin 0)
d^Z , ^_Z _ ^ - 2r d^z , d^
5^2 ^di~ dr^ d0^
= ifx + yfy
d^z _ d(dz\ 55. By the chain rule
dr^ dAdr)
"du _ du„,^^ a . du „• a
7^ — T:—COS U ”7* "TZ— sin U
= §^(^fx + yfy) or ox oy
and
^ ^ ^ y^y)Wr dv _
|^(rsin 0) + |^(rcos
d0 ~
= i^fxx + yfyx + 4)(c’'cOS 9) Substituting,
du _ ^ j dv
+ i^fxy + 4 + J//yy)(c''sin 0)
dx ~ dy dy ~ dx
into the first equation, we obtain

= ^fxx + y^fyy + ‘^^yfxy + ^fx + J'/y
Page 485
du _ ^
cos 6 —
dv
sin 6 - = y)
dr dy dx
du Thus, the degree is n = 3.

i|^(rcos0) - |j(rsin0)
dr dx^
Multiply by ^ = 1. b. Let u = tx and v = ty, so
_ 1 dv
Substitute from the second equation. f{u, v) = y). Then,
~ r de
The equation ~ t ^ is obtained by df du , ^ ^ _ ,n
d9 y)
du dt dv dt~ V(®>
computing ^ and ^ and substituting

df ^ df_
ne-^fix, y)
du _ dv j du dv ^ du'^ ^ dv~
dx dy dy dx
nf{x, y) Let t = 1.
57. F{x, y,z)=C dy
^ n
dx dy dx dz dx
11.6 Directional Derivatives and the Gradient,
Pages 747-749
dx
1 - f{x, y) = x^ - 2xy
For the equation F(x, y, z) = A, where
f^=2x - 2y
F= A- 2xyz + + e^, we have
fy= -2x
Fj.= 2x + 2yz
Fy = 2xz + V/-/:^ + /yj
= (2x - 2y)i - 2ai

F^ = 2xy +
3. /(x, y) = yx~^ + xy~'^
dz ^ -^x ^ - {2x + 2yz) fx = - y^~'^ + ^

dx F^ 2xy 4-
fy = x~^ - xy ~ 2
dz _ ~ ^y _ ~ (2x^ + 3y^)
dy F^ 2xy +
V/=(-^ + |)i+(i-^)j
59. a. If /(x, y) = x^y + 2y^, then
5- y) = xt^~y
f{tx, ty) = {txf{iy) + 2{iyf
/.=
= ^{^y + 2y^)
fy = -xe^-y
Page 486
vf=e^-yi- xe^-yj V/ = (2x + i/)i + q
= e^- 2'(i - q)
At (1, -2),
/(x, y) = sin(x + 2y)
/,(!, -2) = 2(1) +(-2) = 0
fj. = cos(x + 2y)
/j, = 2cos(x + 2y) - /y(l, -2) = 1
V/ = cos(x + 2y)\ -t- 2cos(x -|- 2y)j V/(l, -2) = 0i+ lj=j
= cos(r -f 2j/)(i + 2j)

V/.u
g{x, y, z) =
_
5, = “ v/2
ff =
~ 2
y^ =z
13. /(x, 3/) = ln(x2 + Sy)
Vg = ey+^î + xe^'+^^j
2x
x^ + 3y
= e3'+3^(i 3^1,)
/ = ^
y x^ + 3y
/(x, y) = x^ -f xy
V = i +j
f.= 2x+y
|v|| = \/l2 + 1^ = ^2
f
J y = X
u =
V = i +j
= i + j
Vi Vi
= a/I^ + 1^ =
^2 ^2.
~ 2 ^ 2 ^
u =
V/= i+ 2 ^ o j
x'^ + 3y ar + 33/
— i + —i
V2
Page 487
At (1, 1), 17. + ^2 ^ 3
f (1 1) - __- i
fy = ^y
/,(1, 1) = I
/.= 2.
V/(l, l) = ii + fj
fi = Vf
DJ = Vf-u = 2n + 2jj + 2zk
s/2 3x/2 = 2(ai + jrj + zk)

4 8
N(l, -1, 1) = 2(i-j + k)
5i/2
8
N,
^ 2^
15. /(x, y) = sec(2;j/ - /)
± ^(i - j + k)
=: sec(a:j/ - /)tan(a:j/ - ^)y
The tangent plane is:
fy = sec{xy - y^)tan{xy - y^){x - Zy^)
(r - 1) - (2/ + 1) + (2 - 1) = 0
V = - i - 3j
X — y + z — Z =0
||v||= + (-3)2 = ^
SURVIVAL HINT: Using the hillside analogy: If you
are standing on the hillside z = /(r, y) at the point
P, and walk in the compass direction indicated by the
unit vector u, the directional derivative will tell you
the instantaneous rate of change in x.
V/ = sec{xy - j/^)tan(ry - y^)[yi 19. cos z = sin(x + y)
f{x, y, z) = sin(x + j/) — cos 2:

+ (x - 3j/^)j]
fx = <ôs(x + y)
V/(2, 0) = 0
fy = cos(x + y)
=0 f ^ = sin 2
N = V/
= cos(x + y) i + cos(x + y) j + sinzk
Page 488
^("2 > "2 > j) ~ —i —j + k 23. ze^+^J' = 3
N f, =
N„= ±
fy = 2ze^+^y
= ±^(-i - j + k)

N = V/
- - f) - (y - f) + (z - f) 0
= e^^y(zi + 24 + k)
X+ y - z - ^ 0
N(2, - 1, 3) = 3i + 6j + k
21. Write the function as

N = ±■ ^
f{x, y, z) = \n X - ln(y - z)
= ±;^3i + 6j + k)
fx = i
f = ■~ ^
3x+6j/+z — 3 = 0
Jz y - z
25. /(x, y) = ^x + 2y - 1
N = V/
= ir*i-1—j -I_1 k /x=3

y— zJ^y— z^
/y
J = 2
— 1 ; 1 ; + ik
N(2, 5, 3)=ii-ij 1
V/= 3i + 2j
= i(i - j + k)
V/(l, - 1) = 3i + 2j
N = ± ^ IIV/II = v/l3
“ ^v/3
27. f{x, y) = ^ +
= ±:^(i-j + k)
/,= 3x^
/, =
(x - 2) - (2/ - 5) + (z - 3) = 0
-2; , 0..2;
V/= 3x"i + 32/^j
X — y + z = 0
Page 489
V/(3, - 3) = 27(i + j) V/= [2(x-f y) + 2(x 4- z)]i
IIV/II = 27^/2 4- [2(x 4- ?/) 4- 2{y 4- ^)]j
29. f{x, y, z) = + hy^ + cx^ 4- [2(x 4- •?) 4- 2(j^ 4- 2)]k
fx = 2or V/(2, - 1, 2) = 2(5i + 2j 4- 5k);
fy = 2by IIV/II = v^ = 6v/6

f, = 2cz 35. Let /(x, y) = ax -\- by — c, so /(x, y) = 0
V/= 2ari + 26i/j + 2czk V/ = ai 4- ftj
Vf{a, b, c) = 2(aî + b^j 4- c^k); ai 4- bj

u= ±
v/a^ 4- 6^
IIV/II = 2n/7TFT?
37. Let /(x, y) = ^ 4- ^ - 1, so /(x, y) = 0
a b
31. f{x, y) = In-v/x^ + y^
= 2a ^b ^{b^xi 4- a^j/j)
u = ± 4- a^ypi
V/=^^(ri+Sj)
V/(l. 2) = l(i + 2j) 39. u = cos 4- sin

0 D
= 5(\/3i + j)
IIV/II = ^ or f
/(x, y) = x^ 4- y2
33. /(x, y, z) = (x + j/)^ + (j/ + 2)^ + (x + z)"^
/,= 2x
= 2(x + J/) + 2(x + z)
/y = 2y
/y = 2(a; + J/) + 2(j/ + z)
V/= V(x2 + y2)
= 2{y + z) + 2(x + z)
= 2(ri 4- yj)
V/(l, l) = 2(i + j)
Page 490
DJ=y/l+I
j k
41. /(ar, y) =
VXw = -2 3
Sj. = ^ 1 -1
fy =
= - i + 7j + 5k
V/= (2ryî + 2r^j/j)
llvxw||= y/{-lf + 72 + 52
V/(l, - 1) = 2e(i - j);
=
V=(2-l,3-(- 1))
= (1, 4)
" = (^' '^) r, 2 + 14 - 5

5v/3
_ llv/3
“ 15
— _
■ vA7 45. T{x, y, z) = xy + yz + xz
43. /(x, y, z) = xyz
T^ = y+ z
fx = Ty = x + z
T^ = y + X
fy =
VT = (j/ + a)i + (x + z)j + (x + y)k
fz = ^y
VTo = V71(l, 1, 1)
V/ = Vxyz
= 2(i + j + k)
= yn + xz^ + xyk The maximum rate of temperature change is
IIVTqII = 2\/3 in the direction of

V/(l, -1,2)= -2i + 2j - k
u = ^(i+j + k)
Page 491
47. z=l - 3r2 - 51. Let V/q — /î + fyj be the gradient of/at
z^= —6x Po(l, 2). The unit vector from Pq toward
Zy= -5y Q(3, — 4) is u = (i — 3j). Since the
Vz = — Gri — 5j/j maximal directional derivative points in the
Vzo(j. -j)= -ii + ii direction of V/q and has magnitude 50, we
For the most rapid decrease, she should head want to have
in the direction fx'^ + fyi = 50u
-v»o = ii - fj 50
:(i - 3j)
v/lO
Practically speaking, she should head in the
Thus,
direction the water is running since streams
50(i - 3j)
V/(l, 2) =
run perpendicular to the contours.
49. To find the directional derivative of / in the - 5\/l0(i - 3j)
direction of u we need fj. and fy, which we

53. a. Write ^ + ^ + 4=las F(x, y, z) = 1,
V r
can find with a system of equations.
where ^(a;, j/, 2) = -^ + -^ + ^. Then,
<3i - 4j^
W + /,j)'(2l3Jj)=8 p —2^
a2
1
F= —
y 62’
3/, - ify = 40 and
124 + 54-13
Ip _2z
Solving simultaneously: fy= — 7

so the tangent plane at Pq{xq, j/q, Zq} has
Now for V = 3i — 5j :
the equation
- %) + - So) + - %) = 0
62
12 + 35
8.06
y/U
Page 492
^0 _n
the equation
^2 j2 Ip' ^ ~ ^
2x 21/ 1
-^(r — Xq) + ~îy “ Jô) ~ c(^ “ %) — 0
fof
O ' .0 » O — 1
2xqX 2x^ 2j/qJ/ 2j/q2 2' , ^0 _ n
a2 a2 62 62 c + c -
As in part a, let
2a;oar ^ 2yoy ^ Zq
F{x, y, z)=^-\-^ - ^ a2 62
a b c
55. a. Note that + rj = C (a constant) is a
and obtain
F - 2i level curve of the function f = + r2.

a^’
By the normal property of the gradient,
F= —
y 62’
we know that V(rj + r2) is a normal to
and
f — Tj + r2 = C. So, T • V(rj + r2) = 0

c2
b. From part a,
Thus, the tangent plane at Pq{xq, j/q, Zq)
T-V(ri + r2) = 0
has the equation
2z„ Let Rj = PFj and R2 = PF2 be the

- ô) + ^(y - Vo) - - ô) = 0
b c
vectors from P to the two foci, so that
^ _ fg_ , M _ ^ fof , fo__ n
2 2 i2 i2 2 2 ~ ^
a a b b C C
ri = IIII and r2 = || R21|
^2: , 2/02/ ZqZ
= 1
-2 ^ 62
fl' By direct computation, it can be shown
2
Write I = “2 + “2 as ^(j:, z) = 0 where that
6^
Vfi = ^ and Vr2 = ^

/’(i, y, ) = 4
2 Then,
a 6
and by substituting into the vector
F — —
" - «2’
equation T • V(rj + r2) = 0, we have
F = —
y 62’
T • V Tj = — T • V r2
and
T.(^)= -T.
F — .~ I
^z ~ c
so the tangent plane at Pq{xq, j/q, Zq) has
Page 493
or 59. General formula:
V/ = + fyi
'1
SO that DJ = /rôs ^ + /ySin 9
cos(7r — = —cos $2 In particular, for/=
f^=y2e--2y +a:y2e^-2y
cos = cos ^2
^1 — ^2 fy = 2xye^-^y - 2xy‘ê^-^y
57. a. V c = 0 because c = 0 Vf = + xy'^)i + (2xy - 2xy^)ii\

ox
b- V(/+ g) = ^(/+ ?)i + V/(-l, 3) = 12e-^j
DJ= 12e“'^sin |
= ifx + SxY^ + ify + Sy)}
= 6e-^
= + fyi) + (</ri + 9y})
61. True; since V/ = = 0, it follows
= V/+ Vg
that fjfx, y) = f y(^x, y) = 0 throughout the
c. VI disk, so f{x, y) must be a constant function.

\9J~ dx 9^^
9 dv
dy 9
9'’
9fx - f9x, , : 63. Let R = ai + jg -I- 2:k

9^ 9^ and let
gifj- + fyi) - f{9^ + 9yi) r=llR||
= \/x^ + y^ +
gVf - JVg
_ ai + 53 + gk
a.
yjx^ + ^
d- V(/j)= A(/5)i + |,(/5)j
- R
“IIRII
= if9x + fx9Y + if9y + fy9)j
b. Vr” = V{? + y^ +
= f (9^ + 9y3) + 9{f^ + fyj)
= \2ri+2s3 + 2zk)
= f^9 + 9^f
Page 494
= nr^ ^(ri -f- jg + 2:k) 5- f{x, y) = {x - 2)2 + (y - 3)^
= nr"“2 R 4 = 2(x - 2)
fy = 4(y - 3)3
fx=fy = ^ '^hen X = 2, y = 3
11.7 Extrema of Functions of Two Variables,
Pages 758-761 /r.= 2
SURVIVAL HINT: Note that, as in Section 4.1, the
critical points are only candidates for extrema. If you fxy=(i
are walking in the x-direction along a level trail on a

hillside, dffdx = 0 but df/dy may go to your right f„ = I2(y - if
and down slope to your left. The point is not an

extreme. If you are at a saddle point, both partials ^ y fxx fxy fyy ^ Classify
are zero and the candidate is still not an extreme. 2 3 2 0 0 0 inconclusive
The candidate must be tested using the discriminant.
Note that / is a sum of squares, which implies
1. A critical point of a function / defined on an
that a minimum occurs at (2, 3).
open set 5 is a point (iq) Vq) in S where either
7. /(x, y) = (1 -f x2 _|. - r -
one of the following is true:

fx = - 22:)(1 + + y3) -f- 2x]
(1) /r(^0’ yo) = fyiÔ^ yo) = ^
= -2x(x2-f- y2)el-:r2-
(2) At least one of /^{xq, j/q) or fy{xQ, Vq)
fy= ® [( - 2y)(l -I- x2 4- y2) -I- 2y]
does not exist.
= -2y{x^ + y^)e^~^ ~
3. Find all critical points of /in the interior of S.
fx-fy-^ only when x = y = Q
Find all boundary critical points. Evaluate /
= 2(2x4 ^ 2^y'^ - i - 3x2)el - x^ - y^
at the interior and boundary critical points.
fxy = ^^yi^ + y^ - i)e^
The largest of these is the absolute maximum
fyy = 2(2y4 -H 2x2y2 _ ^ - x^ - y"^
on S and the smallest is the absolute minimum.
^ y fxx fxy fyy ^ Classify
0 0 0 0 0 0 inconclusive
Page 495
Examination of the graph of /(x, y) suggests 13. /(x, y) = (x2 + 2y^)ef ^
that a maximum occurs at (0, 0). 4= -2x(x2 + 2y2 _
9- /(^, y) = + xy + y^ 4= -2y(x2 + 2y2 -
f^=2x+ y f^z=f^zz0 when x = 0, y = 0 or when
fy = x+2y X = ±1, y = 0] X = 0, y = ±1.
fx—fy — ^ only when x = 0, y = 0 Note that x2 + 2y^ = 1, x2 + 2y^ = 2 is
impossible.
= 2(2x44x2j,2 - 5x2 _ - ^2 _ ^2
fxy ^
fyy = 2(2x2y2 _ ^2 ^ 4y4 _ iQj^2 2)el -

fyy — 2
^ y fxx fxy fyy ^ Classify /ry = 4xy(x2 + 2y^ - 3)e^ “ *
0 0 2 1 2 + rel min
11. /(x, y) = — x^ + 9x — 4j/^ 0 0 2e 0 4e + rel min
1 0 -4 0 2 - saddle point
4 = - 3x2 + 9
-1 0-4 0 2 - saddle point
fy = -^y
0 1 -2 0 -8 + rel max
/j. = /j = 0 when x = ± a/S, j/ = 0 0 -1 -2 0 -8 + rel max
fxx = -er 15. /(x, y) = X ^ + y -1^ + 2xy
fyy — ~ ^ fx — 2
X
fy = —^ + 2x
y r
^ y fxx fxy fyy ^ Classify fx = fy = ^ when y = -ând x = ^
Solving, we obtain x = y and

VÔ -6v/3 0 -8 + rel max
X = i(2x2)2
— \/3 0 6 \/3 0 —8 — saddle point
= 2x‘*
Page 496
the critical point, since 19. /(x, y) = x^ + y^ - 6xy + 9x + 5y + 2
X ^ Q. /j. = 2x - 6y + 9
f —
JXX 3 /y = 2y - 6x + 5
X
/i = /» = 0 when x = |, y = 2
fxy ~ ^ f XX —
* y fxx fxy fyy ^ Classify fyv = ^
2~ 2~ 4 2 4 + rel min fxy= -0
17. /(x, y) z= + Zx^ - 18y^ + Sly -t- 5 y fxx fxy fvv ^ Classify
'yy
fj.= Zx^ + 6x I 2 2 -62 saddle point
= Zx{x + 2) 21. /(x, y) = x2 + y3 + 768

X + y
x^ -y
4 = 3y2 _ 36y + 81 768

4 = 2x -
+ yY
= 3(y - 3)(y - 9)
768
fy = Sy"* -
f^=f^ = 0 when x = 0, — 2 and y = 3, 9; {x + y)
fx=fy= 0 when
Critical points are (0, 3), (0, 9), (— 2, 3),
2x(x + yY = 3y^(x + y)^ = 768

(-2, 9).
ry
Since X / — y, we have 2x = 3y and

fxx = 6x + 6
2a(x ± = 768
4 = 0
X = 6, 8.99
fyy = 6y - 36
so y = 2 and y w — 2.45
^ y fxx fxy fyy ^
Classify
0 3 6 0 -18 - saddle p>oint 1,536

fxx - 2 +
0 9 6 0 18 + rel min (x + yf
-29-6 0 18 - saddle point 1,536
-23-6 0 - 18 + rel max (I + sf
Page 497
1,536
fyy = + F,\t) = -2^0'
+ yf
On X = 7, y = Hot 0<t<7
F^{t) = /(7, t) = 7t - 14 - bt
6 2 5 3 15 + rel min
8.99 —2.45 7.49 5.49 —9.21 — saddle point F^'it) = 2^0
23. /(x, y) = 3x^ + 12r + 8j/^ — 12j/^ + 7 On x=/, y=tfor0<t<7
/^ = 6x + 12 F^{t) = fit, t) = f - 7t
/j, = 24j/2 _ 2Ay F^{t) = 2i — 7 boundary critical point
fx-fy-^ when x= -2, yÔorl (|, |) where t |
Critical points are ( — 2, 0) and ( — 2, 1). Thus, we have an interior critical point (5, 2),
fxx=^
a boundary critical point (|, |), and three
fxy = 0
boundary endpoints (0, 0), (7, 0), and (7, 7).
= 48y - 24 ^ y f{x, y)
5 2-10
7/2 7/2 - 12.25
—2 060 — 24 — saddle point
0 0 0 max
—2 1 6 0 24 + rel min
7 0—14 min
25. f{x, y) = xy - 2x - by;
7 7 0 max
fx=y The largest value of / on 5 is 0 and the
smallest is — 14.
fy = X - b
fx =fy = 0 only at (5, 2)

SURVIVAL HINT: In the extreme value theorem
requires a continuous function on a closed interval.
The boundary consists of three lines:
Note that the R^ extension of the extreme value
theorem requires that f be continuous on a closed and
On y = 0, X = < for 0 < t < 7, we have
bounded set S. In R^ the curve may have corners,
cups, or vertical tangents, as long as it is continuous.
Flit) = fit, 0) = 0 - 2t - 0
Likewise in R^ the surface may have creases, pointed
peaks, and vertical tangents if it is continuous. It is
Page 498
sometimes difficult to verify the continuity of a On X = 0, y = t for 0 < < < 5;

surface. Most of your examples will be sums or
products of continuous functions, which are
continuous.
f<(0 = m <)
= 5 cos t
27. /(x, y) = 2 sin x + 5 cos y
= — 5sin t = 0 when t = 0, tt;
/j. = 2 cos X
Critical points (0, 0), (0, tt).
fy= - 5 sin j/
There is one interior critical point, (y, tt);
/x = /y = 0 when x = y = 0, tt
four boundary critical points (y, 0), (2, tt),
Critical points are (j, 0), (j, tt).
(y, 5), (0, tt); and four boundary endpoints
On X = t, j/ = 0 for 0 < t < 2;
(0, 0), (2, 0), (2, 5), (0, 5).
F,{i) = f(i, 0)
X y /(a?, y)
= 2sin t + 5
7r/2 0 7 max
= 2cos t = 0 when t = point (y, 0) 2 TT -3.18
7r/2 5 3.42
On X = 2, y = t for 0 < < < 5;
0 TT -5 min
Fîi) = /(2, t)
0 0 5
= 2sin 2 + 5 cos t 2 0 6.82
2 5 3.24
F2'{t) = —5sin t = 0 when t = 0, tt;
0 5 1.42
Critical points are (2, 0), (2, tt).
‘k/2 TT -3
On y = 5, X = t for 0 < t < 2;

The largest value of / on 5 is 7 and the
F3(() = /((, 5)
smallest is — 5.
= 2 sin t + 5 cos 5
29. /(x, y) = + xy -\- y^
F^'{t) = 2cos t = 0 when t = y;

f^=2x+ y
Critical point (y, 5).

= x-\-2y
Page 499
33. 5(155.68) - (28..75)(27 14) ^

fx = =^ at (0» 0)
5(184.47) - (28.75)2
On the boundary = I, let 184.47(27.14) - (28.75)(155.68)

6 = 5.54
95.79
X = cos t, y = sin t for 0 < t < 27r.
y = — 0.02a: -f 5.54
Then,
35. Minimize 5 = a:^ + subject to
F{t) = /(cos t, sin t)

y^ — 4 -{■ xz. We have,
= 1 + cos t sin t
S{x, z) = x^ + {4 + xz) + z^
F"(t) = — sin^< + cos^t = cos 2< = 0 when

2x 4- z
S^ = X + 2z
= 0 when 2 = — 2a: = — ia:; a; = 0,

I - —; point I - —, 2
2 ’
z = 0, y zz ±2.
t = P^ât A ^
The closest points are (0, 2, 0) and (0, — 2, 0).
t = point
(#-#) 37. Let X, y, and z be tlie dimensions of the box.
/(O, 0) = 0; this is a minimum since a The volume is T = xyz or x = Vl{xy), and the
minimum must occur somewhere and this is surface area is S = xy + 2xz + 2yz. We wish
the only possibility. to minimize
S =z xy -\- 2xz + 2yz

3’
“ ■'V 2 ’ 2 J~ 2
= 2 max;
_ 1
2 ’ 2 “ 2
5(25) - (1)(5) _ 60 We now find

31. m = 2 1.62
5(15) - 1
5 - 1/ - ^
15(5) - (1)(25) _ 25 3.2
b = 0.68
5(15) - 1^ 37
5 - X - ^
y = 1.62x + 0.68
^ y
Page 500
Then 5^ = 5^ = 0 when x = y = and 1= 18
y= 18
z= ?/o:25T>i S„ = = 1; 5„ =
54 - 18 - 18 = 18.
D > 0, so the dimensions for the minimum
41. First, find the critical points for Tl(x, y):
construction are x = \/2V, y = \/Tv,
Tj. = 4x - y = 0
z= ^0.25 V.
Ty = -x+2y - 2 = fl
39. If r, y, and z are the numbers we wish to
The only critical point is (|, |). There are
maximize P = xyz subject to x y z = 54.
three boundary lines:
Since 2 = 54 — x — y, we have
I. X = — 1
P = xt/(54 — X — y)
Tj = 2 + 2/ 4- 2^^ - 22/ + 1
= 54xy — X y — xy
= - y + 3
and
T/ = 2y - \
P = 542/ - 2xy - y^
Tj' = 0 when 2/ = critical point: (— 1, |)
Py = 54x — IT — 2xy
II. y=2
Since x > 0, 2/ > 0, it follows that P^ = P^ = 0
T2 = 2x2 - 2x + 4 - 4 4- 1
when X = y = 18. Since
= 2x2 - 2x 4- 1
D=P,,Pyy-Pxy
= 4x - 2
= ( - 2y){ - 2x) - (54 - 2x - 2y)'^
r2 = 0 when x = ^; critical point: (|, 2)
We have P^^(18, 18) < 0 and Z>(18, 18) > 0, so
III. Line through ( — 1, —2) and (3, 2)
a relative maximum occurs at the critical point
!/ - 2 4 ,
j^ = jors=x - 1
(18, 18). Thus, the product is maximized when
T3 = 2x2 _ — 1)^ — 2(x— 1) 4-1
= 2x2 _ 32; 4
Page 501
= 4x - S 45. The profit for each bottle of California water is
Tg* = 0 when x =- critical point: (|, - i; X — 2, and for each bottle of New York water
Evaluation: (a;, y) r(x, y) is y — 2. The profit is
interior critical point: (2/7, 8/7) -1/7 P(^x, y) = (x — 2)(40 — 50a: + 40?/)
1f ( - 1, 1/2) 11/4 + (j/ - 2)(20 + 60x - 70y)

boundary critical points: < (1/2,2) 1/2
11 (3/4, - 1/4) 23/8 = — 50x^4-lOOry —70y^+20xd-80y—120
Ir (-1.2) 5 P^= - lOOx + lOOj/ + 20

boundary end points: < (-1, -2) 9
11 (3, 2) 13 Py = lOOx - UOy + 80
We see the minimum is —Xjl and the Solving simultaneously, x = 2.7, y = 2.5
maximum is 13. The temperature is the P.. = - 100
greatest (13 °C) at (3, 2) and is least P.y = 100
( - 1/7 °C) at (2/7, 8/7). Pyy = - 140
43. R{x, y) = — x^ — 2y^ + 2xy + 8a; + 5j/ Then Z) > 0, P < 0, so the profit iis
Rj. = — 2x 2j/ -f 8 = 0 maximized at (2.7, 2.5). The owner should
Ry= -4y + 2x + b = 0 charge $2.70 for California water and $2.50 for
Solving simultaneously, a; = y = New York water.
K.= -2 47. Domestic profit = x(60 — 0.2x + O.OSj/) — lOx
= x(50 — 0.2x + 0.05j/)
^y= -4
Foreign profit = y(50 — O.ly + 0.05x) — lOy
D > 0, so the revenue is maximized at = y(40 — O.ly + 0.05x)
(21 13\
1 2 ’ 2 P(x, y) = x(50 -0.2x + 0.05y)
+ y(40 — 0.1 y + 0.05x)
Page 502
= —0.21^+0.112/ —O.ly^ + 50a: 4-40y b. y = 0.0001064a; + 1.5965, where y is the
P^= -0.4a:+ 0.12/+ 50 = 0 wine consumption and x is the DJIA.
Py = O.lr - 0.22/ + 40 = 0 c. When x = 6,442, the predicted wine
Solving sinmultaneously, x = 200, y = 300 consumption is 2.28 gal/person. This is
P,,= -0.4 higher than the actual consumption in
Pxy = 0.1 1997. Just because there seems to be
Pyy= -0.2 correlation of certain data points, do not
D > 0 and P^^. < 0, so (200, 300) is a assume there is any inherent dependence.
maximum. That is, 200 machines should be d. Using X = 10,790, the predicted wine-
supplied to the domestic market and 300 to the consumption is 2.74 gal/person; check on
foreign market. the web to see if this is reasonable. For
49. k m m Tn 1.35 (use technology) example, you might check with a source
SURVIVAL HINT: When doing a least squares like the Wine Institute at
regression, it is essential that you carefully organize and
label your data. www.wmeinstitute.org
51. We use a graphing calculator to help us answer 53. a. Using a graphing calculator, we find the
the questions of this problem. linear fit is
a. W= 3.42674 + 0.573164A
so m turns out to be a disappointing 0.573
vs the theoretical value of 2/3.
b. The poor agreement of m with the expected
value is largely due to the exceptional
performance of the 60 kg lifter.
Page 503
\/x^ + 1.2^ , \/y^ + 2.5'^ , 4.3-x-y

55. /(x, y) = 4xê^ — 2x^ — e"*®
^ “ '2 4 "^6
fj. = 8xe^ — 8x^

Then,
/y = 4xê^ — 4e^^
T. = i - ^ = 0
Then, /j. = 0 and /y = 0 when " 2 Vx2 + 1.22 6
H
- F= 0
8xe^ — 8x^ = 0 4xê^ — 4e"*^ = 0
8x(e^ — x^) = 0 4e^(x^ — = 0 which has the unique solution x « 0.4243 and
j/« 2.2361.
Note: in the first equation, if x = 0, then Boundary cases
fy 0, and in the second equation = 0 is If X = 0, then the time of travel is
impossible. Thus, so y = 0, x = ±1.

^ _ 1.2 , -s/TT^^ , 4.3 - y
1 “ X 4 6-
The critical points are (1, 0) and (— 1, 0). The
discriminant is rp ! _ 1^ _y_
D = f f - / ^
when y fa 2.2361
= (8eS' - 24x2)(4x2e3' - 16e^^) - (^xe'»f
We find Tj 1.7825
and Z) > 0 with < 0 at both (1,0) and
If y = 0, then the time of travel is
( — 1, 0), so they both correspond to relative
+ 1.2^ 2.5 , 4.3 -
maxima. 2 - 2 ÎT'^-6~
57. Tom travels miles, Dick travels T ' - i a: _ 1 - n

^ 2 ^r2 ^ j 22 6
+ 2.5^ miles, and Mary travels

when X « 0.4243
4.3 — X — y miles. Thus, the total time of

^2 « 1.9074
travel is
If Tom trudges directly to B and Dick rows
Page 504
from B to A, then the time of travel is origin. In the first and third quadrants, /
+ + w 1.9417 approaches 0 from above, while in the
Finally, if Tom trudges in a direct line toward second and fourth quadrants / approaches 0
F, and Dick rows in a direct line toward F, from below as (x, y) —>■ (0, 0). In the plane
then y = X, the cross section is parabola-like
T^: ^ or a: « 1.3946 and with a low point at (0, 0). In the plane
y = — X, the cross section is parabola-like

^ or y « 2.9054
with a high point at (0, 0).

We now evaluate the times:
61. F(m, 6) = X) [Vk ~
Time X Time (in k = 1
y
T 0.4243 2.2361 1.7482 ^) = 2 E [y* - (mx^ -f b)]{ - x^)
1=1
Ti 0 2.2361 1.7825
0.4243 0 1.9074 F^{m, b) = 2 [Vk - i^^k + ^)]( - 1)

T2 k= 1
Ts 0 0 1.9417
Then F^ = F^ = 0 when
^4 1.3946 2.9054 1.8781
The minimum time of travel occurs when Dick
waits 0.4243 miles from the line >15 and Mary
waits 4.3 — 0.4243 — 2.2361 = 1.6396 miles

or equivalently
from the finish line.

>lm Bb = D
59. a. z = f{x, y) has a minimum of 0 at the

Bm nb = C
origin because as (x, y) moves toward the

where
origin, the values of /drop toward 0.

^ = E ^k^ B= Y. E y^,
k=l k= 1 k= I
b. z = /(x, y) has a saddle point at the n
and D = E Solving this system,
k= 1
Page 505
we have 3. /(x, y) = 16- x^- g{x, y) = x-I-2y
_Dn — BC t — AC — BD
fx = - 4 = - 9x='^^ 9y = ^
An - B^ An - B^
Thus,
m =
n f: ^^ and
I
Solve the system
-2x= X
-2y=2X
X + 2y = 6
b =
to find x = j,y = ^
n X: -( E a:^Y
k = i \k=l J
/(|, ^ is the constrained maximum.
11.8 Lagrange Multipliers, Pages 767-770

5. f{x, y) = x^ + g{x, y) = xy
SURVIVAL HINT: The method of Lagrange
multipliers requires the solution of a system of fx - 22^, 4 - 9x= 9y= X
equations. There is no single set of steps to follow in

solving a system of equations. Substitution, addition, Solve the system
matrices, or some cleverness are usually required.
Often one equation can be solved for X, and that
2x = Xy
value substituted into the other equations involving X.
Solve the resulting equation with the constraint < 2y = Xx
equation to find x and y. These values can then be
xy = 1
used to evaluate X, if necessary.
1- f{x, y) = xy\ g{x, y) = 2x -t- 2y to find r = y = 1 and x = y = — 1
fx = fy = 9x=‘^^ 9y = ‘^ /(±1, ±l) = 2is the constrained minimum.
Solve the system 7. fix, y) = 3^ - y2; g(x, y) = x^ -f y^
’ y = 2A fx = 22^) fy= - 2y> 9x = 22;, gy = 2y
< X = 2X Solve the system
2x -f 2y = 5
2x = 2Ax
to find X = y = I -2y = 2Ay
x^ 4- y^ = 4
/(|, |) = II is the constrained maximum.
Page 506
to find X = 0, y = ±2 ot x = ±2, j/ = 0 f(/i, ±|) = lnU(l)^
/(O, ± 2) = — 4 is the constrained minimum. The constrained maximum is approximately
/( ± 2, 0) = 4 is a constrained maximum. 0.72.
9- f{x, y) = cos X + cos y; g(x, y) = y - x 13. /(x, y, ^) = x2 + y2 ^
fx=- sin I, A = - sin y,g.= g=l g(x, y, z) = X - 2y + Zz
Solve the system fx = fy= 2y; f= 2z,
— sin X = — X 1; 9y= -2; <7,= 3.
— sin y = X Solve the system
y X A- —
^4 2x = A
^ r A (8n - l)7r (8n + l)7r 2y= -2A

to find X = -V = ——
2z = 3A
If n = 1, /(^, - 1.8478;
X — 2y + 32 = 4
NiOi
If n = 2, « 1.8478; to find A = I and then x = y = — 2 =
The constrained maximum is approximately /(|, — |, |) = I is the constrained minimum.
1.8478 for /(— ^ + titt, ^ + nir) with n even. 15. /(x, y, 2) = 2x2 + ^y2 ^ ^
11. /(x, y) = ln(xj/^); g(x, y) = 2x^ + Zy^ g{x, y, z) = 4x - 8y + 2z
fx = h fy = 9x = 9y = 6y fx = fy= Zy, f= ,
22 g^ = 4,
Solve the system 9y= -Z,g, = 2
I = (4*)A Solve the system
4x = 4A
I = (6y)A
8y= -8A
2x2 ^ 3^2 ^ g
22= 2A
to find X = (x = — is not in the 4x - 8y + 22 = 10
k
domain), y = ±|; to find A = x= — y = z and then
Page 507
— 7)^— 7’^ 7 « -17.3
/(|, — y) = ^ is the constrained minimum. is the constrained minimum.
By using negative values for any two 19. Minimize the square of the distance to obtain
variables in the constraint equation, the third /(x, y, z) = x^ + y^ + z^, subject to
variable can be made arbitrarily large, thus / ^(x, y, z) = Ax + By + Cz = D
can be made arbitrarily large and does not = 2x, fy= 2y, f= 2z,
have a maximum. 9x = A, gy = B, g^= C
17. /(x, y, z) = X - y+z-, Solve the system
g{x, y, z) = x^ + y'^ + z^ 2x= AX
2y = BX
f, = l,f= -l,f= 1,
2z= CX
9x = 2x, gy = 2y, g^ = 2z
Ax + By + Cz = D
Solve the system to find A = 2D

and then
A'^ + B'^ + (f
1 = 2Xx
AD
X =
-l = 2Xy A^ A B^ + CP'
1 = 2Xz BD
y=
A^ B^ (f
x^ + = 100
z = CD
to find X = z= ± y = q: A^ + B^ A C^
v/3’"" "^^/3
rr 10_1^ _1^N _
Let H = A^ B^ the minimum
•^^v/3’ v/3’ 73^ - x/3
= 10^/3 distance is
17.3 S= f(AD M CD\\i/2

H' H )\
is the constrained majcimum and \D\
10 10 \/A^ + B'^ + (f
_ ru lU _ XU ^ 31
_ ou
^/3’ v/3’ 3y v/3

= -lOv/3
Page 508
21. Minimize the square of the distance to obtain to find x=z=S, y=6
Vi z) = ^ -\- + 2^; subject to The largest product is /(3, 6, 3) = 324
ff(x, y, z) = 2x y + z = I 25. Minimize T{x, y, z) = 100 — xy — xz — yz
fx = 2a;, fy= 2y, f= 2z, subject to ^(a;, y, z) = 10, where
~ 2, 1/j, — 1, — 1 g{x, y, z) = a; + y + z;
Solve the system Tx= - y - z

2x= 2X
Ty= -X -z
2y=X
T^= -X - y
2z= X
2x + y -h z = I Ox = ,1 = , 1 <72 = 1
K
to find I = iy = iz = i - y - z = A
—X — z = X
The nearest point is (i, g, g), and the <
-X - y = A
minimum distance is
a: + y + z = 10
s = [f(h 54)]''' to obtain x = y = z = — A/2, and then find
_ J_
■^6
« 0.4082 The lowest temperature is T(^,
23. f{x, y, z) = xy'^z 27. Let X, y denote the sides of the field. We wish
g{x, y, z) = X + y + z =: 12 to maximize A = xy subject to
fx = /y= 2a;y^, 4= xy^, F{x, y) = 2ar + 2y = 320
Ox = 1, = 1 ^x = ^y = a;,
Solve the system F,= 2,F^ = 2.
y^z = X Solve the system

xy^ = X
<
2xyz — X
ar + j/ + z = 12
Page 509
y = 2\
x=2X = 1’ ffy = 1
2x+2y= 320
Solve the system
to find r = y = 80 and the maximum value of
A is (80)(80) = 6,400 yd^
I+ y= 8
29. Let X and y be the radius and height of the
cylinder. Minimize the cost to find r = 2, y = 6. $2,000 to development
f{x, y) = 2(27rx^) + 2Trxy and $6,000 to promotion gives the maximum
subject to sales of/(2, 6) = 50v/2(6\/6) = 600\/3; this
g[x, y) = 47r where g{x, y) = ir^y is about 1,039 units.
fj. = 87r2:+27ry 33. Let s be the length of the living
fy = 2ttx,
g^ = 2'Kxy, gy = -k^
Solve the system
f87rx + 27ry = 2\'nxy
2'kx ■= Xwx^ h=4.
TTj^y = 47r
so by similar triangles,
to obtain y = Ax, and then find the radius

6 f
r = 1 in. and the height y = 4 in. v/3.
31. Maximize f{x, y) = 50r^^^y^^^, subject to = I - 4^/3
g{x, y) = 8 where g{x, y) = a: + y The volume of the livable space is
V = 6(x — 4\/3)y = &xy — 24\/3j/
Page 510
and the surface area of the building is Vj. = yr, Vy = xr, = xy
We must solve the system of equations (for

5=2 + 2xy
nonnegative x, y, and z):

= + 2xy
The problem is to maximize ^

X
= Ky^)
= X{xz)
V = 6(2: — 4y/Z)y subject to
+ 2xy= 500
- K^y)
xyz = C
We have, V^. = 6y, Vy = 6x — 24
Sj. = \/Sx + 2y, Sy = 2x, so we must solve

Solving, we obtain x = y = z = \/C.
the system
37. We must solve the system of equations:
6y = A(v/3 X + 2y)
2x = 20A
61 - 2A^JZ = \{2x)
Ay = 12A
^x^ + 2xy= 500 20x4- 12y= 100
6y _ 61 — 24\/3
We find that A =
y/i r + 2y Solving, we obtain A = 100/236 and then
so that y = X, and then X « 4.24, y « 1.27. In this case, the farmer
v/3 should apply 4.24 acre-ft of water and 1.27 lb

1^ + 22;
(f - #■)■ 500
of fertilizer to maximize the yield.

X R5 13.87
39. Maximize F = = s{s — a)(s — 6)(s — c)
and y 12.04
Since s = |(a + b + c), we substitute this into
35. Minimize F = \ \ F \
hr X y r the formula to find
subject to T = xyz = C. We have
F = |(a+ 6+ c)i(6+ c- a)|(a+ c- b)^{a+b- c)
p _ — 2. p _ — 2. p _ — 2
= ^[2a^b'^ + 2a^c^ + 2b'^c^ - - c^]
Page 511
subject to P=a+b-\-c = Pq. We must 43. f{x, y, z) = xy + xz >
solve the system of equations: g{x, y, z) = 2x + = 5
h{x, y, z) = xy = A
— ^[-4a^ + Aah^ + 4ac^] = A(l)
fr = y + fy= fz= ^
= ^[-46^ + Aba^ + Abc^] = A(l)
9x =2, gy = 0, g^ = S
= ^[-Ac^ + Aca^ + Acb^] = A(l)
K = J/- = 2;, = 0
a + b c — Pq
. Solve the system
Solving, we obtain a = b = c — ^ Pq, so the y + z = 2X + py

x — px
triangle with maximum area is equilateral. < X = ZX
2r + 3z = 5
41. f{x, y, z) = + y'^ + xy = A
g{x, y, z) = X + y - A to find n = I, X = ^, and then
.-—5 „_16 ,_5

h{x, y, z) = y + z = 6 X — ,^1 y — 6
fx = 2x, fy - 2y, 4 = 2z The maximum is /(|, |) = ^
9x = 1, = 1, 0 45. PROFIT = REVENUE - COST
= 0, = 1, 4 = 1 150
m)
Solve the system ( 320y IGOa:

- l,000(x + y)
\^j/+2^2;+4
' 2x= A
2y = X A- p a. g{x, y) = xA- y - ^
< 2z = p
_ 100(160)(4)
x + y = A 1,000
^ {x + Af
y+z=6
_ 100(320)(2)
1,000
to find X = 2/3, y = 10/3, z = 8/3 " {y + 2)2
The minimum is /(|, ^> |) — ^ = 1
Since P^= PyZ= A,
Page 512
. 1,000 critical points by setting P = 0 and

(1 + 4)2
Py = 0, that is
= - 1,000
(y + 2)2
64
Px- 1 = 0
or I + 4 = ± (y + 2) (i + 4)^
{x + 4)^ = 64
Reject the negative solution as leading to
X = 4 and
negative spending. Substituting
64
-1 = 0
y = r + 2 in the constraint equation {y + 2)2
(y + 2)2 = 64
X + y = 8 leads to a: = 3 thousand dollars
y = 6
for development and y = 5 thousand
Thus, $4,000 should be spent on

dollars for promotion.
development and $6,000 should be spent

b. X = Py = - 1,000 « 306.122
on promotion to maximize profit,

(for each $1,000). Since the change in
d. If there were a restriction on the amount

this promotion/development is $100, the
spent on development and promotion,

corresponding increase in profit is $30.61.
then constraints would be

Remember that the Lagrange multiplier is
g{x,y) = x+y = k
the change in maximum profit for a unit
for some positive constant k. The

(one thousand dollars) change in the
corresponding Lagrange equations would

constraint. The actual increase in profit
be
is $29.68.
64
c. To maximize the profit when unlimited {x + 4)
64
funds are available maximize P(x, y)
(J/+2)
without constraints. To do this, find the

and X + y = k. To obtain the answer in
Page 513
part c, eliminate A. Beginning with the 49. Let X, y, z be the length, width, and height of
Lagrange equations from part c, set A = 0 one-eighth of the rectangular box,
to obtain 64/(ar + 4)^ — 1 = 0 or a: = 4, respectively.
and 64/(3/ + 2)^ — 1 = 0 or 3/ = 6, just fix, y, z) = xyz

2 ^
as we found in part c. six, Vi ^ — ~2 2~ ^
a 0 c
47. P = 2pq + (2p -f- 2g)(l - p - q) fx = fy = fz =

= —2p^ — 2pq — 2q^ + 2p 2q
h - ^2- 9z - ^2
Pp= -4p - 2q + 2
Solve the system of equations:
P^= -2p-4q + 2
yz = 2|A, xz = Â, xy = Â
To maximize P, we want P^ = P^ =z 0, so
{— 4p — 2g + 2 = 0 Solving simultaneously.
-2p - 4? + 2 = 0
Solving this system of equations, we obtain

The maximum volume is
p = q =\i and thus r=l — p — 9 = 5- To

8/(-^, ——7=) = cubic units
V3 \/3 \/3 3v/3
form the discriminant, we find
51. The goal is to minimize cost C = px + qy
subject to the fixed production function

so D = ( — 4)( — 4) — ( — 2)^ > 0 and since
Qix, y) - Qq. Since = p and = q, the
P^^ — — 4 < 0, it follows that the critical
three Lagrange equations are
point (|, |) corresponds to a maximum.
Finally, P = >^Qx
9 = AQj
max ~ ^(3’ 3> 3) Qix, y) = Qo
= 2(l)(i) + 2(i)(l) + 2(i)(i)
_ 2
~ 3
Page 514
Solving this system leads to CHAPTER 11 REVIEW
Q,_Sv Proficiency Examination, Pages 770-771

r ~ 1
SURVIVAL HINT: To help you review the concepts of
53. Maximize Q[x, y) = cx^y^ subject to this chapter, handwrite the answers to each of these
questions onto your own paper.
C{x, y) = px + qy = k. We have
1. A function of two variables is a rule that
= cax°‘ ~ ^y^\ = c0x°‘fP ~ ^
assigns to each ordered pair (x, y) in a set D a
= p; C'j, = q.
unique number f(x, y).
We must solve the system of equations
2. The set D in the answer to Problem 1 is
cax°‘ ^y^ = A(p)

called the domain of the function, and the
1 = A(g)
corresponding values of f{x, y) constitute the
px + qy = k
range of /.
a. Solving simultaneously,
3. When the plane z = C intersects the surface
ka
X =
p{a + 13) — ~w
P y ~ ~T
z =■ /(x, y), the result is the space curve with
b. If we drop the condition a -f- /? = 1, the
the equation /(x, y) = C. Such an inter¬
maximum occurs at
section is called the trace of the graph of / in
ka .. _
X =
p{a + f3y ^ q{a + f3)
the plane z = C. The set of points (x, y) in
If k is increased by 1 unit, the maximum
the xy-plane that satisfy /(x, y) = (7 is called
output increases by
the level curve of /at C, and an entire family
ka a—1 k/3
ca of level curves (or contour curves) is generated
p{a + 13) q{a + /?)
dk~ P
as C varies over the range of /.
= <a 4. The notation
55. Answers to this research problem will vary. lim /(x, y) = L

(r, 3/)—»(ro, Vq)
Page 515
means that the functional values /(x, y) can d. lim («» S')
(x, y)-^(rg.
be made arbitrarily close to L by choosing a lim /(x, y)

(X, y)^{xQ, yg)_
point (x, y) sufficiently close (but not equal) lim <7(x, y)
(x, y)—►(xg, yg)
to the point (xq, j^q). In other words, given

= jj (MÔ)
some € > 0, we wish to find a 6 > 0 so that
6. The function /(x, y) is continuous at the
for any point (x, y) in the punctured disk of
point (xg, jg) if and only if
radius 6 centered at (xq, j/q), the functional
1- /(2ô> S'o) defined;
value /(x, y) lies between L — e and L e.
2. lim fix, y) exists;
(x,y)^(xg,yg)'
Suppose lim /(x, y) = L and
(r, y)-+(a:o, Jq)
3. lirn /(x, y) = /(xg, yg).
lim o(x, y) = M (x, y) ^(Xg, yg)
(x, 3/)->(Xg, Vq)
Then, for a constant a. Also, / is continuous on a set S in its domain
^ / X**"} S') = if it is continuous at each point in S.

(r, y)^(a;Q, S/q)
7. If z = /(x, y), then the (first) partial

t>- , lim [/ + g]{x, y)
{x, y)—>(xQ, yg)
derivatives of / with respect to x and y are the

lim /(x, y)
[x, y)-^(i;g, 3^g)
functions and f^, respectively, defined by
+ lim g{x, y)
(x, y)—>(ig, yg) f(x + Ax, y) - /(x, y)
/r(*> S') = lim Ax
Ax—>0
= L + M
^ Ay—+0
c. lim y)
(x, y)-^{xQ, yg)
provided the limits exist.
, lim S')
(X, y)-*(xQ, yg) 8. The line tangent at Pg(xo, yg, ^g) to the trace
X lim g{x, y) of z = /(x, y) in the plane S' = S'o slope

(x, y)-^(xg, yg)
= LM /x(*0> S'o)- Likewise, the line tangent at Pq to
Page 516
the trace of z = /(x, y) in the plane at P, then
X = Xq has slope y^). A/ = /(xq+Ax, yQ +Aj/) -/(xq, j/q)
fxiô^ »o)Aa; +fy{xo, yQ)Ay

^ yh dxdy' dydx
so that
^XX’ ^ yy^ ^ yx’> f xy
/(xq + Ax, j/q + Ay)
10. Let z = /(x, y); Az = Âx + Ây
« /(®o> Vo) + /r(*o> J'o)Aa; + fyixQ, yo)Ay
where Ax = dx, Ay = dy, and
13. If z = /(x, y) and Ax and Aj/ are increments
Az = fÂx + fyAy.
of X and y, respectively, and if we let dx = Ax
11. Suppose /(x, y) is defined at each point in a
and dy = Ay he differentials for x and y,
circular disk that is centered at (xq, j^q) and
respectively, then the total differential of
contains the point (xq + Ax, j/q -f Ay).
/(x, y) is
Then / is said to be differentiable at (xq, j/q) if
the increment of /can be expressed as

14. Let /(x, y) be a differentiable function of x
^/= /j:(ô> yo)^^+fy{ô^ yo)Ay+eiAx+e2Aj/
and j/, and let x — x{t) and y = y{t) be
where Cj —> 0 and ^2 0 ^s both Ax —> 0 and
differentiable functions of t. Then z = /(x, y)
Ay —» 0 (and = 62 = 0 when Ax= Ay = 0).
is a differentiable function of t, and
Also, /(x, y) is said to be differentiable on the
dz _ dz dx I dz dy
dt ~ dx dt^ dy dt
region R of the plane if /is differentiable at
15. Suppose z = /(x, y) is differentiable at (x, y)
each jxdnt in R.
and that the partial derivatives of x = x(«, x)
12. If y(x, y) and its partial derivatives /^ and /^
and y = y{u, v) exist at (w, v). Then the
are defined in an open region R containing the
composite function z = /[x(«, x), j/(«, x)] is
point P(xq, j/q) and /^ and /^ are continuous
differentiable at («, x) with
Page 517
^^ I ^^ 1 dz _ dz dx I dz
du ~ dx du^ dy du dv ~ dx dv'^ dy dv
16. Let / be a function of two variables, and let DJix, y) = Vf-u
u = tiji 4- be a unit vector. The 20. Suppose / is differentiable and let V/q denote
directional derivative of /at Jô) the gradient at Pq. Then if V/g / 0:
the direction of u is given by (1) The largest value of the directional
Vo) derivative of D^f is || V/q|| and occurs
_ /(jq 4- hu^, yp + hu^) - /(xp, yp)

when the unit vector u points in the
provided the limit exists. direction of V/g.
17. Let / be a differentiable function at (i, y) and (2) The smallest value of D^f is “■||^/o||
let f(x, y) have partial derivatives /^.{x, y) occurs when u points in the direction of
and fy{x, y). Then the gradient of /, -V/g.
denoted by V/, is the vector given by 21. Suppose the function / is differentiable at the
V/Ci, y) = fj.{x, y)i + fy{x, y)j point Pq and that the gradient at Pq satisfies
18. Let / and g be differentiable functions. Then V/g 7 ^ 0. Then V/g is orthogonal to the
a. Vc = 0 for any constant c level surface f{x,y,z) = Kait Pq.
b. V(a/+ bg) = aVf 4- bVg 22. Suppose the surface S haa a nonzero normal
c- V(/?) =/Vfir 4- ^V/ vector N at the point Pq. Then the line
through Pq parallel to N is called the normal
e. v{r) = nr-'^vf line to S at Pq, and the plane through Pq
19. If / is a differentiable function of x and y, then with normal vector N is the tangent plane to
the directional derivative at the point S at Pg.
Pq{xq, j/q) in the direction of the unit vector u 23. The function /(x, y) is said to have an
Page 518
absolute maximum at (xq, j/q) if and assume that / has continuous partial
/(aô’ Vo) ^ y) (^' y) the derivatives in a disk centered at (xg, yg).
domain D of /. Similarly, / has an absolute Let
minimum at (xq, y^) if /(xg, yg) < y) ^ = fxxiô^ yo)fyy{^0^ yo) - [fxyiÔ, yo)?
for all (x, j/) in D. Collectively, absolute Then, a relative maximum occurs at Pq if
maxima and minima are called absolute D > 0 and /^^(rg, yg) < 0
extrema. A relative minimum occurs at Pq if
24. Let / be a function defined at (xg, yg). Then > 0 and /^^(xg, yg) > 0
/(xg, yg) is a relative maximum if A saddle point occurs at PqH D < 0.
f{x, y) < f{xQ, Vq) for all (x, y) in an open If D = 0, then the test is inconclusive.
disk containing (xg, yg). /(xg, yg) is a relative 27. A function of two variables /(x, y) assumes
minimum if /(x, y) > /(xg, yg) for all (x, y) an absolute extremum on any closed, bounded
in an open disk containing (xg, yg). set 5 in the plane where it is continuous.
Collectively, relative maxima and minima are Moreover, all absolute extrema must occur
called relative extrema. either on the boundary of S or at critical
25. A critical point of a function /defined on an points in the interior of 5.
open set 5 is a point (xg, yg) in S where either 28. Given a set of data points (x^, y^), a line
one of the following is true: y = mx + b, called a regression line, is
(1) /r(ô> yo) = yo) = 0- obtained by minimizing the sum of squares of
(2) yo) or fy{xQ, yg) does not exist (one distances y^ — {mXj. + b).
or both). 29. Assume that / and g have continuous first
26. Let /(x, y) have a critical point at Pq{xq, yg) partial derivatives and that / has an
Page 519
extremum at Pq{xq, j/q) on the smooth f -_y_
constraint curve g{x, y) = c. If
^9{^0i J/q) ^ there is a number A such that
y{-2x'^y)
Vo) = Vq). a/i - x^y^ (1) -
2y/l — 2^y^
30. Suppose / and g satisfy the hypotheses of 2 2
1 - x^y
Lagrange’s theorem, and suppose that /(r, y)

1 —
has an extremum (minimum and/or a
maximum) subject to the constraint

(1 -
g{x, y) = c. Then to find the extreme values,
proceed as follows: x{—2xy^)

\/l - x^/ (1) -
1. Simultaneously solve the following three 2 2
1 - X y
equations:
1 2 2, 22
1 — X y + X y
fj,x, y) = \gj,x, y)
“ (1 -
y) = ^9y{^. y)
_ 1
9{x, y) = c (1 -
2. Evaluate / at all points found in Step 1.

oo ^ , djv ^ , dw ^
dt ~ dx dt'^ dy di dz di
The largest of these values is the
= 2xy(t cos t + sin i)
maximum value of /and the smallest of
+ {jp + 2yz){— < sin t + cos i) + y^{2)
these values is the minimum value of /.
If < = TT, then a; = 0, y = - tt, 2 = 27r and
31. f{x, y) = sm~^xy
^ = 0 - 2(-7r)(27r) + 27r2 =
Recall ^ sin =
1 du.
ax
33. /(i, y, z) = xy + yz -y xz at (1, 2, - 1)
Page 520
V/= (y + z)i + (r + z)j + (y + 2:)k fx =^xy+ ?
V/= i + 3kat Po(l, 2-1) fy = ^ + 2yz
b fz=y^ + 22:2:
ilôQll
-2i-j fx+fy + fz = ^xy + ^ + x^ -\- 2yz + y^ + 2zx
■ 75
= {x + y + z)^
DM) = V/ • «
37. f{x, y) = x'^ + 2x^y^ + y^
_ - 2
"75 V/ = (42:^ + 4xy^)i + (42r^y + 4y^)j
_ - 275
V/o = V/(2,-2) = 64(i-j)
- 5
A unit vector in the direction of ^ is

The directional derivative has its greatest
1 • , 73.
value in the direction of the gradient, u = -2I +
DM = V/o. u
u = - The magnitude is
Tio
= -32 - 32v/3
IIV/ll = \/Io.
« -87.4
. 34. lim /(i, y) along the line y = 2: is
y)—*(0. 0)
38. /(x, y) = 12xy - 22:^ - y^
lim
1
x-ô 2'
/j, = 12y - 4x
The limit does not equal /(O, 0) so the

4 = 12x - 4y^
function is not continuous at (0, 0).
f^=f^z=0 when x = 3y and 36y = 4y^;
y
35. f{x, y) = In I = In y — In 2:
critical points are (0, 0), (9, 3) and
f = — -
Jx f = -
X' jy y» (-9, -3).
f = - —
^yy y2' f.,= -4
fxy = 0
= ‘2
36. f{x, y, z) = x^y y^z + ?x
f„ = -
Page 521
^ y fxx fxy fyy ^ Classify point ( -* §) 0)
0 0 —4 12 0 — saddle point
Ona:=2, 0<3/<l,/2= - Aip + A- If!
9 3 -4 12 —108 + rel max f^' = - 83/ + 6 = 0 when 3/ = |;
-9 -3 -4 12 -108 + rel max point (2, |)
39. f{x, y) = + 21/^ + 2x + Z subject to On 3^ = 1, -2<x<2,f3 = ^ + Zx+2
g{x, y) = x^ + ^ = 4 /g' = 2a: + 3 = 0 when a: = — |;
point (-|, 1)
2i + 2 = 2xX
On a:= - 2, 0 < 3^ < 1,/j = -A^ + 633-2;
Ay = 2y\
f4= - 833 + 6 = 0 when 33 = |;
x^ + ^ = A
point ( - 2, |)
From the second equation: A = 2 or y = 0. The candidate points are ( — §) 5)) ( — §> 0),
If A = 2, 2a: + 2 = 41, r = 1, and from the

(2, |), ( -|. 1). ( - 2, |), and the corner
constraint equation y = i \/3- If J/ = 0 the

points (- 2, 0), ( - 2, 1), (2, 0), (2, 1).
constraint equation gives x = dt2. The set of x 33 f{x, 33)
-3/2 3/4 0
candidates: (1, \/3), (1,— \/3)) (2)0), (— 2,0).
-3/2 0 — 9/4 min
/(l,v/3) = 12; /(I, -v/3) =12; /(2, 0) = 11;
2 3/4 49/4 max
/(— 2, 0) = 3. f{x, y) has a maximum of 12 -3/2 1 -1/4
-2 3/4 1/4
at (1, ± \/3) and a minimum of 3 at (— 2, 0).
-2 0 -2
40. f{x, y) = x^ — Ay^ + 3a; -|- 63/
-2 1 0
f^=2x+Z;fy= -8J/+6 2 0 10
2 1 12
/j:— /y — 0ifa^ = ~2’y~4
The largest value of /is 49/4 at (2, |) and the
For the boundary:
smallest is — 9/4 at ( — 3/2, 0).
On 3/ = 0, - 2 < a: < 2, /i = a:^ + 3a:
/j' = 2a;+3 = 0 when i = — |;
Page 522
Chapter 12, Multiple Integration
CHAPTER 12
Multiple Integration
12.1 Double Integration Over Rectangular Regions,
Pages 785-786
4 2
SURVIVAL HINT: Be careful to use the x boundaries 5. dy dx
X - y
with dx and y boundaries with dy, for whatever
3 1
iteration you choose.
4
^2 Vi 3/2 ^2
= I -xln|x - y||2 dx
|/(x, y) dy dx or j /(x, y) dx dy
^1 y\ Vi
2 1 = I [x ln(x - 1) - xln(r - 2)] dx

1. (x^ -f xy -f y^) dy dx 3
0 0
= În 3 - lOln 2 + \
2 xy^ y^
dx
-\ SURVIVAL HINT: Problems 7-12 are concerned with
0
the idea of evaluating a double integral by relating it
to a volume.
height
13
I =
R area of base
ha
3
= 32
2
3. \\\-^^dy dx= [I -Mn y dx height
1 1 1 . I j (4 - y) rf.4 = 1(4)(4)73)
e area of cross section
= J(ln 2 + x~ dx
= 24
(e^- l)(ln 2) -I- 2
Page 523
height
11. idA = 1(4)(2) 'W' 19. sin(x + y) dA
^ area of cross section

R
7r/47r/2
= 24
sin(x + y) dy dx
2 1
0 0
13. x^y dA = x^y dy dx
it/4
R 1 0
[cos(x + t) ~
2
2 2
xy
dx
= 1
1 2
21. (2x + Zy) dA = (2x + 3y) dy dx

R 0 0
6 1
= (4x + 6) dx
7
0
6
= 8
0 In 2
15. 2xe^dA = 2xe^ (iy dx

2 2*r oi
R 1 0
1-
«|n
—
1) dx
+
23.
H
(| + dy dx =
0
1 ]
2x(e^^ — 1) dx
— 1
= [|ln. + l(ln 2)^]\l
= -1
* *
: = 3 ln2
2xy dA 2xy
17. dy dx
1
x^ + 1
+
«
R 0 1
1 4
1 25. dydx=i dx
= 4 2r dx 0 0 0
+ 1
0
- M
= 4 In 2 “ 9
Page 524
1 1
27.
II
0 0
xy
+ I
dy dx 33. A double integral J
R
J /(x, y) rfA is often
Let u — x^ -h ~l~ 1; du — 2y dy evaluated as an iterated integral
I
= I Xy/x^ + y'^ + 11 ^ dx I I fix, y) dy dx in which Jîntegration is
1 performed first with x held constant, and then

= J j(\/1^ + 2 — + l] dx
x-integration is performed. Likewise, the
0
iterated integral J J /(x, y) dx dy involves

= i[(*^ + 2f>^ - (x^ + lf/2]|^
x-integration, then întegration. Fubini’s
theorem says that the two iterated integrals

v^-l^ + 5
are equal:
1• 1^ 1
29. (r+j/)^ dy dx = ^ [(a:+ 1)® — a;®] dx fix, y) dy dx= /(x, y) dx dy
0 0 0
= I j/(*,!r) dA
= 3
R
7r/2 7r/2
I I
0 0
(r cos y + y sin x) dy dx
35. Answers vary; use Riemann sums to find
7r/2
7r/2
A/ = J J ^(x, y) dA
X sin y -f i y^sin x dx R
7r^2 2 1
= ' If X + -g- sin X \I dx

37. jx(l - dxdy='f dy
0 0 0
2 2 7r/2
X 7r v,„„ ^
2 8 ^ 0
~ 9 9
TT
4
Page 525
3 2
39.
11
1 1
^
xy
dy dx - A « (0.25)2^5^ Zfc
« (0.0625)(23)
_ 1 [x ln(2:^ 4- 4) — a; ln(a;^ + 1)] dx
~ 2
w 1.44
+ 4)ln(r2 + 4) - (a:2 ^ + 1) - 3]
f f d\df(x, y)
dA
= 45.
J JM dx
R
'2 "2
d df{x, y) dy dx
= i{l31n 13 - 151n 5 - 81n 2]
dy dx
"1 H
« 0.91
41. The graph of the equation z = f{x, y) is a

= 1k y=yi
y=yi
dx
paraboloid opening downward with vertex at

df{x, j/2) df{x, y^)
dx
dx dx
z = 4 and intercepts at ( ± 2, 0, 0) and
(0, ± 2, 0). The integral represents the

= f{x, y2) - f{x:, J/i) I
volume above the unit square in the first
quadrant. The minimum value for z is = /(a^2' S'2)-/(*!' y2)-/(®2’ Vl)+ /(*!> J^l)
/(I, 1) = 2. Since z > 2 over the given region 1 1

y - X
47. dx dy Use partial fractions
i?, the value of the integral will be greater {x + yf
0 0
than the volume of the “box” with unit base 1 1
r 2j/ 1 dx dy
and height 2. + yf {x + yf
0 0
43. Approximations may vary depending on the 1 '
» *
2?/ {x + y)~^ dx - (x + y) ~
the evaluation of z^. over each cell of the grid.
0 ) ()
Page 526
1
= j2 y{x + y) - 2^ - (a;+ y) - T= 1
r=: 0
dy
_ _1
~ 2
=I 0
+ yf
dy
Fubini’s theorem does not apply because the
1
integrand is not continuous at (0, 0).
= |(3/+ 1)“ dy
-111
= -(y + 1) 12.2 Double Integration Over Nonrectangular
'0
Regions, Pages 793-795
“ "5+ ^ SURVIVAL HINT: Draw a sketch of the region of
-i
“ 2
integration and decide on vertical or horizontal strips.
For vertical strips you must have numerical values for
the X limits and either numerical or y = y(x)
1 1
expressions for the y-limits:
II
0 0
y - X
(x + y)
3 dy dx Use partial fractions
^2 y2 = 92i^)
I I fix, y) dy dx
1 1
22/ ^1 =
dy dx
{x + y)-* (a: -f- y)^
0 0 For horizontal strips, you must have numerical values
for the y limits and either numerical or x = A(y)
1
expressions for the x-limits:
dx
(x 4- yy 2/2 X2 = h^{x)
0 *-
Formula 49 where u = y, b = x, and a = 1

j j fix, y) dx dy
y\ x^ = hiix)
-1
dx 1. If f(x, y) > 0 on R, then the volume of the
OL
region under z = fix, y) and above R is given
1
I (i + 1)" dx by
= (r + 1)
11 jj
-II fix, y) dA.
' 0 R
Page 527
Student Survival Manual for Calculus, Third Edition by Strauss/Bradley/Smitb
SURVIVAL HINT: Your might want to find out from 2x^ dx

your instructor if you should refer to your procedure 0
as Type I and Type II, or if you should simply use the
words vertically simple (vertical strips) or horizontally
_ 2
“ 3
simple (horizontal strips), respectively.
4 4-x 4
\/l2 -
xy dy dx I (4 - dx dx dy
0 0 0 ° y^/4
4j;2 _ 4 3 , ^
0
- 32
“ 3 2^3
y
-f 6 sin ^
Vertically simple:
2v/3 0
5.
Page 528
= i sin^2
0
« 0.1253
- 27
~ 2 15. Horizontally simple:
11. Vertically simple:
7r/3 7r/3
isin dx dy X
= /[- cos y. 0
dy
1 X
I + 2i^)dydx
— cos y) dy
0 0
« 0.1812

17. Horizontally simple:
' f f ^
dx dy = ^ dy
0 0 0
1
= 1- 1) dy
0
1
2 sin X 2
JJ
0 0
y cos X dy dx = iy \ sinî cos x dx
i jsu
0
Page 529
= i(e - 1) - i 23. Horizontally simple:

2
•
2-
-
b - 1 y dx dy
II
D 0 i
19. Vertically simple (change order):
1
^/4 7r/4 tan X = I (2j/ - j/^ - /) dy
sec X dx dy =
0 0
1 0
tan
7r/4 12
sec X [y] I dx
0
7r/4
sec X tan x dx lx 2 1/^
21 d/1 = 2x dy dx -f 2x dy dx
7r/4 D 0 0 1 0
= [sec x]\
1
2x^ dx + I dx
= - 1
21. Vertically simple: = I + 2 In 2
1 1
w 2.0530
I (r -f y) = I{x + y) dy dx
D 0 ^
27. Horizontally simple:
(r + 5 - ^y) dx
12x^6^ dA = J J 12a;ê^ dx dy
1
2 D 0 y
1/3
1 y
= 12 y^ dx dy
Page 530
= 4 (y - y^)e^ dy (x - 3)(x + 1) = 0
0
x= -1, 3
1
= 4 ye^ dy — A yê^ dy That is, at (- 1, 1) and (3, 9). It is
vertically simple.
Let u = du = 2y dy
J J
3 2x+3
X rfy rfx = x dy dx
= 2 e“ — 2 we" du
D
-1 x2
= [2e* - 2(.e“ - Ol|J = J xy| ^ dx

— 1
= 2e - 4
3
« 1.4366 = I x[2x + 3 - x2] dx

-1
29. We reverse the order:
TT TT
3
II
D
sin X
dx dy =
0
I
y
sm X
dx dy =0 |x3 + 3*2 1
4^ - 1
TT X
3
sm X
^ dy dx
33.
0 0
■K
sm X,
(x) dx
= [ — cos x] I ^
'o
= 2
31. The parabola y = x^ and the line j/ = 2x + 3

a. (x^ - 8x2 ^
intersect when
0 0
x^ = 2x + 3 - 32
“ 3
x^ - 2x - 3 = 0
Page 531
4 4-j
1 x^ 1 .
xy dx dy = ^ {y^ - + 16y) dy
0 0 a. J" J ~ 2 J* ^
0 ^2 0
— X
3 _ 2
“ 3
35.
1 c 1
* p
(fx (fy + dx dy
«
1 1
= 2 rfi dy
= 2 (1 - yj/) dy
1 2X 1
~ ^ dy dx = (e^ - 1) dx
2
0 X 0 3
= e - 2
1 y 2 1
.y — x
dx dy -y dx dy
0 y/2 1 y/2
1 2
0 1
= e - 2
Page 532
dy 41.
i.kn
2 1
l.i j j /(a;, dx
0 x/2
2y/3 2v/3
= I rfy - i j / dy -1.S -IJ -s^ t.t I.S
-l.l-
Formula 231
-I.I-
2v/3
8 sin 1 I + |v/l6 - ^ - |g
0 43. 2 2r
_ ^ , 2v/3
j j /(*» y) dx
“ 3 3 0 r2
9.5323
■v/eic 4 V 16 -
b. dy dx + dy dx
0 0 2 0
45.
2 4
= J ^QxX dx + V^16 — dx
Formula 231
2v^ .3/2
3
+
8v/3 The curves intersect when

+ ( - 2^/3 + ^)
|=v^
— ^ 4-
“ 3 3 + 9y - 36 = 0
9.5323 (y-3)(y+12) = 0
Intersection: (1, 3)
Page 533
1 3x 2 4-a;
f{x, y) dy dx + fix, y) dy dx X = x^ — '6x
0 0 1 0
x^ — 7x = 0
47.
x=0,7
that is, at (0, 0) and (7, 7). Also
x^ — 6x = y
X = 3 ± + y
Q 3+y^9+y 7 3+y/9+^
The curves intersect when
fix, y)dx dy + f{x, y) dx dy
x^ = Q — X
3-^9+^ 0 y
x^ + X — 6 = 0
7/3 (7 - 3x)/2
(x + 3)(r - 2) = 0 51. V= j (7 — 3x — 2y) dy dx

0 0
Intersections: (2,4) and ( — 3,9)
53. Using symmetry of x^ + = 3, and

4 9 6 — y
• A A
f{x, y) dx dy + f{x, y) dx dy x^ + + 2^ = 7, we have
° - v^
\/3 y/ 3 — x^
V=S \/7 — 3? — ^ dy dx
49.
0 0
55. The projection of the ellipsoid on the xy-plane
is the ellipse
The line y = x intersects the parabola Using symmetry of the ellipsoid, we have
y = x^ — 6r when
Page 534
a {b/a)y/J^
Using vertical strips and symmetry:

1 V' “ 7 ■ *
0 0
a (6/a)\/a^-i^
57. The volume removed from the sphere
dy dx
+ 2^ = 2
—10 1
0
by the square cylindrical hole centered at the Using horizontal strips:

origin is
1 1
h (a/6)\/6^ - y^
= 8 J I y/2 - 3^ -
0 0
dy dx
\ 0
dxdy
b
*
We have used the symmetry of the sphere and
4a
y/h^ - y^dy
b
square to simplify the integral. Thus, the 0
volume that remains is

. 4a ^sin-'l+lvA^
■ b
1 1
I \/2 - i" - dx
0 0 4a wb^
_1
b
• 59.
= TTab
We find the limits of integration:
Page 535
63. [9(1 - yf - §(1 - y)^y - 3(1 - y)
- 1(2/ - if + 2(j/ - Ify + 2{y - 1)] dy
[-#(j/ - if - §(3/ - lfj/+ 5(j/ - 1)] dy
2 1 6 1 18 ~ 24
8• (1/31^3
f{x, y) dx dy
67. (Sx + y) dy dx
1 1/3 0
y
[2x-\/9 — ^ — |(x^ - 9)] dx
Let M = 9 — du = —2xdx
3/2 2 ^3 3
27® 0
= 22
69. The integral is the volume of a cylinder of
radius 3 and height 3 minus the volume of a

The lines intersect at (— 2, 0), (3, 0), and
cone of radius 3 and height 3:

(0, 1).
1 3-3j/ V = TfP'h — 5777^/1
(x^ — xy — 1) dx dy
= 37r(3)2 - f(32)(3)
0 2y —2
= IStt
1 r 3(1 - y)
x^ — X dy
2(y-l) 71. The integral is the volume of a cylinder of
radius 4 and height 4 minus the volume of a
cone of radius 4 and height 4:
Page 536
V = nr^h — îrr^h
= ?(4^)(4)
_ I287r
~ 3
73. Let f(x, y) = Then, since
— 1 < sin I < 1, we have
mA < I fix, y) dA < MA

D
1 2-23,
I0 3,-1
e~ydxdy<\
•'
dx dy
1 2-23,
< dx dy
0 3,-1
3e ^ < I dx dy < 3(e - 2)

)
1.10 < j dx dy < 2.15
The value of the integral is between 1.10 and
2.15. (The actual value is approximately
1.63.)
12.3 Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates,

Pages 801-804
SURVIVAL HINT: Since polar equations are often

_ 327r
periodic [e.g. /(O) = /(27r)], it is sometimes a good “ 3
idea to make use of any symmetry in the graph. Find
the area of the smallest symmetric piece and multiply « 33.5103
by the number of such pieces.
Page 537
jj- 2(1-co8 6)
11 . 2| J r dr d9 >
0 0
TT
1 + cos 29
= 4 1—2 cos 9 4- d9
0
= Gtt
4 cos 39 7r/6
13 . 61 I r ifr = 481 cos'^S^

0 0
7r/6
= [4 sin Q9 + 240]| ^
= 0
= 4ir
cos 20 7r/4
15. 8
1 1
0 0
r rfr = 4 J cos^ 29 d9
0
=c i sin 40 + 20
7r/4
TT
2
2 sin 9 TT jT,
dr d6 = 2 sin 9 d9
17. r = 1 and r = 2 sin 0; the circles intersect
0 0 0
= 2 when
27r 4 2Tr 1 = 2 sin 0

I r </r = 8 J*
bo 0
sin ^ ^
= IBtt 0 = sin ~ ^ i
« 50.2655 — K
~ 6
Half the area is spanned by ^ < 0 < ^
Page 538
and 1 < r < 2 sin $, so we have: The curves intersect when
3 cos ^ = 1 + cos 0
2sin0 7r/2
7r/6
J
1
r dr do =
Trl&
(4 sin^0 — 1) dO cos 0 ^
0 = cos ~ ^ i = f
3cos0
n/2
= \0 — 2 sin 6 cos 0]|
7r/6
2J J r dr dO
® 1+CO80
= |(27r + 3^) 7r/3
= I [9 cos^^ - (1 -f- cos 0)“^] dO

— IL I
~ 3 2 0
7r/3
» 1.913
= I (s S2;.2» + 1 _ 2 cos 9 - l) dO
19. r = 1 and r = 1 cos 6-, use symmetry about 0
7r/3
the polar axis and the equation of the quarter
= j (3 + 4 cos 20 - 2 cos 0) rf0
circle.
TT 1+C08 9
= TT + 2 sin ^ - 2 sin J
2[|7r(l)2] + 2 j j rdrdO
7r/2 0
= TT
TT
= +2 J cosÔ -h cos 0 -j- ^ do
23. The bottom half of the loop is scanned out as
7r/2
0 varies from 27r/3 to tt. Thus, the area is

TT
= ^ + 2|^| cos 0 sin 0 -f sin 0 + ^0
■kI\2
TT 1+2 COS0
_ TT I 37r — 8
j4 = 2 J J r dr dO
“ 2 4 27r/3 0
_ Stt « TT
“4 ^ = 2| i[l + 2 cos 0]2 d0
27r/3
1.9270
21. r = 3 cos 0 and r = 1 + cos 0
Page 539
TT» 7r/2 a
: (1+4 COS 6 + 4 cosÔ) dO dA dr d6
27r/3
0 0
7r/2
= [0 + 4 sin 6 + 26 + sin 26] I ^ = 2 ln(a^ + d6

7r/3
w/2
4v/3
= IT — + 2\n2 d6
2
0
3i/3
= TT —
= TT In 2
w 0.5435
29.
1 1
fix, y) - a + r
SURVIVAL HINT: One of the most common errors a + \/x^ + y^
when converting from Cartesian to polar integration is
forgetting the factor of “r." That is,
1 dA
dy dx = dA = r dr d6
a + y/x^ + y"^
25. fix, y) = y^\ since y = r sin 6, y^ = r^sin^0 2TT a

_L - r dr d6
a + r
27r a 0 0
y^ dA = r^ s\n^6rdrd6
27r a
D 0 0
27r
= ' \{l - 1+-^'‘r ^
0 0
a 1 — cos 26 d6
4
27r
= (a — a In 2a + a In a) d6
afir 0
= 27ra(l + In |) or 27ra(l — In 2)
27. fix, y) =
c? + ‘^ + y^ c? +
Page 540
27r 2 27r 2
31. J J y </y4 = J* J* sin 0 dr 37. = J J*(4 — r^)r dr dO
D 0 0
0 0
■ Ik ^ a
27r
I sin 9 dO do
0
271
= 0
7^/2 3
= 1 0
4 de
33. d>l = 4 f f re’' dr d9 = Stt

D 0 0
7r/2 a 7r/2 3
0
y - 1) d9
39.
I
0 0
X dy da; = J
0
j (r cos $){r dr dO)
0
= 7r(e® - 1)
7r/2
cos 9 d9
25,453 = /'
7r/2
35. J j'ln(a:^ + y^ + 2) dy4
= 9 |cCOS 9 d9
D
7r/2 2
7r/2
= J r ln(r^4-2) drdO = 9[sin 0]|
0 0
= 9
7r/2
= j i[(r^ + 2)ln(r^ + 2) - (r^ + 2)] de
I J ,w
2 \/4 —
7r/2 2
0
41. dx dy = J J e’’ r dr d9
7r/2
0 0 0 0
(3 In 6 - In 2 - 2) dd
7r/2
ie’' d0
L2 0
= Itt In 3 + TT In 2 - tt 0
7r/2
4.2131 d^
Paê 54i
7r/2
[ - v/9 - 4 4- v/9] d0
C
= - 1) = (
1.200
« 42.096
4 ■^4y—y^
» A 2 \j2x-
• ^
43. -7 dx: dy
47. ^ dy dx
yjTf + y^
0 0 ^ + r
0 0
4sin0
rr 21 2 cos 6
Y r dr dO » A
rcos0 - rsinO ^
0 0
r
0 0
Tr/2
4 sin 6 dO Tr/2
0 [cos 6 — sin 0](2cos0) dO

0
7r/2
7r/2
= [ — 4 cos 0] I
sin 20 4- I cos 20 + 0
0
= 0 - (-4)
TT — 2
2
= 4
0.5708
\/4 — 3/^
45. dx dy 49.
\/9 -
0 0
7r/2 2
• /*
r dr dO
\/9 -
0 0
7r/2
_(9 _ r^)^/2|2
0
The curves intersect at
0 = 7r/4 and at the pole.
Page 542
4sin0 7r/4
f f
sin 0 cos 0 dr d$ - a2 [ 1 - cos 20
0 0 J ^
0
4cos^ = - 2)
+J j ^ ^ ^
7r/4 0
27r 5
53. = 1 |v/5^ dr d9
TCfA 7r/2 0 3
= 4-^ J sin^0 cos 0 + J cos^0 sin 6 dO 27r
0 7r/4 -1(25 - dO
0
r « 1 7r/2
sin^0 COS®0 27r
= 4-^
6 64
7r/4 de
0
1 ' 1 Is
+ _ 1287r
v/2 ~ 3
134.0413
4-^
6-4
55. The circle = 2x in polar form IS

8
3
r = 2 cos 0. Half the solid is above the xy-
51. The curves intersect at 0 = 7r/4. Making use
plane and half is below.
of the symmetry we will integrate the sin 6
curve from 0 to 7r/4 to get half of the desired

V
= JJ D
z dA
area. 2 cos 0
= 4J y/A — r dr dO
a sin 6
0 0
A = 2J J r dr dd
7r/2
0 0
= 4 — |(sin^0 — 1) d9
7r/4 0
sin^d
de
'Kl2
-cos 0-1-^ - 0
3 0
Page 543
1^ 2 sin 9
= tCSit - 4) J r^cQS 9 dr d9
0 0
« 9.6440 2 cos 9
57. The circle = x in polar form is

+
7r/4
I
0
cos 9 dr d9
ir/4
r = cos 0.
• ^ j(2 sin ^)^cos 9 d9
V= z dA
D
7r/2
cos 6
j(2cos0)^cos 9 d9
= 4 (1 — 1^) r dr d9
7r/4
0 0 Formula 320
tt/2 7r/4
Ssin'*^
-1( 0
cos^0 cos‘*0
) de 3 4 0
7r/2
j. ® M 4- sin 29 I sin A9
57r ■^3 8'^ 4 *^32 7r/4
16
1 , (37r - 8)
w 0.9817
“ 6 12
59. The curves intersect at 0 = ^. For 0 < 0 < ^, we 2L _ i

4 2
use the curve r = 2 sin 0, and for j < 0 < ^ we

« 0.2854
use the curve r = 2 cos 6. Thus,

61. The first solution can’t be correct because cos 9
I Jarrfyl = J Jr cos 0(r dr dO)
D is negative for ir/^ < 9 <Tr. The second solution
D
is correct.
63. The intersection of the plane z = R — a and
the sphere is
Page 544
i^ = - (R - a)2 2 = fix, y) = 2 - lx - \y
= a{2R - a)
Thus, the projected region is the disk
D: < a{2R — a). The volume is given by
V= \ ]^zdA
D
2ir — a) 0 0
=1 j - (R-a)] rdrdd
= (“ 21+8) dx
0
0
_ 16>/E
“ 4
2j
3 3a{R—a)(2R—a)
R-^ - {R - ay- = 4y/n
3
= i7ra^(3ii — a) « 18.3303
The volume of the cap is half the volume of the „ . o o

3. 2 = f{x, y) = x^ + y^
hemisphere when
i7ra^(3f? — a) = i(|7ri2^)
a w0.6527i2 (using technology) fy — ^V
y/fJ^+fy^+1 = v'iTTlTTT
= \/4r^d-1.
12.4 Surface Area, Pages 810-811
SURVIVAL HINT: Do not try to evaluate any but the projected region is 2^ + ^ < 1; so
simplest of the radical expressions "in your head." ^ ^
You will make fewer errors If you take the time to — ‘
write down the values fy, square them, add 1, and
then take the square root.
Page 545
2ir 1
S= y/Ar^ + 1 r dr dO .+ // + 1 = V4?TT
0 0
2 2
27r 1 5 = y/Ax^ + 1 dy dx
_ 1 \/4r^ + T (8r dr) dO 0 0
“ 8
0 0
2• _
27r y/Ax^ + 1(2 dx)
X (5v^ - 1) de 0
12
= f (5^/5 - 1) = îv/4?TT + |ln]2a; + \/4?”-fT|^
Formula 168
5.3304
= 2y/l7 + iln(4 -I- ^/u)

5. 2 = f{x, y) = i(12 - 3x - 6j/)
sa 9.2936
J X 7 9. 2 = /(x, y) = ^
fy= -3 /.= 2x
V'/." + /," + 1 = \/| + 9 + 1

/. = o
7
2
= V4^ + l
1 X
'7 4 4
5= i dy dx
5= \/4r^ + 1 (fy (/i
0 0
0 0
1
4
= ijxdx
= 4|\/l + 4x2 (fx
0
_ 7
“ 4 Formula 168
7. 2 = /(x, y) = 9 - x2
= 8v^ + ln(8 + v^)
fx= - 2x w 67.2745
4 = 0
Page 546
SURVIVAL HINT: In any expression where you find a

factor 3^ -I- you should consider changing to polar
coordinates.
= 2
11. ^ = f{x, y) = VA - 2?
The projected region is the square 0 < a: < 2,

f,= 2x
0 < J/ < 2. Thus,
fy = ‘^y
The projected region on the ry-plane is the
disk + y^ <\. Converting to polar
coordinates, we have dx
1 = \/4a:^ -f Ay^ + 1 2
= 4 sin ^ ^
0
= v^4r^ -f- 1 = 27r
5=4j Irv/4r2 + I dr dO 15. The intersection of the two surfaces (which is
0 0
also the projection onto the z-plane) is found
7r/2
by eliminating the z variable: x^ + y^ = A
0
z = /(x, y) = V8 - x^ -
= - 1)
^' = 78 7 ,5
- -
w 5.3304
^>' = 7'8-- j_
13. z = /(i, y) = \/A-x'^
f = ~^
fy=0 78
y/s -
Page 547
Since half the surface lies above the rj^plane, 19. z = /(x, y) = A - x^ - -
we have f.=
27r 2
2y/2r
fy = -2y
S=2 dr dd
0 0
27r
= 2 (8 - Ay/2) d0 = y/Ar^~+l
= 167r(2 - y/2) The projected region is x^ + < 4 or r < 2.
27r 2
« 29.4448
5 = \/4r^ + 1 r dr dd
0 0
17. 2: = /(x, y) = x^ +
27r 2
1 yAp + 1 (8r dr) dO
/r-2x
8
0 0
Let u = 4r^ + 1; du — 8r dr
4=1 2ir
= ^|(17v/l7- 1) dO
\/// + /," + ! = + i
2 5
= f (17v/l7 - 1)
5= y/Ax^ + 2 dy dx
0 0
36.1769
= 5\/^ \/l + 2x^ dx

21. Let dA be a rectangular element of surface
0
area. Project onto the xy-plane, which means

Formula 168
trace out the shadow in the xy-plane when
= 15v/2 + I ln(2v/2-f 3)
rays of light parallel to the z-axis hit the
w 25.6201 surface and then they shade (darken) a
portion of the coordinate plane.
Page 548
2 = fix, y) = - Ax - By) _ Z's/Ziraf
Jx =
f Q
- —
27. z =/(I,!() = V?T7;
f = -M
Jy c
/.= \/?”-i-7
yjfx +4^+1 = ^ + ^4-1
/ -_y_
n/?T7
\/A^ + 5^ +
C
Dj A \//x"+//+l = y^^+l
5=
0
I
0
yj A^ + 5^ +
C
dy dx
= V2
Z)/4 27r A
_
5= r dr do
C I ( 5^ + S
0 0
27r
- 2^^ + 52 + C2 xA
I1,2
dO
^ = fix, y) = a - X - y
= y/27rh?
fx= -1
29. Solving the equations a;^ + 4- = 9^ for
fy= -1 we obtain
— 9z A x^ + y^ = 0
y// + /y^ + 1 -
27r a 9 + y^81 - 4(r^ 4- j/2)

z =
5 = I f \/3 rdrdO “ 2
Oal2
(reject the negative root since it corresponds
to the lower part of the sphere). Then,
Page 549
-2x = 18(27r)
=
y/si -4(r2+y2)
= 367r
— 2rcos 0
VSI - 4r^
31. Solve z = e~ ^sin y for r.
-2j/ z—t~ "^sin y

z.. =
^ yJSl - 4{X^ +
j_- e-x
sin y
— 2rsin 9 _ sin y
e =
y/Sl - 4r^
X = ln(sin j/) — In 2
/T"; TTT /47cos20 + 47^sin207T
cos y
x„ = ——- = cot y
y sin y
= 9
VSI - 4r2 X ~ Z
The projected region in the rj^plane is the
intersection of z^ + = 9z with = 4z.

\l^y + ^z -f-f = yjcot'^y +^+ 1
Solving, we obtain 2: = 0, 5. (Reject 2=0, = \/csc'^y + 2
1 y
since r = 0 is a point.) The projected region
S = ^csc^y + 2 ^ dz dy
is = 4(5) = 20, r = \/^. Thus, 0 0
33. 2 = f(x, y) = cos (x^ + y^)

27r
S= r dr dO
fj.= - 2x sin(2;^ + y^)
V81—4r^
0 0
fy= -2y sin(a:^ + y^)

27r
9 (— 8r) dr
de
8
0 0
VSI - 4t^ \Jfx +4^ + 1 = ^(41^ ^ 4j^2^ sin2(i2 + 2/2) + 1
Let « = 81 — 4r^; du = — Sr dr 27r

5 = \/4r^sin^r^ + 1 r dr d0
27r
0 0
(1 - 9) de
Page 550
35. z = /(x, y) = ^ + bxy + y^ IIRmXRJI = \/16m^ sin^M 4- ICm'^cos^m 4- 16m^
The curves intersect when

= \/Uu^ 4- 16m2
xy = 5
= 4|m|\/m^ 4- 1
x(6 — x) = 5
x^ — 6x -I- 5 = 0 39. R(m, m) = Mi + v^j 4- M^k
(x — l)(x - 5) = 0 R„ = i + SM^k
We see that the curves intersect when x = 1

Rv =
and X = 5.
i j k
4 = 2x + 5y RjjX R V 1 0 3m2
0 2m 0
/y = 2y 4- 5x
— Qu^m 4- 2Mk
\Jfx + /y^ + 1 = \J(2i + 5y)^ 4- (2y + 5x)^ + 1
||R„xRj| = 2|m|v/9m'‘ 4- 1
5 6— X
•S’ = I I yj(2x 4- 5y)^ + (2y 4- 5x)^ + 1 dy dx 41. R(m, m) = Mvi 4- (m - t;)j 4- (m 4- M)k
1 5/X
37. R(«, r) = (2« sin t;)i 4- (2w cos v)j 4- «^k Rtt = +j + k
R„ = Mi - j 4- k
= (2 sin v)i 4- (2 cos v)j + 2«k
i j k
R^ = (2w cos v)i 4- ( — 2m sin M)j R„ X R V Mil
M -1 1
i j k
Ry X Rj, — 2 sin V 2 cos v 2m
2m cos V -2m sin v 0
= 2i 4- (m — M)j — (m 4- M)k
ty fy
= 4m sin m 1 4- 4m cos v j
IIRm^^mII = y^4 4- (m - m)2 4- (- m - vf
4- (— 4m sin^M — 4m cos^m) k
= \/4 + 2m2 4- 2v^
= 4m^ sin m i 4- 4m^ cos m j —4m k
Page 551
27r 1
S= V^4 + 2r^ r dr d6 45. z = f{x, y) = y/
0 0
— X
27r 1 /9 2
^ /• X
1 \J\ + 2r^ (4r(ir) dO
0 0 4 = 0
27r
- *2
(6\/6 - 8) .2
= ^(3v^ - 4)
VO^ —
7.01 a h
a dy dx
5=4
\/ a} — 1?
0 0
43. a. R(«, v) = (u sin t))i + (w cos v)j 4- vk
a
= (sin v)i + (cos v)j,
= (mcos v)i + { — usin z)j + k

= Aah sin ^ |K
i j k a| 0
R„xR V sin V cos V 0
= Aah^
u cos V — u sin v 1
= 2nah
= (cos t))i — (sin t))j — «k
47. Since F{x, j/, z) = 0, we have

b. ||R„xRjl = \/l +
OF I OF dz _ n
a
dx'^dzdx~
S= \/l 4- du dv
0 0
dy dz dy
In] « 4- ■'/l 4- , «%/1 4-
[ 2 2 J
0 so that
— ^[ln(a 4" \/l 4- ) 4" a\/l~+~?] dz _

dx F^
Page 552
7r/2 R
dz _ -^y
dy = 8R dr dO
J
1
\/r^ - ?
0 0
and
7r/2
= 8i? .R dO
J
0
f/ + + F/ = 47ri?2
12.5 Triple Integrals, Pages 820-822

Thus, SURVIVAL HINT: It takes considerable skill and
practice to determine which of the six possible
A = permutations of dV will be “easiest” for a given
problem. The most common situation is two
functions of the form z = f(x, y'), in which case you
To find the surface area of a sphere, let would use dz dA, where the region A is determined by
the intersection of the two functions. For other
f(x, y, z) = -i- y^ -h iterations, be certain that the limits for the first
integration are either constants or functions of the
/.= 2z remaining two variables, the limits of the second
integration are constants or functions of the remaining
4 = 2y variable, and the limits for the final integration are
constants.
f,= 2z
1. Fubini’s theorem says that a triple integral in
X, y, and 2 can be evaluated as an iterated
integral in any of the six possible orders of
- R
integration: xyz, xzy, yxz, yzx, zxy, zyx.
4 3 5
R y/- 3. I dx dy dz = (3)(5)(3) = 45
R 1 -2 2
dy dx
Vr^ -y^ 212
5.
1 0-1
1 Sx^yz^ dx dy dz = 45
Page 553
2 i: ®+3/ :. ^
7. xyz dz dy dx = e^^(y - l).rfx rfy
0 0 0 0 0
2 X
_ 1 xy{x + dy dz 1
“ 2
0 0 = - i)(» - 1) <‘y
2 0
_ 1
“ 2
0 = i(5 - e2)
J_
(6 + 8 + dx
24 -0.2986
0
M
9 4 2^
■V
13. ^ rfy dx dz
2 7r 4 xf + y^
1-1 0
yz cos xy dz dx dy
— 1 0 1 4 2z
\/3 X
I i[2tan ^ I - ln(x^ + y^) dx dz
2 TT
1—1
15 y cos xy rfx dy
2
- 1 0 4 22
? — In 2 rfx rfx
2
0 — 1
]
15 sin Try rfy
2
- 1 4
= - In 2^1 (22 + 1) dz
_ 15 1
TT
18(f - In 2)
-4.7746
i 6.3729
1 j In y
11. gZ+2r
0 0 0
Page 554
err 1
J
D
i^y + y'^z) dV
= ^j + 6r^ - 4a:2 + x) dx
3 1 4
_
“ 720
{x^y + rfz dy dx
1 -1 2
19. xyz dV
3 1
D
(2x^j/ + 6j/^) dy dx
1-1 1 \/i - vî — y'^ -
a ~ xyz dx dz dy
4 (fi 0 0
1 \/i —
8
=
=J J 0 0 -\/\-y^-^
ij/z dV
= 0
D
11 — r 1—X—y
xyz dz dy dx
1 X x+y
1 1 — X
~
0
I
0
^ - 2/)^ dy dx 0 0 0
dz dy dx
1 X
1 1 -X
~ 5 I 1
0 0
~ 2x(x- l)y2 + xj/3j jj.
= 11
0 0
- 1) dy dx
= ^ jx{x - l)^(i - j + l) dx
=J 0
— X — dx
X — l)‘^ dx « 0.9762
Page 555
1 -x+l I — X — y
23. dz dy dx = 8 j(2i — x^) dx
0 0 0 1
1 -x+\ An
3
[I — X — y) dy dx
0 0
This result is easily verified with the formula
1 — X
( for the volume of a sphere.
dx
- -y -y)
0
27. The intersection of the parabolic cylinder and
1 r
1 _ , _ . (L^ dx the elliptic paraboloid gives the region of
0
integration in the ary-plane:
1 r
(1 - x)
2 (1 - -y dx 4 — y^ = ar^ + 3y^
ar^ + 4y^ = 4
f(l - x)2
dx
1 2v/l - 3,2 4_y2
V=A dz dx dy
1
6 0 0 x^+3y^
This result is easily verified with the formula 1 2\/l - y'^
for the volume of a pyramid. = 4 (4 — a:^ — 4y^) dx dy

0 0
2 A B
* r r 1
25. 8 dz dy dx where
= 4 f(i - dy
12 3
0
A = 2+\/l - (a: - i)^ and

= 47r
5=3 + - {x - 1)2 -{y - « 12.5664
2 A
29. The intersection of the two surfaces gives the
= 8 ^l-{x-lf -{y-2f dy dx
1 2 region of integration in the ly-plane:
6 — ar^ — y^
i = 2a:^ + y^
Page 556
1
\/l -r2
= 6
= *|
v/2 y/{6 - 3i^)/2 6 - r2 - 3,2
l/= 4
1 1 dz dy dx = 4 j sin ^\/l - 2:2 ^ v^l -2:2^2 - x2)j
2^2+ J,2
■\A 1/(6 - 3i:2)/2

= 4 [sin ^\/l - x2 + arv/i _ 2:2j rfx
= 4I I [6 - ^2 _ y2 _ ^2j.2
= 4(1) + 4(1)
\/(6 - 3x2)/2 16
= 4 6j/ - Zx^y - ^ 3
1 1 3/
33. J
= I [4v/6(2 - x2)3/2 0 y 0
\/A—? \/a—P-~z
= 3\/6 7r
35. J /(a^) 3/7 2) dy dz
« 23.0859 0 0
1 \/l — r2 y/l —
1 1 1 — 3/
31. ^~ J J J dy dz dx 37. j j I /(x, y, 2) rfz dy dx
\/\— r2— \/l — z2 0 ^ 0
1 \/l -r2 \/l -^2

39. Let A and
-1 I 00
J
0
dy dz dx
1 \/i -x2
= 8J J y/l — dz dx 2 A B
0 0 V=8 dz dy dx
000
Page 557
x2 -f y2 — 4
Let D be the part of the disk x^ < A in
the first quadrant.
K=4| I dz dy dx
D 3x’^+2y^
= 4 — 4(x2 + y2 — 4) dy dx
7r/2 2
= 4 4r(4 — r^) dr dO
0 0
7r/2
= 4 16 de
0
= 327r
0
= (1/3)\/9-i2 x'^/9+y'^
= 327r 43. 4 dz dy dx
0 0
This result can be verified by using the
(1/3)v/9-x2
formula for the volume of an ellipsoid
= 4 dy dx
V = ^Trabc = |7r(2)(3)(4) = 327r 0 0
41. The projected region of integration is found
by intersecting the two surfaces
16 - - 2j/^ = 3x2 + 2y2
Page 558
= 4 ^ + i(9 - *2)3/2 dx
8r
= 4cb
bjl - 4
Formulas 233 and 245
_ 3
= ^ dx + Î (9 - dx A/v/l -
_ Stt , Stt
~ 4 4
= 46c dx
(1 - 4)f
a ^
— ^
“ 2
_ 47ra6c
~ 3
45. F= 8 r dr do
49. It is generally true;
0 0 0
b d s
T^/'iR f{^)9iy)K^) dy dx = j /(a:) J oiv)
= 8 ^y/E? — dr dO
0 0 ■b
S
r A ■ dft ~ s
h(z) dz dy dx — f{x) dx 9{y) dy f h(z) dz
Jr
_ Jc
7r/2 J Jr
-^
dO = lirR^
= lj
51. Using the results of Problem 50,
47
11 D
sin(7r - 2)^ dz dy dx
TT y X
X
I sin(7r - z)^ dz dx dy
000
TT
a cx/l - x^/a^ - y^/h^ _ 1 (tt — t)^sin(7r — i)^ dt
~ 2
K= 8 dz dy dx 0
11
0 0
_ cos(7r — ty
' 0
a A\/l -
0 0
Page 559
1 — cos TT"^ first moment with respect to the jâxis.
Divide the first moments by the mass. The

2/•A12 1
53. xy^vP' dx dy dz dw
resulting coordinates are those of the center of
1—10 0
mass.
2 12
w y
dy dz dw
3. A probability density function meeisures the
1-10
probability that a continuous random variable
2 1
w^ P dz dw
X lies between two numbers on a number line
1 - 1
(R). A joint probability density function is
the generalization to R2; that is, the
probability that an ordered pair of continuous

- 14
“ 9
random variables (A, Y) lies within a
particular region on a plane. Specifically, a

12.6 Mass, Moments, and Probability Density
Functions, Pages 829-833
joint probability density function for two
SURVIVAL HINT: When finding the center of mass
for a lamina, you probably thought of the moment random variables X and Y is a function
about a particular axis as a rotational force. The
moment about the y-axis is the same as if all of the /(i, y) of two variables such that the
mass is at the centroid: My = nix. The algebraic
extension of this concept to volumes is exactly the probability that the point (A, Y) is in a
same. The moment about the yz-plane is the same as
if all of the mass is at the centroid: M,,. = nix. region D satisfies
However, the geometric visualization of "rotation" Is
impossible. A lamina can be rotated about a line by
moving in R^. To "rotate" our volume about a plane P[(z, y) is in D] — fix, y) dA
we have to move into R'*. Fortunately, the algebra is D
not restricted by our R^ world.
3 4
1. Find the total mass. Compute the first 5. m — b dy dx = 60

0 0
moment with respect to the z-axis and the
Page 560
3 4A
p
5 y dy dx _ 64
J 15
0 0
f 2 2x
= 1 16 dx M =2 \ X dy dx
D J J
0 X^2
= 120
2
= 2 x(2x — x^) dx
J
3 4 0
r
\ 6 X dy dx
J 8
0 0 ~ 3
3
p, /8(3) 64(3)\ /
= 20 ^x dx '' ’ V3(8) ’ 15(8)y V^’ sj
0
= 90 9. y = 2 — Zx^ intersects Zx 2y =
6x^ - Zx - Z = Q
") = © w) = (§• 2)
3(ar — l)(2r -f 1) z= 0
2 2x
x=l,
m = 2 dy dx
J
0 r2
1 2-3*2
2
f m = J J dy dx
= 2 (2x — x^) dx
J0 -1/2 (l-3*)/2
1
_ 8 = {-Zx^ + \x dx
~ 3
-1/2
27
2 2x
“ 16
/ dy dx
II
0 X^2 1 2-3*2
r r
2 = y dy dx
J J
= |{4^ — x'^) dx -1/2 (l-3*)/2
Page 561
= i| [(2-3i2)2 - i(l - 31)2] rfx 13. m = 21 I ^ dy dx
- 1/2 0 0
’r/2 3
21 I r2 r rfr
0 0
1 2 - 3i2
7r/2
M,. X dy dx
81
= 2 dr
-1/2 (l-3a:)/2
:I x[2 — 3x^ — |(1 - 32:)] dx 8l7r
-1/2
1 = 0 (by symmetry)
v/o - x^
27(16) 27(16)\_/i 4X
{x, y) M. y{x^ + 2/2) ^2;
64(27)’ 20(27) j V^’ 5/ = ^1
0 0
3
4 —a:+4 4—r—y
2 [\x^{9 — x^) + i(81 — 18a:2+ r^)] dx
11. m = 4 rfz rfy ^2:
0
0 0
486
5
128
3
486(4) ^ 24
y =
5(8l7r) 57r
4 -1+4 4—X—3/
A/.. 42; dz dy dx
0 0 0 (i,!/) = (0, fl)
128
5 (60 - 6y)/5
3
15. m = J lx dx dy
0 6y/5
By symmetry (2;, y, z) = (1, 1, 1) b

—1^(2/ - 5) dy
-\
Page 562
(In 2)2
= 1,260
2
6 5r/6 12 —5r/6+10
Mj. =JJ Txy dy dx + Ixy dy dx

M,X = I
2 In r
dy dx
0 0 6 0
1 0
_ 1 (In i)"
dx
“ 2
1
(In 2)3
6
2 In r
= 2,100 M,. J dy dx
5 -(6/5)y+.12 1 0
My = 1 ^ J x^ dx dy
2
0 6y/5
= \n X dx
= 2 In 2 - 1
= 8,820
/(2 In 2 - 1)(2) (In 2)^(2) \
y) =
V (In 2)2 ’ 6(ln 2)2 )
8,820 2,100
1,260’ 1,260 « (1.608, 0.231)
2 In x 19. a. By symmetry x = 0. 8 = kr.
m = J x~ ^ dy dx
TT a
1 0
m = k (r) r dr dO
0 0
2
Page 563
n n
ka-^
de =
knar a 6 sin 9 dO
3
0
n a 7ra
3
-IJ'(r)(r sin 9) r dr d9
0 0 n a
My = {9){r cos 9) r dr d9
TT
0 0
ka‘ sin 9 d9 n
■I
0 a 9 cos 9 d9
3
= ¥(i + 1)
kai^ 2a'^
2
ka'^
2 2a^ Tra^'
y =
knar
{x, y) = 2 2’ 22
n a n a
3a
2n — f — 8a 4a\
"V 3^2’3,rj
The centroid is at
(“■ i)
In X
.
h. 6 = k9 (use 6 = 9 as the k will cancel 21 m
=1 1 0
dy dx
in the quotient).
„2
n a = |ln« dx
m = (0) r dr d9
0 0
n = [r In r - x]
a
9 d9
2
= + 1
n 2 a2
eo2 1m X
n a M,= y dy dx
1 0
Mx = (0)(r sin 9) r dr d9
0 0
Page 564
(5x^ + 3r2) dx
0
8_
15
« 0.5333
7r/2 \/ 2sin2^
25. r (ir d9
0 0
7r/2
= sin 26 dd
0
= 1
7r/2 2sin20
I (r cos 6) r dr dO
= |(3e'‘ + 1) 7r/2
= I cos 0(sin 26)^^^ d6

( 3eVl - A 0
2
( ;, y)
\^4(e2 + l)’ + 1 J
« 0.5554
(4.9110, 0.7616) (numerical computer approximation)
1 1 'x w 0.5554, "y w 0.5554 (by symmetry);

r
23. 4 = 4 {jp + y^) dy dx
(z, y) « (0.56, 0.56)
0 0
a
1 1
27. m = kx dy dx
= 4 J (x'^y^ + x^y'^) dy dx
0 0
0 0
Page 565
^/2 a cos 9
3^ dx = 11 (r cos 9 — r dr d9
a
— 7r/2 0
a^hk
a'^TT
3
64
kxy dy dx 31. If <5 = 1 then m = A = nab. Using
0 0
symmetry:
^^Jx^dx a aVO' - ^
2aî
0 Ix =4 y^ dy dx
0 0
_ ka^b^
~ 8
a ^^/o-
{^\/c? - 3? y dx
M.. I dy dx
0 0
a»
kb x^ dx
a Formula 245
_ b^ (Za‘^n'\
■ ^ 4 j
arn
(Zka^b
{x, y) =
\Aa^bk' Sa^bk / Substituting m = nab:
T _ mb^
^x ~ 4
29. The distance from the point {x, y) to the line 33. m = ^
X = a/2 through the center of the lamina is

7r/2 a \/<? -T^
s = I a; — a/2 |. Thus, the moment of inertia M.yz = J J J (r cos 0) r dz dr d9

0 0 0
is
Page 566
’r/2 a
cos 0\/(? — ■p' dr dO The probability is roughly 8%.

0 0
8 8-r
7r/2
37. P(X+ y<8) =i j e“^/2g-»/4 dy dx
~ J cos 6 dd 0 0
IT a — 2+x/4
— 1) dx
16
•y _ 67ra^ _ ^ = (e* - 2e^ + l)e

■ 167ra3 ■ 8
« 0.7476
By symmetry,
The probability is roughly 75%.
j: = y = 2 ^
\
3 7 — 5x/3
The centroid is
V8’ 8’ 8 / 39. A = ^ y dy dx
0 2x/3
1 1 -X
35. P(X+y<l)= I xe-ê-^dydx 63

0 0 2
1
3 7 - 5x/3
= — J (re
0
^ — re dx
=J I xy dy dx
0 2x/3
= -(re-"+e-^-ffr)|J
_ 2n
~ 8
= 1 - 2c-i - ie-i
3 7 - 5r/3
= 1 - |e-i =I I0 2x/3
y dy dx
0.0803 _ 4^
“ 4
Page 567
^ ^ - ii ah
0.9167 45. m =
^ ~ A ~ 12
a b — hx/a
67
y = -T = 18
^ “
1 1
3.7222
4 =
D
1
0
(x^ + y^) dy dx
41. dy dx a
^11' bx^
0 X..2 a dx
3„3+„3+‘^ „+3j
0
1
2+^2)
(1 — x^) dx
II
12
0
2 2ab{a? + b^)
^ ~ \2ab
The average value is:
1 1
/.3 + 63
/• d=\J
1 dy dx = ^ {2e^-2xe^dx
A
0 XJ2
2 .2
= |(4e* - 2xe^ 47. m = x^y dy dx

1 1
= i(2e - 4)
— 1) dx
= 3(e - 2)
» 2.1548 332
42
43. Since the sphere is symmetric in each of the
2 1“
eight octants, and xyz is positive in four
4 = ^y 3/^ dy dx
1 1
ocatants and negative in four octants, the
2
average value is 0.
_ 1 x^(x® — 1) dx
“ 4
1
Page 568
1,516
33 4\/i e-/’ >
2 _ 1,516(42) x^ < 1.9358
33(332)
The danger zone is approximately 1.9
/5,306
5,306
“V 913
miles.
X 771 tm
2.4107
c. A
-\ \ 0 0
dt dx
49. a. Fix i at x = Xq. Then,

1.9358®'^/(2*)
dC( _ Cq Xq‘^ - rQ^/(4*t) I

0
I
0
di dx
.9/1 . nz: 4kt

di O’ 1 “ y/kirt A 1.42 ^
1.9358
-,2
:;g_^ ““ dx
2k
1.9358
This is 0 when 1_
^ 2 2k 0
= 0
4ktJ 2/
« 141
Thus, k
— ^ 2
^rn ~ 2k' ~ ^0 The average value is:
1.9358 x^/(2k)
and
1
% exp(-^) dt dx
A s/hri
0 0
2Xn
d. Answers vary. For example, we may say
-.licsZH
- V Xq
TT ^0
that the danger period at point x on the
riverbank is the period of time t^ < t < t.^
b. We want x^ to satisfy
when the concentration exceeds 0.25 Cq.
sH Co > 0.25C„ 51. a. dF= 6 dV-, d = h - z;
Page 569
dW= 6{h - z) dV, so 55. 5 = 27ra(27r6) = Airâb -
Compare with Problem 46, Section 12.4:

W= 6 {h - z) dV
= — (a -f bcos D)sin u i 4- (a + bcos v)cos u j
b. The volume is considered concentrated at R^ = — t sin V cos « i — 6 sin w sin m j + bcos v k
(0, 0, 0); d= h, F= 6V; W= 6hV RyXRj,
c. W= ^(15)7r(36)(10) = 5,4007r5 k
t J
— (a+ ft cos t;)sin a (a+ ft cos v)cos a 0
6 —^ — ftsinacosa — ftsinasina b cos V
W= AS (15 — z) dz dy dx
5
= [b^cos^v + ab cos t;)(cos M)i
0 0
+ {b^cos^v 4- aft cos v)(sin a)j

6 V36 —
= 4ft 150 dy dx 4- (ft^ sin V cos a 4- aft sin a)k

0 0
||R„ X R^jll = I aft 4- ft^cos aj
= 5,4007rft
27r 27r
53. Set up a coordinate system with the center of S = ab + ft^cos v\ du dv

0 0
mass of the lamina at the origin and its
27r
length along the x-axis. The moment of
27r(aft 4- b^ cos a) dv
0
inertia about the z-axis is
i/2 h/2 = 47râft
I=A {x^ + y^) dy dx They are the same.

0 0
1/2 12.7 Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates,

• A(12x2 + }?)
dx Pages 840-843
6
SURVIVAL HINT: The best way to convert from one
coordinate system to another is to understand the
hi{h^ + £2)
derivations and "visualize" the graph. Lacking that
12
skill, you will find it necessary to memorize the
transformation equations.
Page 570
Cylindrical coordinates are best used in 15. z = r^cos 20

problems with axial symmetry (that is, with
cylinders), spherical coordinates in problems
with radial symmetry (that is, with spheres),
and rectangular coordinates in ail other cases.
3. a. (4, 7r/2, ^3)
b. (■»/l9, 7r/2, cos ~ ^(y/3/-v/19))
5. a. (\/5, tan ~ ^2, 3)
b. (\/T4, tan ~ ^2, cos “ ^(3/\/l4))

Qr^cosÔ — 4r^sin^0 + 36^^ = 0
7. a. (-372,3^3/2, -3)
b. (\/l8> 27r/3, cos ~ ^( — 3/-v/l8))
= (3^, ^)
9. a. {y/2, y/2, tt)
b. (\/7r^+4, 7r/4, cos~^{n/\/w^+A))
11. a. (3/2, v^/2, - 1) b. (v/3, f. -
13. a. (sin 3 cos 2, sin 3 sin 2, cos 3) 19. 0 = f
b. (sin 3, 2, cos 3)
SURVIVAL HINT: Cylindrical coordinates are dz with

polar coordinates for the dA. Do not forget the “r."
That is,
dz dy dx = dV = dz r dr dd
On the other hand, do not forget that when you find
z^
4 cot 6 CSC 6
in a function you should consider changing to iJl. p =-Tj- or
spherical coordinates. 3 — 2cos^0
Ap cos <f> = p^sm^4>{cos^9 + 3 sin^0)
Page 571
Tt 2 yA —
29
•110 0 0
r sin 9 dz dr dd
TT 2
(sin 0) V^4 — r dr dO
0 0
TT
sin 9 d9
= §1“
0
16
3
7r/2 27r 2
31. cos <j) sin (p dp d9 dcp

0 0 0
7r/227r
= 2 cos <j) sin 0 d9 d(f>

0 0
7r/2
25. z— ^ = 47r J cos d<f)
= 2n
27r 4 1
33. zr dz dr d9
0 0 0
27r 4
_ 1 r dr d9
~ 2
27. rz = 1 0 0
27r
= 4
0
= Stt
Page 572
cos 0 1 — l/TT 7r/2 a I/tt 7r/2
35. J I I r sin 9 dz dr dO r dr d9 dz = 4^ d9 dz
6 Ij
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
cos 0
~ 1 J — ^) si
0 0
sin 9 dr d9 6
ir/2 7r/2 27r9 9
cos^9 sin 9
d9 -
0
cos'^ff sin 9
4
d9
41. m =
0 0
I
»•
r dz dr d9
27r9
7r/2
cos^^ ^ cos®^ (9r — r^) dr d9
20 0
0 0
i _ J_ 27r
6 20
J_
60
= 2437r
37- 4 4
a
+
r
= R\in^
X = y = 0 (by symmetry)
and
27r9 9
R^cos^<f>
4 =
\
0 0 r
rz dz dr d9
so
27r9
^ 4- 4 4- r(9^ — r^) dr d0
a2 + *2 + ^2 - ^
0 0
27r
c c c
39. (a^ + dx dy dz
There are four octants where 2^ > 0. _ 6,56l7r

“ 4
Page 573
_ _ 6,56l7r _ 27 We could have expected this answer because

^ “ 4(2437r) ~ 4
f(x, y, z) = X -\- y + z satisfies
Thus, the centroid is (0, 0,
f{-x, -y, -z) = - f{x, y, z).

43. We use cylindrical coordinates.
27r 3 \/9^ 2irn 2sin(^
a. m = (r^ sin 9 cos 9 + z)r dz dr d9 47. m = p{p^sin d>) dp d<f> d9
0 0 0 0 0 0
27r 3 v/^ (2 sin 0)“*
0 0 0
rcos 9(t^ sin 9 cos 6 + z)rdz dr dO = 11
0 0
sin (j)
"
dcf) d9
27rr TT
\/9 - — cos^4) 2cos^<^

27r 3 = 4 + — cos <j) d9
c. 4 = r^(r^ sin 0 cos 0 + z)rdz drd9 0
0 0 0
27r
45. The volume of the sphere is ft'''

b
In spherical coordinates, we have 12871

15
X + y + z = psin<f>cos9 + psin<^sin0 + pcos(f>
i 26.8083
= p[sin <^(cos 9 + sin 9) + cos <f\
so the average value is 49. (a;^ + + ^) dx dy dz

R
27r TT a
1 p[sin (/i(cos 9 + sin 9) 71/2 71/2 \/2
0 0 0
= 8J J I ^
+ cos<^]p^sin
0 0
0 0
4- cos (f) sin (j)] ^ d<t> d9 —
Page 574
n/2
16v/27r
sin <j> d<f> — JjL
~ 2
167r\/2
» 10.9956
14.2172 2sin0 4 —
dx dy dz
55. K= 2 j" J J r dz dr dO
51. 00 0
IJ! ^
2sin^
ir/2 7r/2\/3 = 21 I — 1^) dr dO

0 0
= 8| p sin (j) dp dO d<))
0 0 0
sin^0 — 4 sin”*^) dO
7r/2 7r/2
= I2J* J sin (f) dO d<j)

7r/2
0 0 = 2[40 — 4 sin 0 cos 0]|
7r/2
7r/2
= 6,f sin (f> d<j> - 8 3^ sin 29 , sin A9
8 4 32 0
0
= Qtt
— ^
~ 2
w 18.8496
« 7.8540
53. The projected region is 4 =
57. The Spy will begin to drown when the water
27r 1 4—r‘
V= dz r dr dd level reaches 3 ft above the floor (the xy

000
plane); that is when z = 3.
27r 1A
(4 — r^) r dr dO p cos <f) = Z
0 0
4(1 + cos <f)) cos <t> = Z
2Tr
4 cos^</> + 4 cos </) — 3 = 0
I4 de
0
(2 cos <f) — 1)(2 cos <;6 + 3) =0
Page 575
cos (f) = ^ —I 221 cu ft of water
so in this application </> = ^ (reject — |). The At the incoming rate of 25 cu ft/min, it takes
critical water level is a: = 3 = p cos </> or about 8.84 min for the water to reach his
p = 3 sec (f>. We need to compute the nose. So he drowns, you say — nonsense!
amount of water in the cave when the depth Any spy worth his salt can hold his breath for
is 3 ft and use the rate of 25 cu ft/min to a little more than a minute. He frees his
determine the time necessary for it to reach hands, stands (to buy more time), hops to the
that level. In spherical coordinates the door, pulls up the lever (to stop the water),
volume can be found as the sum of and opens the door. As the water drains from
two integrals: the room, he unties his feet, and prepares to
pursue the Flamer.

27r 3 sec(p -3^
1/ p^sin (j> dp d(j) dO 69. Force = CffiM =
0 0 0
b. With R = A and o = 3, we obtain
27r Tr/2 4(1+co8<^)

_ Gm6(9n)
Force =-t—-
4
+ I p^sin <f> dp d<f> dd
c. With a rectangular mass m, we got a
b 7r/3 0
poor approximation using the center of

2ir 7r/3
(3 sec .
sin (f) d(j) d9 mass when the separating distance was
0 0
small. The approximation improved as
27r ^/2 the distance increased. With the sphere

[4(1 + cos
+ 3
sin (f) drf) dO
we always get perfect agreement.
0 Tr/3
Apparently the symmetry of the sphere
_ 211^ play the key role. Either a computer with

“ 3
Page 576
TT 27r 1+0.2 sin 4^ sin 3^
symbolic integration capability or 63. a. K= f f J p2gjjj ^ fjiff

0 0 0
determined work by hand will show that
for the sphere the center of mass method TT 27r 3 1 + 0.2 sin 40 sin 3^
^ sin <() dO d(t>
gives the exact result. 0 0
61. 7=4+/^ +4
TT 27r
■sin^40 sin^3<^sin 4>
= !!{ 0 0
375
, sm 4ysm 3<isin</> , sin 40 sin 3<^ sin

25 5
+1 I 5 + 2!2^} S d<>
I (2x2 ^ 2^2 + 2^) dV
sin^30sin,#{X _
7r27r 1
= 2\ /?2 p2 gjjj ^
0 0 0
sin3<^ sin<i^-Q^J^^^ o
27r7r 1
= 2 p'^ sin <f) dp d(l> dO TT
0 0 0 ^^sin23<^ sin<^ + ^sin(^^ d<f)
27r TT
_ 2
— 0K sin 4> d<f> dO 7rcos7(^ xcos5</> 1037rcos<^]
J
( 0 [ 700 500 150 J
2ir 3,6087r
_ 4 2,625
“ 0
K dO
c 4.31804
_ Stt b. Using a calculator, we find an

“ ^
approximate value of 4.31445.
Page 577
12.8 Jacobians: Change of Variables, 7. X = e“sin v, y = e\os t)>

Pages 850-852
dx dx
d{x, y) _ du dv
1. X u - V, y — U V
d{u, v) ~ dy dy
du dv
dx dx
d{x, y) du dv
d{u, v) e“sin V e“cos v
du dv
e\os V — e“sin v
1 - 1
1 1 = — e^“sin^t; — e^\os^v
= 2
9. X= u + V — w, y = 2u — V + Sw,
3. 2: +
II
U V
z= — u-\-2v— w
dx dx
d(x, y) du dv
1 1-1
d(u, v) dy
d{x, y, z)
du dv 2-1 3
d{u, V, w)
- 1 2 - 1
2u 0
1 1 = -9
11. X = u cos V, y = u sin V, z=

= 2u
cos V — u sin V 0
û+v u — V d{x, y, z)
5. X , y = e sin V u cos V 0
d{u, V, w)
uv uv uv
vwe uwe e
dx dx
d{x, y) du dv
= w(cos^v)e“^ -H «(sin^w)e’‘
d{u, v)
du dv
= ue uv
û+v û+v 13. u = 2x — 3j/, V = X + 4y

gU - t/ 2 -3
d{u, v)
d(x, y) 1 4
= -2e“+V'= -2e2“
= 11
Page 578
so y = 2r, u = — 3x^, v = AjP' so v =
d{x, y) 1 y = 2x- 10: u = -3x^-i-40x- 100,

d{u, v) ~ 11
V = 4x^ — 20x, so (in parametric form)
15. u = ye V = y = uv, X = \n V
«= -3<2 + 40<-100, r = 4^2 - 20t.
d{x, y) _ 0 i
The vertices of the figure are transformed as
v)~ V u
follows:
= -1
A(5, 0) (25, 0)
17. u = — y^, V = x^ + y^
5(7, 4) - (33, 56);
5(«, d) 2x — 2y
C(2, 4) ^ ( - 12, 16)
dix, y) ~ 2x 2y
0(0, 0) - (0, 0)
= Axy + Axy = 8xy
djx, y) _
d{u, v) 8xy
19. >1(0, 5)
5(6, 5)
C(6, 0)
0(0, 0)
dx dx
d(x, y) _ du dv
d(u, v) ~ ^ dy
21. The boundary lines of the figure are j/ = 0, du dv
y = 4, y = 2x, and y = 2x — 10. Thus, the

1 — t; —u
transformed boundaries are u = 0 and V u
y = 4: u = — 16, v = 8x so u = ~ 16.
= u — uv + uv = u
Page 579
dx dx 1 1
dx dy = u du dv
d{x, y) du dv 2 2 _ 1
V d{u, v) d^ 1 1 “ 2
25. Let u = xy, V = Then the transformed 2 2
du dv
region has boundary lines u = 1, « = 4, and dy dx = j du dv.
1 V
V = V = A. Thus, X = y = and
27. du dv
dx dx D 0 — ‘V
djx, y) du dv
d{u, v) dv
— V
du dv
1
-1 fu
2v\^ X {v — v) dv
2y/uv 12
i /i 1 fu
2V« 2V ^
= 0
X
2t;
The area is 29. (x - y)^{x + y)^ dy dx

D
4 4
1 V
A = dv du
2v uî? du dv
1 1
0- V
4 1
1 I4 _ X
i ln| v I du (v® — v^) dv
^ I 1 ~ 12
0
= 0
= I i In 4
31. Find the Jacobian, map the region, then
= 3(ln 2) integrate.
SURVIVAL HINT: For Problems 27-30, we have SURVIVAL HINT: For Problems 33-38, we have
, u A- V V — u 2x -y y X — 2y
u = X - y, V = X y, so X = —^’ V - —2—' u = v = —^—- so y = u — 2v and
5 ’
The boundary lines x=0, y = 0, x+y=l become X = 2u + V
— V = u, V = u, V = 1, respectively. The Jacobian

of the transformation is
Page 580
dx dx
dix, y) du dv 2 1
d(u, v) dy dy = |[25«.tan-'(5») - ^ du
1 -2
du dv 0
A{0, 0) (0, 0), 5(1, - 2) (0, 1), 1
(7(3, -1)^(1, 1), 5(2, 1) - (1, 0). = |[25«tan-i5 - du
R is the unit square in the «r-plane.
= [25 tan l5-|ln26]^r
D
= ^tan“l5 tin 26
= 1 5 du dv
w 13.0949
4
1
_ 5
{v -f 1) ^dv 39. u = 2x -{■ y, V = 2y — a: or
~ 3
0
_ 2m - V _ u + 2v
_ 5
5 ’ ^ “ 5
U
, 2 1
so J =
5 5 _ 1
1 2 ~ 5
35. 1 1 (2a; 4- y)^(x — 2y) dy dx 5 5
D
The trapezoidal region R is bounded by the lines
1 1
I (5«)^(5t;) 5 du dv a: = 0, y = 0, y4-22r = 2, and 2/4-21 = 8. The
0 0
transformed region R' is bounded by
1
V = 2m, V = — ^M, M = 2, and m = 8.
V dv
3
0 8 2u
(2y - 2:)/(j/+2r)
_ 6^ dA = J J* dv du
~ 6 R 2 -u/2
37. j J {2x 4- y)tan ^(x — 2y) dy dx

8
D - u/2
1 1
= J (5«)tan ~ ^(5v) 5 dv du
4(e^ — e M du
0 0
Page 581
= - e-VY^
0 0
= 6(e2 -
du
« 40.6952
= ?(e - 1)
41. By looking at the function we see a suitable
1.1455
transformation can be obtained when
a = 6 = s = 1 and r = — 1. 43. X = ar cos 0, y = br sin 6. Since

2
u = X + y, V = - X + y; so y = ^{u + v), ^4-^=7^, the transformed region is
X = i(w — v)
r< 1, 0 < 0 <f.
dx dx
dx dx
d{x, y) du dv
d{x, y) dr d0
d{u, v)
dir, 0)
du dv
dr d0
1 _1 a cos 0 — ar sin 0
2 2
b sin 0 br cos 0
1 1
2 2
1 = abr
2
dy dx = abr dr d0
A{0, 0) - (0, 0), 5(1, 1) (2, 0),

ir/2
V^\
C(0, 2) (2, 2), D{ -1,1)^ (0, 2). exp(-^- ^ j dy dx = ab re ’’ dr d6
D 0 0
dy dx = ^ du dv
7r/2
= f| (1 - «-■) d0
fiAy - x)l2
dy dx
R
= ^(i - «■’)
Page 582
47. Let w = ary^, r = |;

u = -^
45. Let < V5
Then,
JL _ ^
y
^ X = y = vx so y Z=
y) \/5 0
d{u, v) 0 2
We have
= 2v/5
y^
and
a(x, y) ~ 1
I I +
_y^ , 3xy^
D*
-'-vTT?
y) ^ X
d{u, v) 4y3
1 \/l - 1/2
= 8^^| j JW,
0 0
27r 1
= 8\/5 J Je~20r r dr dO
0 0
2ir
^-201-21 The area of if is
= 8^/5 f de
J -40
6
0
8^/E^ du dv
- e-20))(27r)
40 [1
« 2.80992 (3v^ - 4)v/3

2
Page 583
a 0 0
d{x, y, z) _
0.2101 0 ■ b 0
d{u, V, w)
0 0 c
and
= abc
dy dx dz = abc du dv dw
^ - 1 dA
^ - A ..2
D ^ ^ ^ = u'^ + v'^ +
a
2 6
1 du dv
Thus,
A
1 3 VOLUME OF THE ELLIPSOID = a6c(VOLUME OF SPHERE)
2 6
/* /* a6c(j7r(l)) = ^wabc
1 i u du dv
A J 4
1 3
. 0.2402 u + V
51. Let u = X — y, V = X + y so that x = —^
— U V
y = and
i 1.1430
1 1
d{x, y) 2 2
y = y dA d{u, v) 1 1
2 2
D* 1
2
2 6
du dv
The given region R is bounded by the lines
X — 3y = 1, r + y = 1, and x = 4 which
i u ^^^v du dv
4 transform into 2u — v = 1, v = 1, and
U + t; = 8.
A
1.5690 11R
dy dx
Thus, the centroid is located at

5 8-v
(1.1430, 1.5690) in the 2:J^plane.
i I ln(|) du dv
49. X = au, y = bv, z = cw. 1 {v+l)/2
Page 584
5
S-v
= ij[« In I - a dv V = 0; and y = 1 becomes v = 2.
{v+l)/2
10
5
j_ djx, y)
d{u, v)
1
+ 2(8 — a)ln^—jj—^ -f 3(a — 5)] dv

1 -i
. = i(49 In 7 - ^ In 5 - 27 In 3 + 6) 0 I
1
« 2.8333 2
53. We find A = ^, B = so the transformed region dy dx = ^ du dv
is |a^ + ~v^ = 1. Since u = x + 2y, 2 2
f{x -f y) dy dx = ^^ J /(a) dv du
V = 2x — y, we have x = ^ y = ~ ^
5 ’ ^ 5 R 0 0
1 2
5 5 1 I
and J =
2 _1 5
5 5 = j /(») du
Thus, the area is
A = dy dx fit) di
57. For the circumference, solve the equation

v/^ V^5 —
= 4 J J ^ du dv
a2 ^ 62 - ^
0 0
for y to obtain y = 6^/l~-~^. Then

_ Tr\/&
~ ~ 6 “
dy — bx
« 1.2825
55. Let u = X + y, V = 2y, X = u — a/2, y = a/2. and the circumference, C, of the ellipse is given
by the improper integral

The boundary x y = Q becomes a = 0;
I + y = 2 becomes a = 2; y = 0 becomes
Page 585
I I /(*» y) dA = 'I /(*, y) dx dy

R c a
b d
= 4 [ , } dx = 11 y) dy dx
J av — ir
3. A type I region contains points (x, y) such
CHAPTER 12 REVIEW that for each fixed x between constants a and
Proficiency Examination, Pages 852-853

h, y varies from tfi(x) to g2ix), where and
this chapter, handwrite the answers to each of these ^2 are continuous functions. This is vertically
simple.
1. If / is defined on a closed, bounded region R
f{x, y) dA = /(x, y) dy dx
in the ry-plane, then the double integral of /
D Si(^)
over R is defined by
whenever both integrals exist.
f/(x, y) dA = Urn ^ /(4 4. A type II region contains points (x, y) such

J J II I’ Ih-ô k = 1
R
that for each fixed y between constants c and
provided this limit exists. If the limit exists,
d, X varies from h^{y) to h2{y)y where and

we say that / is integrable over R.
^2 are continuous functions. This is

2. If f{x, y) is continuous over the rectangle R:
horizontally simple.
a < X < b, c < y < d, then the double integral
d
f(x, y) dA /(x, y) dA = ^ I /(x, y) dx dy
R D
may be evaluated by either iterated integral;
whenever both integrals exist.
that is,
5. The area of the region D in the xy-plane is
given by A dA
D
Page 586
/? 112(9)
6. If / is continuous and /(x, y) > 0 on the |/(r, 0)rfy4=| I f(r,6) r dr d9
region D, the volume of the solid under the

D « h^{e)
surface z = /(x, y) above the region D is 9. Assume that the function /(x, y) has
given by V" = I j /(x, y) dA continuous partial derivatives f and f ^ in a
D
region R of the xy-plane. Then the portion of
7. a. Linearity rule: for constants a and b,
the surface z = /(x, y) that lies over R has
y) + y)] dA
surface area
D
= «| I f{x, y) dA -{■ I^(x, y) dA 5= I y)? + y)? + 1 dA

D D R
b. Dominance rule: If /(x, y) > g{x, y)
10. Let D be a region in the xy-plane on which x,
throughout a region D, then

y, z and their partial derivatives with respect
/(x, y) dA > (/(x, y) dA

to u and v are continuous. Also, let 5 be a
D D
c. Subdivision rule: If the region of surface defined by a vector function
integration D can be subdivided into two R(«, v) = x(«, D)i + y(u, i;)j + z(it, i;)k
subregions and Dj, then Then the surface area is defined by
II
D
/(®, y) dA S=
D
R,j(u, v) X R„(m, v)|| du dv
11. If /(x, y, z) is continuous over a rectangular

= [ [ /(a;, y) dA + /(x, y) dA
^2 solid R: a < X < b, c < y < d,
8. If / is continuous in the polar region D such

r < 2 < s, then the triple integral may be
that for each fixed 6 between a and /?, r

evaluated by the iterated integral
varies between h^{d) and h2{0), then d h* /*
/(x, y, z) dV /(x, y, z) dx dy dz
r c a
Page 587
The iterated integration can be performed in 16. The moments of inertia of a lamina of
any order (with appropriate adjustments) to variable density 6 about the x- and y-axes,
the limits of integration: dx dy dz, dx dz dy, respectively, are
dz dx dy, dy dx dz, dy dz dx, dz dy dx.

y'^6{x, y) dA
12. If V is the volume of the solid region S, then
dV and /^ = I I x^6{x, y) dA
R
13. If (5 is a continuous density function on the

17. A joint probability density function for the
lamina corresponding to a plane region R,

random variables X and T is a continuous,
then the mass m of the lamina is given by

nonnegative function f{x, y) such that
m = 6{x, y) dA
P[{X, >0 in = /(x, y) dy dx
R
R
14. If ^ is a continuous density function on a OO OO
and /(x, y) dy dx = I
lamina corresponding to a plane region R,
— OO — OO
then the moments of mass with respect to the

where /’[(A, Y) in R] denotes the probability
x-axis is
that (A, y) is in the region R in the xy-plane.
y 6(x, y) dA 18. Rectangular to cylindrical:
15. If m is the mass of the lamina, the center of r = \/x^ + y^; tan 9 = ^; z = z
mass is ("x, "y), where

Rectangular to spherical:
- ^
X =-jn and y =-fn
p = \/x^ + y^ + tan 9 = ^
If the density 6 is constant, the point (x, y) is
called the centroid of the region.
Page 588
Cylindrical to rectangular:
and let T be a one-to-one transformation that
X = r cos 0; y = r sin O] z = z maps the region in the t^^^plane onto a
Cylindrical to spherical:
region D in the xy-plane under the change of
p — 9 = 6; if) = cos
variable x = x(u, v), y = y(u, v) where g and h
Spherical to rectangular:
are continuously differentiable on if. Then
* — P <f) cos 9‘, y — p sin <f> sin 9\ z = p cos (j)
Spherical to cylindrical:
JI D
/(*> y) dy dx
r — p sin (f)] 9 = 9' z = p cos (j)

=jI f[x{u, v), y{u, v)] I J{u, v) I du dv
19. Let / be a continuous function on the D*
7r/3 sin y
bounded, solid region S. Then the triple
22. cos y dx dy
integral of / over S is given by: 0 0
a* ^ ^ ^ f(r, 0, z) r dz dr d9 7r/3
S = I 2')(- cos y) -I- cos y) dy

in cylindrical coordinates
[Let u — — sin y\ dv = — cos y dy
b. f(p, 9, <f)) p2 sin 4> dp d9 d4)

\/3/2 7r/3
in spherical coordinates J e“ -|- J cos y dy
dx dx
d{x, y) du dv
20. d{u, v)
du dv » 0.2866
-dx^ _
du dv du dv
21. Let / be a continuous function on a region Z?,
Page 589
1 z y—2
23. [x y — z) dx dy dz « 0.6609
-1 0 y
26. z= c{\ - I - |); 2/ = 6(1 - I) and the
1 z
(2^ - projected region on the xj^plane is the
+ (j/ - z)y - {y -
(■
-1 0 triangle bounded by a: = 0, y = 0, and
2 ^
- y - + y-zj dy dz y=K^-l)
a 4(1 — x/a) c(l — x/a — y/h)
Z
= I I J dz dy dx
j 2jf2 + dy dz
0 0 0
-1 0
1 a *(1 - V“)
ly^ - y^z dz = — -^1 J (bx + ay — ah) dy dx
— 1 0 0
1
1 he (r — a)^ dx
dz
2 2a^
-1 0
= 0 abc
6
3 9-r'‘
24. dy dx = 2 (9 — r^) dx
27. The appliance fails during the first year if
0 0
both components fail in that time; that is, if

= 36
7r/2i (X, Y) lies in the square 0<r<l, 0<y<l.
25. A = cos r dr dO
The probability of this occurring is
0 0
7r/2 1 P[0 < I < 1, 0 < y < 1]
1 * (cos r^)(2r dr) dO 1 1

2
0 0 ip-V2 -y/2
dy dx
7r/2 0 0
sin 1 dO 1
0 le-V2[_2g-2//2|
dx
= ? sin 1
Page 590
4
-*/2 dx _ _2_ [(4i - dx
3v^
= (1 - £-'/V
- A (22 -{x- 2)2)3/2 dx
~ 3
« 0.1548
Formula 245
Thus, the probability of product failure is '

^({x - 2)(4a: - x2)3/2
3
about 15%.
12(x - 2)(4x - 2:2)1/2

28. First find the intersection of the plane and the +
paraboloid:
+ |(16) sin-1 ^
= 4x
(x - 2)2 + 2j/2 =4
= ^0 + 0 + 6(f)-6(-f))
4 2 “
= ^(6ir)
This is a translated ellipse centered at
= 27r-y2
(2, 0) with X intercepts of 0 and 4.

« 8.8858
y/Ax- Ax 29. The density is 6 = r and the projected region
dz dy dx • *7 9
IS X A- y =4. In cylindrical coordinates,
0 0
x^+2y^
27r 2 4
\JAx-^l>j2
m = I \ (r) r dz dr dO
J (42: — x^ — 2y2) dy dx 0 0 ^2
0 0
27r 2
4
'{{Ax-x^f^ 2 (Ax- x^f^ r2(4 — 7^) dr dO
dx
V~2 2^/2 0 0
Page 591
2Tr
3
15 ^r® de = + 1-3)
« 2.4440
27r
732 _ de
V3 5 j
27r
=
0
1287r
~ 15
« 26.8083
30. Let u = X y and v = x 2y, so that
X = i(2w + v), y = i(u - v).

2 1
d{x,y) 3 3
d{u,v) 1 _ 1
3 3
1
3
The region R is bounded by the lines y = 0,
y= 2 — X, y= X which transform into the
lines u = V, u = 2, and u = —2v.
(x + y)e’^ dy dx
R
2 u
ue dv du
0 -ul2
ue du
Page 592
Chapter 13, Vector Analysis
CHAPTER 13
Vector Analysis
13.1 Properties of a Vector Field: Divergence SURVIVAL HINT: Remember that div F is always a
and Curl, Psês 866-867 scalar function and curl F is always a vector function.
Answers to Problems 1-8 may vary. 3. F(a:, y, z) = ^\ + x-iq
1. Answers vary; the operator div F = V • F
^ “ Ic* dz^
is called the del operator and is applicable to = 2x X +
a scalar function only: — Zx Z^
v/=4i + 4j + 4k i j k
curl F = V X F = AAA
The del oprerator is used to compute dx dy dz
x^ xy
divergence by
= Oi — Oj {y — 0)k = yk
div F = V • F
5. F(2;, y, z) = 2ja
This is applicable to vector functions only and
div F = V • F
generates a scalar. It is also used to compute
curl by
= 2
curl F = V X F
curl F = V X F
This is applicable to vector functions only and
i j k
generates a vector.
= A A A
dx dy dz
Finally, we note that V^f = V • V/. 0 2y 0
= 0
Page 593
7. F(a:, ^) = i + j + k div F = 2(3) + 1

div F = V • F
= 7 '
curlF= -(1 - l(2))j - (l)(3)k
= 0
= j - 3k
curl F = V X F
11. F(r, y, z) = e-
i j k div F = V • F
-AAA
dx dy dz
1 1 1
= -ye~^^ + ye^^
curl F =: V X F
Note: F is a constant vector, so the result is

i j k
the same regardless of the given point. -AAA
dx dy dz
9. F(2r, y, z) = xyA +
div F = V • F
= {ze^^ - xc^")i - Oj + (ze^^ + a;e " ^3')k
At (3, 2, 0),
- yz+ I
div F = -2e~® + 2e^
curl F = V X F
= 2 - 2e~®
i j k curl F = (0 - 3e> + (0 + 3e-®)k

-AAA
dx dy dz = -3i + 3e“®k
xyz y X
13. F(2:, y) = (sin x)i + (cos y)j
= Oi — (1 — zj/)j — xzIl
div F = V • F
At (1, 2, 3),
= cos X — sin y
Page 594
curl F = V X F -
\/
^
i j k
AAA
dx dy dz
-
sin X cos y 0
+
^ +
= 0
15. F(a;, y) = xi - jg yj ^ + y^
div F = V • F curl F = V X F
(ri - jd)
dy^)'
= 0
A A
dx dy dz
curl F = V X F
y
0
y/7T^ y/x^+y^
i j k
= 0
AAA
dx dy dz
19. F(x, y, z) = an hyi ck
X —y 0
div F = V • F
= 0
17. = +
+ y^ + y^ — fl -f* 6
curl F = V X F
div F = V • F
i j k
- {t + a^!,')-(^?V7 ’ y?T70 AAA
dx dy dz
ax by c
= 0
Page 595
i j k
AAA
21. F(x, y, z) = curl F
dx dy dz
xyz Py^z^ y^^
div F = V • F
= (2j/2® - 2^y^z)i + arjo + {2xy'^z^ - xz)]l
= 227 2y “t“ 2z 27. F(2;, y, z) = + (y^ln z)j + {xe ~ ®)k
= 2(x + j/ + z) div F = V•F
i j k
curl F AAA + y^ln g + are “
dx dy dz
^ ^ = — zê ~ ^ + 3y^ln z
= 0
i j k
23. F(a;, y, z) = xyi + ys^ + xzk
curl F = AAA
dx dy dz
div F = V • F
zê ~ ^ y^ln z are ~ ^
= + (xji + jg + «k)
= X + y + z
i j k 29. ti(ar, y, z) = e~ ^(cos y — sin y)
curl F AAA
dx dy dz
Uj.= — e~^(cos y — sin y)
xy yz xz
Uj.j. = e~\cos y — sin y)

— — yi — 2^ — xY
25. F(x, y, z) = arj/zi + x^y^Pj + j/^z^k Uy = e ^(— sin y — cos y)
div F = V • F
Uyy = t~\- cos y + sin y)
= (£‘ + + S'""’*')
ârar ^yy ~ ^
= yz + 2x^yP -t- 3y^z^
« is harmonic
Page 596
31. w{x, y, z) = (a;2 + j,2 1/2

37. F(x, y, z) = xyi + yg + z^]l
=
—X G(x, y, z) = a-\- m - zk
‘ (^ + j2 + ^)3/2
i j k
FxG = xy yz ?
XX = X y -z
+ y2 + ^)3
= (- + {xyz + xa:^)j + {xy^ - xyz)\i

_ 2^ - - ?
(a:^ + j,2 ^ ^^5/2
1 j k
curl(F X G) = AAA
Similarly, dx dy dz
— 2yz^ xyz+xz^ xy^ — xyz
2^ - ^ ^
w
yy
=
(^ + ^2 + ^2)5/2' = {2xy — xz — xy — 2xz)i
2/ - *2 _ j,2 - {y^ - yz+ 4y2:)j + (yz+ Z^ + 22^)k

w =
(^ + !,2 ^)5/2
= {xy - 3ra:)i - + :iyz)j + (^yz ^
39. F(x, y, 2) = xyi + yg + 2^k

+ >«„ + “.z = 0
w is harmonic. G(x, y, z) = n + m - zk
33. B = yÂ + xz^j + yâr^k i j k

FxG = xy yz ?
div B =
X y -z
OX ay oz
=0+0+0 — (— 2yz^)i + (xyz + xz^)j + (xy^ — xyz)k
= 0
div(FxG)
Thus, B is incompressible.
_ d( - 2y?) ^ d{xyz + xp') ^ d{xy^ - xyz)
35. /(x, y, z) = ^y:? dx dy dz
— xz — xy
F = V/
41. Given R = ai + jj + 2k; let

= 2xyî + x^î + 3x^j/2^k
A = ai + ij + ck
div F = 2y^ + Ox^yz
Page 597
i j k
AXR a b c = (A?3 - A?2)‘ + (A^î - fiSsYi
X y z
' + (A <72 - f29l)^
= (bz — cj/)i — {az — cx)j -f {ay — ir)k
div(F X G) = (A?3 - A^2)x + (fsSi -fl93)y
i j k
+ ifl92-f29l)z
curl (A X R) AAA
dx dy dz
I. (div F)(div G)
bz—cy cx—az ay—bx
= [(A)x+(A)y+(A)J[(^l)i:+(?2)y+(^3)J
= 2ai + 2b} + 2ck
div(FxG)
= 2A
II. (curl F)-G - F-(curl G)
43. Let w = ai + ij + ck; then
= ((A)j(~(A)z’ (A)z~(A)x>
i j k
a. V = C4;x R = a b c (A)x~ (A)y) ■ 92^ 93)
X y z
~ (A> A> A) ■ ((53)3^ ~ (92)
= {bz — cy)\ + {cx— az)} + {ay — bx)lL
i9i)z-{93)x^ (92)x-(9i)y)
b. div V = 0 + 0 + 0 = 0
i j k — ^l[(A)y~(A)J ^2t(/l)z ~ (/3)J
AAA
curl V =
dx dy dz d" 173[(A)x~ (A)y] ~ AK^s)^ ~ (52)J
bz — cy cx — az ay — bx
“ A[(?l)x“ (^3)J “ A[(^2)x“ (^1)3/]
= 2ai + 2b} -f 2ck
= (A^3 ~ A^2)x d" (A^l ~fl93)y
= 2u
+ ifi92-f29i)z
45. Let F = /ji + /2j + /3k and
= div(FxG)
III. F(div G) -t- (div F)G is a vector, so it can’t

i j k
possibility equal div(F x G).
Fx G A A A
Si 92 93 IV. Note that since
(curl F) • G - F • (curl G) = div(F x G)
Page 598
we cannot also have 51. Let F = Ml N] + Pk
(curl F) • G + F • (curl G) = div(F x G) div(/F) = (/Jlf)^ + (/7V)^ + (/P)^
unless
= f(K +^y + A) + Mf, + Nfy+ Pf^
2F. (curl G) = 0 = / div F + [4i + /j^ +/^]. [M-f N] + Pk]
which is not generally true, as the following = / div F + V/ • F
counterexample illustrates: 53. Apply the formula in Problem 51, with
F = zk, G = aj, F = V^. Then
so div(fVg) = fdivVg + Vf - Vg
F • (curl G) = zk • k 55. Let F = Mid- Nj + Pk
= z •
1
•
j 1
k
div(curl F) = div AAA
47. div F + div G dx dy dz
MNP
- [(/l)x+(/2)y+(/3)J + [(?i)x+(32)j+ (ff3)J
= div[(P^- A,)i + (71/,- PJj + (A, - M^)k]
= [(/i)x+(î)J + [{f2)y + (g2)y] + [(/a)^ + (?3)J
yx ^ zy ' zy ^ xy ' X M.yz
= div(F + G)
= P^,) + - NJ
i j k
= 0
49. curl(cF) = AAA
dx dy dz
57. Let F = -^(zi -f jj + zk)
c/i c/2 c/3 r
div F
i j k
_ - (2x^ -y^ - ?)- {2y^ - - (2:? - ^ - y^)
-f A A A (x2 +i+ ^)5/2
dx dy dz
h f2 h
= 0
— c curl F
Page 599
59. div(rR) = -^{rx) + -^{ry) + ^(r^) ds = sj[x\i)? + dt
= (r + ^) + (r + 4") + (r + = + (3)2 dt
_ +z^)
— r — ^Qt -f- 9 rft
* _ 3r^ + 1
“ r ■\/9t -f- 9
3 + y 3 “h 3^
c 0
= 4r
= 2^/1 11
'' 10
61. div V{fg) = V • {f7g + gVf)
= 2^/2 - 2
= /(V-V<7) + V/-V<7 +V<7.V/+ <7(V-V/)

rf5 = 0x'(<)]2 + [y'(<)f rf/
= /div(V5) + 2Vf-Vg + gdi\v{Vf)
= v^4 -f 16<® dt
^4 + 16<® dt
13.2 Line Integrals, Pages 875-877 (2^)'
1. Let /(x, y, z) be a function of t where

_ 1 dt
“ 4
X = x(t), y = y{l)i z = z{f) over a < t y(<)> <t)]\/[x'(t)]2 + [j,'(<)]2 + [z'(<)]2 dt
« 28.534
a
and 7. X = t, y = At^, — 1 < < < 0

b
( — y dx + X rfy) = [-(4/2) dt + /(8/ d/)]
/ (fx = I f[x{t), y{i), z(t)] x{t) dt
— 1
C «
0
[ - 4/2 -1- 8/2] dt

-1
4
3
Page 600
- 26
“ 3
icN
13. a. Let x = cos 6 and y = sin 0 on 0 < 0 <
(a;^ + y^) dx + 2xy dy
= (1)( — sin 0 dO) + 2 cos 0 sin 0(cos0) d0
SURVIVAL HINT: If C is a piecewise smooth curve,

then the line integral needs to be computed for each I [(^ + y^) dx-\- 2xy dy]
smooth segment. C
7r/2
11. C needs to be considered in two pieces: = J ( — sin ^ + 2 sin 0 cosÔ) dO

0
Let X = t, then y = — 2/on— l</<0 _ _1
“ 3
and y = 2/on0</<l
b. Let a; = 1 — / and j/=/on0</<l
On [- 1, 0]:
{x^ 4- y^) dx 4- 2xy dy
[(a; + y)^dx - {x - y)^dy]
= [(1 - /)2 + /2]( _ dt) + 2(1 - /)(/) dt
= (- t)'^dt - (3/)^(- 2dt)
= (-4/24-4/- 1) dt
= I9t^dt »
[(x2 4- y^) dx 4- 2xy dy]

On [0, 1]:
C
1
[(a: + y)'^dx - {x - y)‘^dy]
= ( - 4/2 4- 4/ - 1) dt
= {3tfdt - (- t)‘^{2di) 0
_ _1
= It^dt ~ 3
[(a: + y)'^dx - {x - y)^dy] 15. We must use two regions:

C 0 1
On [0, 2]: X = t, y = 9
I 19i^dt 4- It^dt
-1 0
[x^ydx 4- (x^ - y^)dy] = 0
Page 601
On [2, 4] r = 2, y = t 19. On the first piece x = t, y = for 0 < f < 1.
[x^ydx + (j/ — y^)dy] = (4 — t^)dt x^y dx — xy dy = ^ di — t(t^)(2t dt)
I [i^ydx + (x^ - y^)dy] = — dt
C
4 On the second piece r = 1 — f, y = 1 — < for
= J (4 — t^)di
0 < f < 1.
0
i/y dx—xy dy
- _ 16
~ 3
= {\ - t)\-dt) - (1 - t)\-dt)
17. C must be divided into two smooth pieces. = (<3 _ 2^2 ^
On the first piece: r = 1 — y = 2< ,

{x^ydx — xydy)
0<t< 1 C
— y^ dx + x^ dy 1 1
= |(- f^)di + - 2<2 + i)di

- _ (2<2)2( _ dt) + (1 - t)2(4t dt) 0 0
On the second piece: x = — t and y = 2, _ _7_

~ 60
0<t< 1 21. F-rfR= [(lOf 4-f)i +2i5]-(2i4-j) <f<
— y^ dx + x^ dy = 24< dt
= -4{-dt) + <2(o) 1
24< dt = 12
( — y^ dx + dy) 0
C
=
1 1
[4^^ + 4<(1 - <)^] dt+ ^4 dt

" {•//+ i’ 7?^) " *’ "
0 0
R = (a cos <)i + (a sin f)j, for 0 < < < y
_ 77 rfR = ( — 0 sin t dt)i + (o cos t dt)},

“ 15
Page 602
— — a sin t cos t — a sin i cos t J (5ry dx + lOj/2 dy + z dz)
= —2a sin t cos i

1
ICICn
t/2 di —
dR= -2a cos i sin i di
b. x=y=2=<for0<t<l
= —a
I (5x3/ dx + IO3/2 dy + z dz)
{x dx + y dy z dz)
i
C
= I {bi^di + lOfdt + idt)
7r/2 0
= [cos t{ — sin t) + sin <(cos t) -j- <] dt
1
0
(15<^ + t)dt
0
_n
“ 2
C: X = I — t, y = t, z = 0 < t< 1
29. C: x^ + 4y^ — 83/ + 3 = 0
^{x dx ■+ y dy -y z dz) + 4(3/2 - 2y-\-l)= -3 + 4
C
x2 + 4(3/ - 1)2 = 1
1
Let X = cos t, 3/ = ^ sin t + 1, 2 = 0;
= j[(l - <)(-!)+ (+(f*)(f)l dt
0
0<t<2;r
F = xi + X3/j + ^yz]L
= (cos t)i + (cos Oîsin t + l^j

For the arc: r = j/ = t, 2 = 0, 0 < t < 1
+ (cos t)2(l sin t+ l)(0)k

^xy dx + l^lyz dy + z dz = lOt^ dt
R = (cos t)i + ^|sin t + 1^ + Ok

For the line: x=l, y=l, 2=t, 0<<<1
5xy dx + 10y2 dy + z dz = i di
Page 603
dR = ( - sin t)i + cos j dt R = (1 - <)i >
27r
dR = —i dt
i F • (fR — [ — cos < sin <+ 5 cosîsin t -‘r\1 cos'î] dt
F = (1 - <2)j + {t - l)k
TT
2
31. X = t, y = z= ioT 0 < t < I F- rfR = ^2t^dt- dt 4" 0 dt
ds = + {2tf + (2<2)2 dt
1
3
= \/l 4- dt
35. F = - ri 4- 2j
= (2/^ + 1) dt
Cy (0, 0) to (0, 1): X = 0, y = <, 0 < < < 1
1
2xy'^z ds = 2<(<2)2^2^3^(2<2 + 1) dt R = tj
' 0
dR = j dt
1
^f{2t^ + 1) dt
F = 2j
116 C^: (0, 1) to (2, 1); x = <, y = 1, 0 < / < 2

297
R = <i 4- j
33. F = yH+ - (a: 4- ^)k
rfR = \ dt
C-^: x = y= t, z=0;0<t<l-,R= ti + ^
F = - ti 4- 2j
F = 4- t^j — <k; </R = (i 4- j) dt

C3: (2,1) to (1,0); X = 2 - y = 1- 0 < / < 1
C2: X = 1, y = 1 - <, z = 0; 0 < / < 1 R = (2 - t)i 4- (1 - t)j
dR = (- i - j) dt
R = i + (1 - t)}
F= - (2 - <)i 4- 2j
F = (1 - t)2i 4- j - k; (fR = - j
C4: (1, 0) to (0, 0), X = 1 - t, y = 0, 0 < t < 1
C3: X = 1 - t, y = 0, z = 0; 0 < t < 1

R = (1 - t)i
Page 604
dR = — \ dt dy = cos t dt
F= -(1 - t)i + 2} xdy - ydx _ coa^t -f sin^^

dt
ar^ + 3/2 cos^t + sinî
ds= y^F-rfR
C c = 1 dt
1 2 27r
Uiy - ydx
\2 dt+ \ - t dt f 1 dt
0 0
J x^ -\- J
C 0
•
— 27r
+ {2 - t - 2) dt + (1 - t) dt
41. F = ai -f- j
0 0
X = t, y = at
2 - 2 - i + i
R(/) = <i + atj

= 0 ’
dW= FdR
37. = 2 cos t{ — sin t)
dy - . = (ai + j) • (i + aj) dt
-^ = 2 sin t cos t
= 2a dt
ds = \J\ cosî sin^Z + 4 sin^/ cos^t dt

0
2a dt
= 2\/2 I sin t cos <| dt
= -2<P-
(x -\- y) ds = 2yj2 (cos^t + sinî) I sin t cos t \ dt
— 7r/4 43. F = (jr2 + 3/2)i + (i + 3/)j
= -2y/2 sin t cos t dt Cj: R = cos ti sin <j; 0 < < < tt
— ir/4
Cj: R = /i; -!<<<!
-A
~ 2
TT
0.7071
[(cos2< + sin2^)( — sin<)-|-(cos< + sin<)(cos^)] dt
39. For 0 < < < 27r, x — cos t, y = sin t; 0
dx = — sin t dt
Page 605
+ = I + 3<) dt .
0
=- 2 1+1
+
- 25
“ 6
49. ds = y(v^ô7<)2 + (^^sin^ + ( -sin if
« 0.2375 = ^/2 di
45. F = (j^ - z^)i + 2yg - x^k m = S ds

C
W= jp-rfR
= I xyz ds
C
C
1 ir
= + 2(<2)(f^)(20 - <2(3<^)] dt = M sin /)(cos /)(cos t){y/2 dt)

0
1
= I (^ _ <6 ^ 4^ _ 3^)
0
_ ±
~ 35
47. F = xi + jg + (rz - y)k _ J_

~ m x^yz ds
C
R = 2d + + 2dt; 0 < < < 1
TT
dR=(2i + j + 2k) dt _ 1
~ mi (\/2 sin /)2(cos /)(cos /)(\/2 <//)
I
0
F = 2d + ti + (4/2 - /)k
TT
sin2/ cos2/ <//

= 4i|2\/2 sir
W= F • dR
c
1
= I [(2/)(2) + / 4- 2(4/2 _
Pagê 606
3y/2ir
16
^=1^1 yi^ </s)

C
C
TT
I (\/2 sin <)(cos^<)(cos 0(v^ dl)
TT
J (v^ sin /)(cos <)(cosî<)(y^ dt)
= 0
The center of mass is
X = 2t, y = t^, z = for 0 < t < 2
ds = y/(2f + (2<)2 + (/2)2 dt
= + 2)2 dt
= {i^ + 2) dt
The centroid is [f, M)
55. Let t measure the rotation in radians. The
Page 607
Student Survival Manual for Calculus, Third Edition by Strauss/Bradley/Smlth
laborer climbs 50 ft in 5(27r) = IOtt radians, y = 0 for 0 < t < 27r. .
2W
*
so z increases at the rate of 50/(107r) = 5/7r
/(x) ds = sin t y/l + 0 di
ft/radians. The helical path is C 0
R(t) = (10 cos t, 10 sin t, = 0
and the force exerted by the laborer and the but /(x) ^ 0 on C. Note that / is not the
sand is zero function, but does not need to be.
F = (0, 0, 180 + 40)
The work done is 13.3 The Fundamental Theorem and Path

Independence, Pages 884-887
W= F • rfR, SURVIVAL HINT: The fundamental theorem of

calculus provides a simple method for the evaluation
c
of a definite integral. Likewise, the fundamental
lOTT theorem for line integrals provides a simple method
(180 + 40)(|) dt for the evaluation of a line integral. Just as the
hypotheses of the fundamental theorem of calculus
requires a continuous f', the hypotheses of the
= 11,000 ft-lb fundamental theorem for line Integrals require a
conservative vector field. If this hypothesis is met, we
55. R = 5,000(cos ti + sin <j); have independence of path, and the value of the line
integral is the difference in the scalar potentials at the
rfR = 5,000( — sin ti + cos dt ending and beginning points. So the essence of a
problem becomes verifying that F is conservative, and
F = 5,000(5,000 cos ti + 5,000 sin tj) finding f.
1. F is conservative if F = V/where / is
W= (^Y-dR
-ic continuously differentiable.
27r
= J (5,000)^( — cos t sin t -t- sin t cos t) dt 3. Answers vary; the line integral f F • dR is
C
0
independent of path in a region D if for any
= 0
57. Counterexample; /(x) = sin x and C: x = t, two points P and Q in D the line integral
along every piecewise smooth curve in D from
Page 608
P to Q has the same value. The following 7. F = ( — y -f c^sin y)i + (x + 2)c®cos jj
ways can be used to determine whether a

- y + e®sin y) = - 1 + e^cos y
given line integral is path independent.

^(x + 2)e^cos y = e^cos y(x + 3)
(1) F is conservative on D; that is, F = V/
These are not the same, so by the cross-

for some function / defined on D
partials test, the field is not conservative.

(2) ^ F • dR, = 0 for every piecewise smooth
C
9. F = (e^^sin y)i + (e^®cos y)i
closed curve in D.
y) = c^^cos y
5. F = 2xyî +
^(e^^cos y) = 2e^^cos y
Since
partials test, the field is not conservative.
11. I[(3x + 2y)dx — (2x + 3y)dy]

C
the field is conservative. Also,
^(3i + 2j) = 2
dx - A(-2x - iy)= -2
/(x, y) = i?y^ + c{y), so

^ + c{y) par tials test, the field is not conservative,
a. r = cos f, y = sin f; 0 < f < TT

=
TT
J [(3 cos t 2 sin t){ — sin t)
c\y) = 0, so c(y) = K. If we pick A = 0,
0
— (2 cos f -|- 3 sin <)(cos f)] di
then /(i, y) =
n
= J ( — 6 cos t sin t — 2) di = — 27r
0
Page 609
b. C^: x = 1 - i, y= t;Q<t<l a. The integral is 0 because the path is
C2: x= -t, y= I - t; 0 < < < 1 closed.
b. C: x= t, y = 2f] 0 < 1 < 2

1 1
[3(l-t) + 2t](-</<) - |[2(l-t) + 3t]dt 2

0 0 181^ = 32
1
0
+ [-31 4- 2(1 - t)]i-dt)
c. Because of path independence, it is the
0
1
same as b, namely 32.
[2(-lH 3(l-l)](-d0
0 SURVIVAL HINT: Note the answers to parts b
and c must be the same since the line integral is
= -4
path independent.
c. The circular part is the same as in part a,

15. F(x, y) = 2xyi 4-
and the line segment is

|2=2i
oy
C3; X = 1 - 1, 2/ = 0, 0 < 1 < 2
p=2x
OX
/ F • dR = — 27r4- 3(1 - 1) di
F is conservative,
/(x, y) = i^y + c{y)
= — 27r 4- 0
+ ^’(y)
13.
c{y) = 0, so c{y) = 0
/(x, y) = ^y
=
oy B*
F.dR=/(l, 1) -/(O, 0)
OX
A
= 1-0
so the line integral is path independent.
Page 610
17, F(j;, y) = (2x - y)i +

y) = + <y)
df _ -X
dy (j,+ l)2 + c\y)

dv _
dx ~
(y+i?
F is conservative so c'(y) = 0.
/(x, y) = x^ - yx+ c{y) For c{y) = 0; /(x, y) =
df . 2
■^ = -x+ c{y) = -r+r Jf-^R =/(I, 1) -/(O, 0)
c
c'(3/) = y'^, so c{y) = ^
/(x, j/) = x^ - xj/ + 1/

_ 1
“ 2
jF.rfR =/(I, 1) -/(O, 0)

SURVIVAL HINT: In Problems 20-25, the directions
C
asks for a scalar potential function, and for this
reason, we choose to pick the constant to be 0, as
shown in Example 3 of this section.
21. F(x, y, z) = yze^H + xze^'^j +
i j k
{y + l)i - aj
19. F(x, y) curl F = AAA
(y +1)"' dx dy dz
yze^^ xze^^
d y + 1 -1
= (xe^3' - xe*3')i - {ye^y - ye®3')j
dy
Sy+^)\
+ {ze^y + xyze^y — ze^y — xj/ze^^)k
d — X -1
dx = 0
(J+1)" (y+1)'
F is conservative from Theorem 13.5.

F is conservative;
xy
yze
1 dx
dx 3/ + 1
Page 611
f= + c{y, z) = yii^ + + 2^) >
xze^^ +
dc |£ = 0, c = c,(,)
dy dy
= xze xy f=\{x^ + i + ^f + ci{z)
= 0, £ = C,(.) = z{x^ + y'^ + + c^'{z)
/= + c,(*) = z(7? + / + 2^)
g=.-+c,'W Cj* = 0, Cj = 0
= /(2:, y, 2) = i(x2 + y2 + 2^)2
Cj' = 0, q = 0
25. F(x, y, 2) = (ry^ + y2)i + (x^y + X2 + 3y^2)j
/(x, y,
+ {xy + y^)k
23. F(x, y, z) = (i^ -f y^ + 2^)(xi + jj + 2k)

i j k
curl F = AAA
i j k dx dy dz
curl F = AAA xy^+yz x^y+x2+3y^2 xy+y^
5r 5y dz
rx ry rz
= (x + 3y^ - X - 3y^)i - (y - y)j
where r = x^ + y^ + 2^
+ (2xy + 2 - 2xy - 2)k
= (2y2-2y2)i - (2x2-2xz)j + (2xy-2xy)k

= 0
= 0

^^=,i+yz
= zix^+ 2^) f= ix^y^ + xyz + c{y, 2)
f= \(^+ + c(y, 2)
l= + -+l
= i?y + xz + Zy^z
Page 612
Ci{z) = 0, so Cj(2) = 0
c= y^z-\- Cj(z); f = X sin 2+2 cos y
/= + xyz-\- c^{z) |F.rfR=/(0, -1, 1) - /(I, 0, -1)
^^=xy + / + c/(z) = [0 + (l)cos(-l)]
= ry + y^ - ((l)rin(-l) + (-l)(l)]
Cj' = 0, Cj = 0 = cos( — 1) — sin( — 1) + 1
/(z, y, z) = + xyz + /z = cos 1 + sin 1 + 1
27. F = (sin z, — z sin y, x cos z + cos y) 29. F = /—+ tan ~ ^2, tan “ ^x, —
\l + z2 1 + 22/
curl F = 0, so F is conservative.
j k
curl F = AAA df_ _

dx dy dz dx 1 +- ^2 + tan ^2
sin z — 2sin j/ xcosz+cosy
f = y tan ~^x + x tan ~ ^2 + c{y, 2)
= 0; thus, F is conservative.
|^=tan->r
df . dy
■^ = sm z
ox A
= ^(2/ tan ~ ^z + z tan ~ ^2 + c)
f = X sin z + c{y, z)
df
= — 2 Sin w = tan “ ^z + ^,
ay dy'
= -Q-(z sin 2 + c) dr
dy'' ’ so ^ = 0 and c = c-^{z)
— ^
dy
r\ f = 2/tan ^z + ztan ^2 + c-j^(z)
^ — 2 sin y, so c = 2 cos y 4- Cj(2)
df _ X
/ = z sin 2 + 2 cos y + Cj(2) dz \ + ^
■= X cos 2 -H cos y = tan “ ^z + z tan ~ ^2 + 0^(2)]

dz
= ^[z sin 2+2 cos y + Cj(2)]
= X cos 2 + cos y + Cj'(2)
Page 613
Cj'(z) = 0, and Cj = 0 33. u = y — x^ and y = x y^
du _ 1
f=y tan ~^x + x tan ~
dy
dv _ 1
F-rfR=/(0, -1, 1) - /(I, 0, -1)
dx
= [ — tan ~ ^(0) + 0] F is conservative.
- [0 + (l)tan - 1)]
^=y-^
dx ^
= - tan - 1) = I 3
/(r, y) = ly - y + c{y)
31. ^ = 2«; 4^ = 2j/; F is conservative

oy ox j^=l+c(!,)
7 ^
= 3x2 + 2r + = I +
3
c'{y) = y^, so c{y) = y
f{x, y) = x^ + x^ + xy"^ + c{y)
_3
f{x, y) = xy -
- 2xy + c'{y)
dy
j [(j/ - ^)dx + (x + y^)dy]
= 2xy + / c
= /(0, 3) - /(-I, -1)
c{y) = so c{y) = i/
= 9-1
f{x, y)= + xy^ + JL

4 = 8
[(3x^ + 2x4- y‘^)dx + {2xy + y^)dy] 35. M = sin y and v = 3 + x cos y
C du = cos
y
dy
F * rfR dv = cos
y
c dx
F is conservative.
= /(l, i)-/(0,0)
df .
^ = sin y
/(x, y) = X sin y +
- 13
“ 4
Page 614
^ = xcos y+ c'(y) |(jd+q)-dR=/(2, 4)-/(0, 0)
= 3 + 1 cos y
= 8
c'(y) = 3, so c{y) = 3y
39. u = 2y and v = 2x
f{x, y) = xsin y+ 3y
du _ n
dy-^
When t = 0, (i, y) = (0, 0)
dv _ ^
dx~
when < = 1, (i, j/) = (- 2, ir/2)
F = 2yi + 2aj
J [(sin + (3 + a; cos y)dy]

F is conservative.
C
= /(-2, ir/2) - /(O, 0)
= 5(3^ - 4) /(x, y) = 2xy + c{y)
« 2.7124 = 2x + c'{y)
dy
u = y and v = x c{y) = 0, so c{y) = 0
du _ 1
/(x, y) = 2xy
dy
dv
= 1
dx
F = yi + xj; F is conservative.
J'
{2y dx + 2x dy) = /(4, 4) - /(O, 0)
= 32
df
Tx = y
-1 y xy
41. u = tan
/(x, y) = xy + c{y) 3? + y"^
—
V = X ^ + e ^(1 — y)
= X
d\ ^
c(y) = 0, so c{y) = 0 dx ^
/(x, y) = xy _ 2x(x^ + y^) — 2x^

- {?T7f
Page 615
2xxr -1 y xy dx
tan
,2\2’
+ y^) ^ x^ + i
A. tan -1 y xy
x2
dy ^ r^ + y^ + 2 , 2
+ e ^(1 - y) dy]
x + y
Xjx ^3 — xy
X ^,,2
= f1, 2) - /(I, 1)
1 + y^/x^ + y^)
= -tan“^(-2) + 2e“2
2xy^
2\2
+ y^) « 0.2245
F is conservative. 43. We want G = {g{x){x‘^ + y*), — g{x){xy^)) to
df _ x^ be conservative, so
+ e-\l - y)
^y 2? + y^
+ j-*)] = §-^1-
+ e ^ — ye ^
"i+d)^ g{x){Ay^) = - g’{x){xy^) - g{x)y^
y'jx) _ ^
f{x , y) = xtan |-e~^ + e“^( j/+l) + e{x)
9{x) ^
= rtan ~ ^ ^yt~ ^ c{x) In g(x) = — 51n a; + Cj
We assume g(x) > 0, without loss of generality.

df
= x- + tan ‘(I) + c'[t) g{x) = Cx~^
i + (| for any constant C ^ 0.
xy 45. ». F = - KmM{^, i
+ tan ' '(I) + '’(*)
2 , 2
x^ 4- y
where r = \/xf y^ ^
-\(y xy
= tan ^
df _ — KmMx
dx^ (x2 + + ^)3/2
c{x) = 0, so c{x) = 0
KmM
f{x, y) = X tan “ ^ | + j/e “ ^
df _ - KmMy dc.
dy (^ + i + dy
Page 616
— KmMy
llFll = '=^ = i(l)(6,r)^ = ¥T^
dc 1 _ and since F always points toward the center

= 0, use Cj(y, z) = cîz)
dy
of the circle, we have
f_ KmM „ / \
1
/— i—iy-n-TT + F = ^7r^( — cos / i — sin i j)
y/i? + + 2^
Thus, the work performed is

§f- — KmMz
dz (;^ + y2 ^ ^^3/2 + C2'(2)
W= jp-dR
— KmMz
C
27r
~ 0; use C2(z) = 0 = J <)( —3sin t)

0
/(a:, y, z) =- + (— sin <)(3cos <)] di = Q

v/r^ 4- y^ + 2^
Alternatively, note that F is conservative,
= ^mAf(i)
so ^ F • dR = 0 around the closed curve C.
/Vofe; Physicists sometimes use = — C
as the gravitational potential. 49. a. Since ^( - a) = 0 = ^( - i), the wind
Q
b. W= F • rfR force F is conservative, so the work
— fi^2' ^2’ ^2) fi^V ^1’ ^1) integral W = J* F • dR is independent of

C
_ kmM _kmM
the path C. The line segment Cj between
A(0, 0) and 5(2, 1) can be parameterized

47. The bucket moves in the circle C described by
as C^: X = 2t, y = t; 0 <t<l.
R(i) = (3 cos <)i + (3 sin i)j; 0 < / < 27r
W= jF-dR
The bucket and water have mass m = ^ and
C
moves with speed v = 2n(S) = 6ir ft/s. 1
f
= [- a(2) di
The magnitude of the force F is J
0
Page 617
— — (2 a + 6) (2, 1). Then
b. The force Fj = ( — a, — ae is also W2 = I Fj • rfR

Cl
1
conservative since
= J* — a <fx — ac jy
0
1
= [ - a(2) - ae " dt
The work, computed along the line
0
segment given in part a is
0
W^= I Fi • rfR
1
= j(-a(2)-«e-'(I)l di
= |(9e~’’/^ - 23)
= a(e ^ — 3)
c. The force F2 = ( — a, — ae jg and
conservative since 1^3 = |F2.rfR

C2
1 1
but = I - a(2) + I - ae “ dt
0 0
The work performed varies with the path = - ae~’’/®(2e’’/® + e - 1)
chosen. For instance, let be the linear 51. If F is conservative, then
path used in parts a and b and let C2 be F = V<A = {4^, <^3,, ^)
the path along the x-axis from (0, 0) to
(2, 0), then along x = 2 from (2, 0) to M=4>^,N=^,P=<P^
Page 618
Thus, using the equality of mixed partials, we = |F-dR+ Jp-rfR
have
(®i> y)
_dN
dy - FdR + jp-dR
(a, b)
M - A -A, -dP
dz ^y^ ^^y dy
Since the first integral only depends on
-A> -M
Qj. ^zx — ^xz — fl-
dz y {x^ is constant), we have
Thus ^ - M. M M - 5A/
Qy - - Qy
^ = 0 + ^ j [M{x, y) dx + N{x, y) dy]
53. Following the same procedure as in Problem
_ A Mix, y) dx
45, we can show that F = R/r^ is dx
conservative in D with scalar potential

since J Nix, y) dy = 0 along the
function /= — 1/r. The work done in Co
horizontal line segment Q (because

moving the object from distance to r2
dy = 0). Thus, we have
along a curve C is given by
M{u, y) du = M(x, y)
dx dx
W |r.®=| v(^)-dR
^1
by the second fundamental theorem of
calculus.
_ 1 1
b. Let Q2ix, y^) be any point on the same
T '2
vertical line as Qix, y), and let be a

55. a. Let be any point on the same
path in joining P{a, b) to Q2 and Q

horizontal line as Q{xq, y).
be the vertical line segment from Q2 to

(x, y)
fix, J/) = j FdR Q. Then,

(a, b)
fix, y) = I F-dR+ F-dR
(a, b) i
Page 619
and = 3 ,
A F • dR Alternatively, we can parameterize G:

dy dy.
C^: j/=<;0<t<l
A N{x, u) du = N{x, y) Gj: X = 1 -I- y = 1 - /; 0 < t < 1

dy
y\
G3: X = 2 - t, y = 0; 0 < t < 2
13.4 Green’s Theorem, Page 896-898 FdR = [2f -I- 3< - 3/2] dt
SURVIVAL HINT: When using Green's theorem to

find area, take the time to write out the values of dx
and dy before substituting (except in the simplest of
+ [2(1 -t- /)2 -H 3(1 - /) - 3(1 - /)2(- 1)] dt
problems), and do not forget the factor of
1 1 + [2(2 - <)2( - 1)] dt

r c c
1. a dx + x^ dy) = {2x — 2y) dy dx
C 0 0
- Z.I- 43 _ 16
1 “ 6 6 3
= J (2x — 1) dx
= 3
0
= 0
5. The orientation is clockwise, so
Alternatively, on Ci
^ Axy dx = — I ( — 4x) dA
C D
C^: y = O', C2- x=\", Cj;. y= 1; Q: a; = 0
1 0 C 271
A
1A
0
0
0 dx -I- dy + dx + = 4 r cos 0 (r dr dO)

II
0 oil 0 0
3. Since the orientation is clockwise, = 0
1 2— j
Alternatively, on G: x = sin 9, y = cos 9,
y^F-dR=-| I (0-3) dx dy
0 y dx = cos 9 d9, dy = — sin 9 d9
27r
= 3 (2 - 2y) dy
cos^^ sin 9 d9 = 0
Page 620
^ {2ydx-xdy) = | | {-\-2)dA = 0
C D
= -3[l7r(2)2]
15. W= iFdR
= /’
c
= — 67r
= y [(33/-4x)i + (4x- y)j] • [dx\ + rfy j]
9. ^ {xsinxdx — rfy) = J 10 </>4

C D - y) - - 4x) dA
D
= 0
= I |(4 - 3) = 2(l)7r = 27r

11. y [(i y^)dx + 2xy dy]
D
c since the semimajor and semiminor axes of
I {2y + 2y)dA
the ellipse have length 2 and 1, respectively.
D
2 2
17. Parameterize the circle by x = 2 cos t,
Ay dy dx
0 0 y = 2 sin t, 0 < t <2n
z
A = ^ ^ y dx + X dy)
8 dx
C
0
2w
16
= 51 [(“2 sin i){—2 sin <) + (2 cos t){2 cos <)] dt
0
13. Since the orientation is clockwise, 27r
= 4 = 47r
^ [sin X cos y dx + cos x sin y dy]
0
C
Check: A = 7rr^ = ’’’(2)^ = 47r.
^(cos x sin y) — ^(sin x cos y) dA
D ^ 19. Cj:x=t, j/ = 0;0<<<4
2 2
= — J [ — sin I sin j/ + sin X sin y] dy dx Cj: X = 4 - <, j/ = <; 0 < / < 3

0 0
Cj: X = 1 - <, y = 3; 0 < < < 1
Q: X = 0, y = 3 - t; 0 < t < 3
Page 621
A = y dx + X dy) ^y = ¥
The square has area >1 = 1, so

_ 1
0 +2 [ - ^( - 1) + (4 - f)] dt
“ 2
0 ¥
a: = ^ = T’
3
+ “3)( - 1) rft + ^|o dt

Thus, / = 3 X
15
2 25. y x^ rfj/ = I J (2x — 0) dA
C D
Check: A = i(6i + b2)h = i(l + 4)(3) = ^
= 21 I X rfi4
D
21. ^ {x^y dx — y^x dy) =1 {— y^ — ^)dA
= 2xA
D
fl dA
dx =
D
(0 — 2y) dA
IT a
= -2 ydA
dr dO
D
0 0
= -2yA
4
Thus,
23. I = y [(5 — ij/ — y^)dx — {2xy — x^)dy]

= 27
and
{ — 2y-\-2x-\-x+ 2y) dA
D
r dy-
- 2A /
= 3j X dA
D
27. j (^-^+i)dT+idu dA
x2^x2
= 3M., D
Solving, = 0
Page 622
29. Let Cj be a circle X dx -\- y dy
= -/ ^
centered at the
27r
origin with radius R _ _ f (sin ^)(cos 9) -H (cos B){ — sin 6)
de
sin^0 -f- cosÔ
O' so small that all of
= 0
Cj is contained
within the given curve C. Assume Cj is

31.
/ — {y -\- 2) dx + {x — 1) dy
{x - 1)2 -I- (j/ -t- 2)2
oriented clockwise, and let D be the region - [(^- 1)^ - (y+ 2)2] - [(y-H 2)2 - (x - 1)2]
dA
[(ar - 1)2 -I- (y -f- 2)2]2
between Cj and C. Then, according to Green’s D
theorem for doubly-connected regions,

= 0
33. V/= (2ary - 2y)i -|- {x^ - 2i -f 2y)j

dx y dy f X dx + y dy
c 4 Since N = -î — is a unit normal to the
curve.
dA
/ ^ * = / (V/- N) *
c c
-2xy -2xy
dA = y [(2a;y - 2y) dy - (a;2 - 2x -f 2y) dx]
D C
1 1
= 0
= j I (2y -h 2) dy dx
To evaluate the line integral about Cj, use the 0 0
= 3
parameterization
. y [(i - Sy) dx + (2a; - j/2)] dy
Cy a: = sin 0, y = cos 0 < 0 < 27r
C
(Remember, Cj is oriented clockwise.) Thus, = I (2 -f 3) (fA

D
^X dx + y dy
x2-H-2
y = 5A
C
Page 623
37. If 4^ = 4^, then for any closed curve C, we = y [f9x dy - fyy dx]
oy ox
have
^ dR = ^ [u dx + V dy]
= 11
D
dA
Kdv _ du\
dx dy J
dA
[fx9x + f9xr + fy9y + f9y^ dA
D
= I [f{9xx + 9yy) + fx9x + fy9y)] dA
= 0 D
where D is the interior of C. Thus, Ji F • rfR

[fV'^9 + V/- Vg] dA
C
is independent of path and F is conservative.
'>■ - «§{)*
Conversely, if F is conservative, then c
^ F • dR = 0 for any closed curve C in D. = y^Vj-N - </V/-N) ds
C c
Thus,
= y [/(v Ag^)-gU^+S^)]-(^d]p.-d^)
0 = ^ [u dx + V dy]
c
C
= y [U9X - 9fx) dy + ifgy - 9fy){ - dx)]

= 1 Ks-f?)"
D
c
which is true for every closed curve C only if
dv _ du
dx ~ dy
39. a. j f ^ds= j ds
J" J"
D
9i^x 9fxx fx9x
c c + fy9y - 9fyy “ 9yfy] dA
= y/(V + 9^)-{dyi - dxi) [f{9xx + 9yy) - 9{fxx + fyy)] dA
Page 624
= 11 [/V2(, - gV^f] dA
D
so that
41. Introduce a “cut” line joining Cj and C2
and another C5 joining Cj to C3. Then if
F = M{x, y)i + N{x, y)j
43. If R has two holes, there are three possibilities

is continuously differentiable in the shaded
for
region D, the conditions of Green’s theorem
are satisfied by the curve C formed by / F • dll:
traveling counterclockwise around Cj, to the

Case I: C surrounds neither hole
left along clockwise around the bottom of

Since F is conservative, any curve Cm R that
C21 to the left along C5, clockwise around

does not “surround” the hole will C surround
to the right along C5, clockwise around the

the hole will have
top of C2, the back to Cj along C4. Then,
J (M dx + N dy) =
• A
'dji _ M
/ F- dR = 0
In this case, C surrounds neither hole, so

w «
dx dy
C
F-dR= 0
= ^{M dx ^ N dy) + ^{M dx+ N dy)
Case II: C surrounds just one hole.

+ (M dx A N dy)
There are four possibilities depending on
If F is conservative in D and C2 and C3 are which hole is surrounded and whether the
traversed counterclockwise instead of orientation of C is clockwise or
clockwise, then counterclockwise.
Page 625
Case ni: C surrounds both holes. 3. z = b] dS = dA
Again, There are two possibilities. Either C xy dS = xy dA

R
circles both holes with the same orientation or
27r 1
it circles one hole with one orientation and d0

0 0
the other with the opposite orientation (a
= 0
“figure- eight”). 5. Z = 4 - X - 2y\ z^= - 1, z = - 2
Thus, there are a total of seven dS dA
possible values
= y/b dA
/ F • dR
4 2
Ij {x^ -f y‘^)dS =
0 0
[x^ -f y^) dy dx
13.5 Surface Integrals, pages 906-907
SURVIVAL HINT: If you think of a surface integral as

= v/e (21^ -i- 0 dx
a double integral over a curved surface, rather than a
flat region of a plane, then the radical is the "slope"
factor to transform R Into S. Since there are several
steps in finding the value of the radical, taking the 160v^
time to write them out carefully will save time in the
long run, as you will have fewer errors.
7. z — 4, z^ — 0, z^ — 0
1. z = 2 - y, z^=0, Zy= - 1
dS = ^0^ -H (-1)2 -t- 1 dA dS = x/o^To^TT dA
27r 1
= y/2 dy dx
2 2 r^(r dr dO) = ^
xy dS = I xy \/2 dy dx 0 0
0 0
2 For Problems 9-14, z = y/A — x^ — y^]
= 2^/2 X dx
= 4y/2
Page 626
±
22 For Problems 15-18, z = x^ A- y"^ = t^; z = 2x,
= 2j/;
dS — yj \ dA — ^ dA
dS = yj{2xf + {2yf + 1 dA
R is the circular disk < 4.
= y/aP' + 1 dA
9.
I zdS =
R
2n 2
hdA
the projected region R is the disk x^ y^ < 4.
0
1
0
2r dr d9
15. J* 2 =
2ir 2
I y/Ar^ + 1 r dr d9
= Stt S 0 0
= Air dr iFormula 171

11. (x — 2y)dS
3/2 2
+ V + i)
= An
(r - dA 0
2% 2
(r cos 9 — 2r sin 9) , ^ r dr d9
- [(! ~ m)t vt +
V4 —
0 0
27r
= f ^240^ 2I0)
= 27r (cos 9 — 2 sin 9) d9
- ^391^17 + 1)
= 0
84.4635
13. I + y^)z <^‘5’ = I dA 2n 2

17. y/1 + Az dS = y/l + 4r^ r dr d9
R
2ir 2
= 2
0 0
r^(r dr d9)
■ ■’■(!¥ - a)
= f(17^/^7 - 1)
= IStt
Paê 627
36.1769 21. z = a; + 1
dS = v/F+O^TT dA
19. ^ = y/l - -
= \/2 r dr de
zX z
The projected region R is the disk a^ + < 1
z Z
• A
(t^ + 2^) \/2 r dr de
2ir 1
_ J_
+ (r cos e 4- 1)^] r dr de
0 0
dS=\ dA-,
27r 1
projected region ^ is < 1 I [r^ 4- r^cos^0 4- 2 r^cos 0 4- r] \/2 dr de

0 0
(ar^ 4- y^)dS
(3 cosê + 8 cos e + 9) de
12
0
27r 1
r dr dO
_ 7lTy/2
0 0 ~ 4
27r 1
r^dr 23. 2=2 — 5a; 4- 4y
de
V^l —
0 0 z^= -b
Formula 227
^, = 4
27r
- (1 - de
rfS = yj{- 5)2 4-42+1
= \/42 dy dx
27r
N = ^(5i-4j + V)
I de
0
F = ai 4- 2ja — 32k;
47r
3
Paê 625
F-N = ^(5^ - 8y - 32) dS = v/o^ + 1^ + l2 dA
= \/2 dy dx
The projected region i?is0<r<l,0<y<l
f{x, y, z) = z - y - 1;
|f-N I -Sy- 3z)x/42 dy dx N

R
llv/ll
1 1 - -3 + ^
[5a: —8y — 3(2 — 5a:4- 4y)] dy dx ~ v/2
0 0
F = 2:î + y^j + z^k
(20a: - 16) da: = - 6

F-N = ~ ^^
v/2
_ 2y+ 1
25. f{x, y, z) = x^ + ^ = 1;
" v/2
V/= 2ai -f 2jj + 20k;
The projected region R is the disk a:^ + y^ < 1
dS = \2 dA xy
N = ai + sj + zk IJ F • N d5 =
R
-^{2y + l){^ dy dx)
- a:^
F•N = .2 + y 27r 1
= 11 (2r sin 6 + 1) r dr dd
27r 1
0 0
dr dO
F • N d5 =
•jr^ 27r
0 0
= |(|sm9 + l)j9
1
r dr
= 2.1
\/l — = TT
_ ^
29. The projected region on the xy-plane is the
“ 3
rectangle R: — y/z < x < y/3, 0 < y < 1. Let

27. z= y+ 1
f = 2 + 3? - 3, SO / = 2a:, / = 0. Then
dS — \Jfx + 1
= 1;
Page 629
= y/(2x)2 + 0 + 1 dA 31. R = Mî +
= 2Mi + k; R^ = j
= + 1 dA
Since z = 3 — x^, we have i j k
R„xRV 2m 0 1
0 1 0
IF • N
s = — i + 2Mk
-2*> 1) ||R.xR,||= /Tm?;
(x — + z) dS
{y, - 2z) • {2x, 0, 1) y/Ax^ + 1 dA
R
1 1
\/i 1 = (m^ — + m)\/1 + 4m^ dv du
[2xy - 2(3 — x^)]\/Ax^ + 1 dy dx 0 0
v/i ^ 1
» _
(m^ — ^ 4- m)\/1 + 4m^ du
0
(2x^ + X - Q)y/Ax^ + 1 dx
19 1n(\/5 + 2) , l7y/5 i
x/5 192 32 12
« 0.9617
= {^(24r^ + lea:^ - 141x + 4)y/Ax^ + 1
33. R = mI — M^j 4- Mk
II ln| \/Ax^ + 1 + 2i| I
R„ = i - 2Mj; R^ = k
i j k
= ||ln(25 - 4v^) -
R„xR 1 -2u 0
0 0 1
« -23.944
= — 2Mi — j
Page 630
|R„xR 11= y/l + 4«2; = sin'^M cos^D + sin u cosû
F-N dS = F • (R^ X RJ du dv
{x^ y - z) dS
D
IT 2TT
2 1
(sin'^M cosû -I- sin u cosû) dvdu
\ip' — — i\\/\ + 4w^) dv du
0 0
0 0
TT
i
\/l •+■ AxP' du 27r sm u cos u du
“ 2
0 0
_ ^
= -|[4yr7 + ln(4 + yi7)] “ 3
37. z = 4 — X — 2y
« -2.3234
35. R = (sin u cos V, sin u sin v, cos u) ^x= -1 ^
R^ — ^ ôs V, cos u sin v, — sin u) z = -2

y
R^ = (— sin u sin v, sin u cos t>, 0)

dS = sj{-lf + (-2)2 + 1 dk
i j k
= dy dx
=
cos u cos V cos u sin v — sin u
— sin « sin v sin « cos v 0 The projected region R is
= (sin^w cos t;)i — (0 — sinû sin t;)j X + 2j/ < 4; x > 0, y>0
-h (sin u cos «)k

m = x(\/6 dy dx)
F = {x\ 0, z) R
4 (4-x)/2
= (sin^« cos^t), 0, cos u)
= 'v/G J X dy dx
0 0
F • (R^ X RJ = (sin^M cos^v)(sin^M cos v)
4
x(4 — x)
+ cos «(sin u cos u) = v/6 dx
Page 631
_ 16v/6
7^ = 4, so the projected region R
“ 3
« 13.0639 is the disk < 4;
39. z=
m = I 6'^ dS
2a: R
27r 2
f _
f-
Zy = 2y = .rdrde
i I
dS = y(2^2"Hr(2^J)2Tl dA
27r
= \/l + 4r^ r dr dO = 9^{5 - y/b) d9

0
The projected region R is the disk
= |7r^(5 - y/b)
A y^ 6 — z=
« 228.5313
m = z dS
43. pV = p{xy, yz, xz)
r'
27r 1f
Let G=x^ + yÂz~9
•
r^(4r^ + 1)^^^ r dr dO
(2a:, 2y, 1)
0 0
The rate of fluid flow is:
pV • N d5
5
= ^(25x/5 + 1) • ^
pV-VG dA
« 2.9794 s
41. z — y/b — = P{xy, yz, xz)-{2x, 2y, 1) dA
x^ + y^ <9
dS= yl^ + 1 dA
» n
= p[2a:^y + 2y^z + xz] dA

dr d9
+ 3,2 < 9
The plane z = 1 intersects = 5 where
Page 632
[2x^y+{2y^ + x)(9 - x^ - /)] dA m = x^y^z dS

+ 3,2 < 9 R
Since z = 9 — —
27r aly/2
27r 3
I [2r^cos^0{r sin 9)
1
0
f r
J
0
r4 cos \rdrd9
0 0
27r a! s/2
+ (2r^sin^0 + rcos 0)(9 — r^)] rdr dO
2ir
-\
0
\
0
ar^ cos^9 sin^^ dr d9
pj- ^[l2 cos^^sin 9 + 4 cos 9 +15sin^0] d9 27r

0 a
cos^9 sin^0 d9
48
(24STr\
\—y
TTa
ni- 2- 2 192
45. i. z — \J a — X — y
b. = sj ^ - y^
= - a:^ - i)-^l\-2x)
z -
~
^
Z
— X
Z
z
_ ar dr d9
a? —
-y
The cone with vertex angle <f) has the equation
dS - yj{—z^f + {-^y + 1
z = a cot 4> and intersects the sphere where
= , ° --- r dr d9 = a^, so the projected region R

Va^ -
is T^(l + cot^<^Q) < a? or r < a sin <f>Q.
The sphere and cone intersect where
2(a;^ + y^) = a^, so the projected region R 27r
m = ar dr d9
is the disk r < a/\/2; \/a^ —

0 0
2 2
0£ = x‘y z
= 27ro(a - o\/l — sin'^cj^Q)
= (rcos 0)^(rsin 9)^\/— •P'

= 27ro^(l — cos (po)
Page 633
V
47. z = y/ ^
1. Evaluating the line integral ^ F • dR
C
where C is the curve 1=3 cos 0, y = S sin 0,
2 = 0; 0 < 0 < 27r.
dS = dA / F• ^ {z dx + 2x dy -{■ 3y dz)
C
27r 27r 27r
_ ar dr d0
y/ = I 0 + 21 9 cos^0 + 3jC
27r a
m = 2 o(o^ — r^) r dr d0 = IStt
0 0
Evaluating the integral (curl F ■ N) d5

= 47ra^ 5
i j k
27r a
curl F = AAA
4 = 2a r^(a^ — r^) dr d0 dx dy dz
0 0 z 2x 3y
7r/2
= 3i -h j -H 2k
= i^| d0
0 f{x, y, z) x'^ y"^ + P = 9
_ Stto'*
- 3
Vf= {2x, 2y, 2z)
2 2
= ^ma
N = i(x, y, z)
13.6 Stokes’ Theorem, Pages 914-916

z = \/9 — j? — y^
SURVIVAL HINT: Green's theorem relates a double
Integral over a flat region of a plane to a line integral
over the boundary of the region. Stokes' theorem dS = + {—z^y + 1
relates a double integral over a curved surface In to
the line integral over Its boundary.
= —7—^ r dr do
As with any theorem, Stokes' theorem has
hypotheses that must be verified before the conclusion
can be applied. In each case, verify that the orienta¬ The projected region D is the disk
tion of C is compatible with the orientation on S.
Page 634
<9. = {It - 9) dt
3/2
(curl F • N)
= I {7t - 9)dt
0
- _ 45
I ^(3a: + y + 2z) dS “ 8
S
21T 3
_ i
(3rcos0-t- rsin^-t-2v/9 — r^) dO R = (| — t)j 4- 2tk,
“ 3
V9 -
0 0
rfR = (— j 4- 2k) dt,
27r 3 27r 3
3r^ cos 9 dr d0 •P' sin 6 dr dO
+ F • rfR = [- (y - x) 4- 2(2 - y)] dt
0 0
y/9 — 0 0
V^9 — P
= [x — 3y 4- 22] dt
2ir3
+ 2r dr dd = [7t - I dt
0 0
= 0 + 0 + IStt
= IStt
3. Evaluating the line integral ^ - dR

C
C^: x+2y = 3; C2'-2y+z=2; C3: r + 2 = 3.
3
Parameterizing all three with 0 < < < ^: R = 2<i 4- (3 - 2t)k,
Cj: r = 3 — 2<, y = t, z = 0, dR = (2i — 2k) dt,
R = (3 - 2t)i + F • (fR = [2(x 4- 22) — 2(2 — y)] dt
</R = (— 2i + j) dt, = [2x 4- 2y 4- 2z] dt
F • rfR = [—2(x + 22) {y — x)] dt = Q dt
= [—3x + y — 42] dt
Page 635
/ FdR dx — Qz dy + Zx dz)
27r
2(2 sin ^)( — 2 sin 6) dO
/ F • (/R — /^ -|- /2 “I" 0
= — Stt
=-f+1+9
Evaluating the integral (curl F-fi) dS
i j k
Evaluating the integral (curl F-fi) dS
curl F AAA
S dx dy dz
i j k 2y —6z Zx
curl F AAA
dx dy dz = 6i - 3j - 2k
x+2z y—x z—y
f{x, y, z) = x^ + y"^ + z
= - i + 2j - k
= 4
N = ^(i + 2j + k)
V/= 2ri + 2jd + k
dS = \/E dy dx _ 2ai + 2ij + k
yj4{x^ + 2/^) + 1
-1 + 4-1
(curl F • N) = \/6 dy dx
z = 4 — — y^
R
= 2(the area of the A ) z^= -2x
- 2^
~ U/
Zy= -‘^y
9
2
dS = + dy^ + 1 dA
Evaluating the line integral ^ F • dR

c (curl F-N)dS= )^^-6^-2 yj^^^TTT+l l
C: X = 2 cos 9, y = 2 sin 6, z = O] 0 <9 <2% yj 4{x^+ y^) + 1
= (12a; - 62/ - 2) dA
Page 636
(curl F. N) rf5 ^ 0) > 0. By Stokes’ theorem

S
27r 2
= (12rcos0 — 6rsin0 — 2)r dr dO

0 0
27r
= (32 cos6 — 16 sin0 — A) d9 = — Stt

0
3
7. F = d + aj + yk
= — 2(6 — 2r) dx
0
i j k
curl F AAA = -18

dx dy dz
z X y
9. F = 2xy^z\ 4- 2z^j/g + {^P'y^ — 2z)k]
= i+'j + k
i j k
The triangle is the portion of the plane curl F AAA
dx dy dz
2xy^z 2x^yz x^y^ — 2z
2j + 3/ + 3z = 6 in the first octant, and since
= 0
the orientation is clockwise, the normal is
_ - 2i - j - 3k y [2xy^z dx + 2x^yz dy + (x^y^ — 2z)dz]

yi4
(curl F ■ N) dS (Stokes’ theorem)
so curl F • N = —Since
x/U
z = 1(6 - 2x - y) = 0
since curl F = 0.
we have z = — I, = — 4, and
11. F = 3/i + g + ik
i j k
= dy dx curl F A A A
dx dy dz
y z X
The projected region D is 2x + y < 6 for

- - (i + j + k)
Page 637
V
Take S to be the boundary plane x y = 2. ^ = 2(7r(l)v^)
Since the curve is traversed clockwise, as = 2v^7r
viewed from above. Note: We used the formula for the area of an
N = ellipse with semimajor axis of length a = \/2
and ■ and semiminor axis of length 6=1:
curl F-N = -2.. irab = 7r(l)^/2.

sft-
13. F = Sj/i + 2g — 5xk;
Projecting onto the r^-plane, we have
i j k
y-2 - x,soy^= - 1, = 0, and
curl F AAA
dx dy dz
dS — \/2 dA. The plane and the sphere Zy 2z —5x
intersect when - 2i + 5j - 3k
4- (2 - r)^ + = 4
Take 5 to be the xj/-plane, so N = k and
so the projected region D is the interior of the

curl F • N = — 3. We have dS = dA and the
ellipse
projected region D is the disk + y^ < 1.
{x - 1)2 + 1^2 ^ 1
By Stokes’ theorem
* ft
/ F • rfR =
/ F • (/R =
S
(curl ¥-N) dS
= I j(-3) dA
D
= - 3(area of D)
= -3t(1)2
D = -Stt
= 2 (area of ellipse)
Page 638
1
15. F = (j/2 + ^)i + (^2 ^ y2^. ^ (^2 ^ y2^^.
(x — 1)^ dx
0
i j k
curl F = AAA
dx dy dz
17. The boundary curve C is a square in the xy-
A- ^ -\- y^
plane (z = 0):
= {2y)i - (2x - 2z)j + (2r - 2y)k
X = <, y = 0 for 0 < < < 1
The plane containing the triangle is
C2- x=l, y=<for0</<l
ar + + z = 1, and the projected region in the
C3: x=l — t, y=lfor0<<<l
^J^plane is the triangle B bounded by the x-
C4: x=0, y=l — <for0<<<l
axis, the y-axis, and the line x + y = 1. If
(curl F • N) d5
G=x+y+z— 1, we have
VG=i4-j + k, and by Stokes’ theorem

= ^ (xy dx — z dy)
F • dR, — (curl F • N) d5
1 1
0 dt + 0 di + (1 - di
(curl F-VC) dA 0 ( 0
D
+ 0 di
= I |(2y, 2z-2x, 2x-2y)-(l, 1, 1) dA

D
1 1 — X
19. The paraboloid and the plane intersect where
[2y + 2z — 2x + 2x — 2y] dy dx
0 0 x^ + y^ = y or r = sin ^ (in polar form).
1 1 - r
Thus, the curve C can be parameterized as:
2(1 — X — y) dy dx
X = (sin 0)cos ^ = |sin 29
0 0
y = z = sin 0 sin0 = |(1 — cos 29), 0 <9 <7r
Page 639
(curl F • N) rf5 = (2xê^^ + 2x^yze^^ — 2xê^^ — 2x^zye^^)i

s
— (Sx^ye^^ — Sx^ye^^j
= ^ (xy dx -\- x^ dy :P' dz)

+ (6x^26^^ — 6x^2e^^)k
TT = 0
=: J sin 20(1 — cos 20)(cos 20)
0 Thus, (curl F • N) = 0.
+ isin^20(sin 20)
25. Let 5 be the part of the plane x + y + 2 = 1

+ |(1 — cos 20)^(sin 20)] d9
TT
that lies in the first octant.
= [1 — cos 20 + sin^20]| sin 20 d9

F = (1 -f y)2i + (1 + z)xj + (1 + x)yk
0
= 0 /(x, y, 2) = x+ y4-2 - 1
21. The curve C is the circle -f- = 4 in the N = ;^(i + j + k)
^3^plane:
dS= s/l dA
1=2 cos t, y = 2 sin i, z = 0; 0 < < < 27r

i j k
curl F = AAA
dx dy dz
{\+y)z (H-2)x (l+x)y
= y {4y dx + z dy + 2y dz) = i+j +k

C
27r (curl F-fi) dS = Z dA
= J [4(2 sin <)( —2sin <) + 0 + 0] dt
= — IGtt / FdR =
D
(curl F • N) rf5
3 dA
i j k R
23. curl F AAA
dx dy dz since the projection in the xy-
2x^ze^^ 2x^ye^^
plane is a triangle with vertices (0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 0).
Page 640
27. V = ai + (i’ — j;)j + yk 29. V = (e^ + 2;)i +(i+sin y^)j +[y + ln(tan ^^)]k
1 1 k
curl V =
A A A
dx dy dz
curl V = A A. d_
X z— X y dx dy dz
+ z x+siny^ y + ln(tan ^z)

= -k
= i +j + k
Take S to be the hemisphere
The sphere and the cone intersect where

z = \/l — — y^, so N = xi + JO + zk
x'^ y^ A (x^ + y2) = 1
curl V • N = — z, and
\/2
or, equivalently, z = Take S to be the
dS = + 1 dA
plane z =
\Pi so N = k, curl V • N = 1, and
= \dA.
dS — dA. The projected region D is the disk
The projected region D is the disk x^ + y^ < y ^ A y^ < By Stokes’ theorem
or r < sin 6 (in polar form), for 0 < 0 < tt.

y V • tfR = I (curl V • N) dS
/ [(curl V-N) ilS
D
1 dA
( - r)(l dA) = AREA OF DISK
= - (area of D) ■•(#
1\2 _ TT
“ 2
TT
4 31. F = yî -F xjo + xzk,
C: z = 0, X = cos 0, y == sin 6] 0 < 0 < 2n
Page 641
S
(curl F • N) dS = ^ {y^dx + xy dy + xz dz)
C
Thus,
/ F • dR depends on only the area
27r bounded by C, and not on the curve C itself,

= J [sin^0( — sin 6) + (cos 9 sin 9) cos 9] d9
so
= 0
i j k
33. curl F AAA as claimed.
dx dy dz
4z —3a: 2y
35. Let C be the curve of intersection of the top
= 2i + 4j - 3k
half of the ellipsoid with the a:y-plane,
Let C be a positively-oriented curve bounding

oriented counterclockwise and let — C denote
the region (surface) D in the plane

the same curve oriented clockwise. However,
5x -h 3y -|- 2z = 4
in relation to the outer normal of the bottom
If
half of the ellipsoid, — C has positive
G — 5x -j- Sy 2z — 4
orientation. Thus, by Stokes’ theorem
then VG = (5, 3, 2) and by Stokes’ theorem
F • dR, = (curl F • N) d5
/
dS= ^F-dR+ j> F-dR
=
cC - C
= ^ F - dR - y^F-dR
c c
(curl F-VG) dA
D = 0
= (2, 4, - 3) • (5, 3, 2) v/sTd^ The same procedure applies whenever 5 is a

D
closed surface.
• ^
rr 16x/^ dA
D
= 16-\/^(AREA of d) 37. fil = H 3-N dS
Page 642
(curl B • N) dS, since pj = curl B 1

y
s
B ■ (fR hy Stokes’ theorem
dS=\dA
39. curl(/ V g A- gV f)
(upward normal):
i j k
A A A ¥-R dS
dx dy dz
f9x+9fx f9y + 9fy f9z + 9fz
= 0 (x^ -I- ^ + 2z) dA

R
By Stokes’ theorem,
-2\/4 — x^ — y^ I dy dx
y (/ V g gVf) • dR y/4 —
R
27r 2
curl(/ V ^ -I- gVf) -fi dS cos^9 -f 4- 2 ry/4 — ^ drdd

S 0 0
27r
= 0
^4 cos^d 4- Stt sin^0 4- dd
0
13.7 The Divergence Theorem, Pages 922-924
447r
SURVIVAL HINT: Green's theorem, which found a
relationship between a double integral over a region in
a plane and the line integral of its boundary, is For the bottom portion:
extended to the divergence theorem. This gives the
relationship between the triple integral over a portion F = xzi 4- 4- 2xk
of space, D, and the surface integral over the
boundary, S, of that region in R . 2 = — y/4 — x^ — y"^
1. Evaluating the surface integral F - fi dS , -_?_

s
For the top portion:
r - _y_
F = xd 4- 4- 22k ^4 - x^ - y^
Page 643
Student Survival Manual for Calculus, Third Editlort by Strauss/Bradley/Smith
_ 647r
dS= -jdA
“ 3
(downward normal):
Evaluating the surface integral J J F • N dS
s
^ ~ f^ Ij
F= 2y^j
F-fi dS
f{x, y, z) = X + 4y + z - 8
= 0
(-x^+ + 2\/4 — — x/ I dA V/=i + 4j + k

yj A —
R ''
i + 4j + k
27r 2 ^ N =
3v^
_ r\osH + + 2rV4^ dr d9
V4 —
0 0 8^
F-N =
3v/2
207r
dS = 3v/2 dA
2 8-42/
Thus,
F-N(f5 = ^ + ^ = ^
F-fi dS =
0 0
1
2
= 8 2/^(8 - 42/) ^2/

Evaluating the integral:
0
128
div F dV 3
D
Since div F = 4y, we have
(z -|- 2j/ + 2) dV
D
div F dV = 4y dV
7r27r 2
D D
(/3cos<^-|-2/?sin(^sin0+2)/9^sin<^ dp d& d<f>
2 8—4y 8—x—4y
0 0 0
= 4 y dz dx dy
7r27r
0 0 0
^4 sin<^cos^ + 8sin^<;6sin0 + dO d<f>
2 8—4y
0 0
= 4 {8y - xy - 4y^)dx dy
TT
0 0
= sin<^ j d(}>
Page 644
= 4 (32y - 32y2 + g/) dy Then Sq = SU 5^, where is the surface of
the missing face. For S^,

i
= 321 (4y - 4y^ + /) dy F = (ar^ -H - 2^)1 + (a:^y)j + (32)k
0
div F = 2ar 4- + 3
128
3
5. div F = 3; 1 F•N =
D
div F dV
rF•N f r • • /*1
d5 = divFdK
J . {2x -f- + 3) dz dy dx
s 1 •
0 0 0
= 3K
- 13
“ 3
3
On 5 , 2=0 and N = — k, soF-N = 0 and

7. F = (cos yz)i + e^’^j + 32^k
div F = 62 ¥-N dS = jF-Nd5- |f-N dS
F • N d5 = div ¥ dV
D
= — — 0
y/4—j
- 13
= 6 r z dz dr dO “ 3
000
11. Let Sq denote the closed surface consisting of
27r 2
the paraboloid S and the top disk 5^. Then
= 3||(4-r^) rdrdd
0 0 F = ri + yj + 2k
2w
div F = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3,
= 3 {8-4)d0
IF • N = div F dV"
D
= 24ir 27r 3 9
Zr dz dr dQ
9. Let Sq denote the surface of the closed cube.
0 0 ^2
Page 645
27r 3
= 3 (9 — r^) rdrdO div F dV
0 0 D
3
= 67r| (9r — r^) dr
= I 2{x + y + z) dV
0
D
2437r
27r 2 V^4 —
J J J 2[rcos0 + rsin0+2] rdzdrdO
For the disk < 9, 2=9 and N = k,
so F • N = 2 = 9; dS = dA and 2ff 2
= J J 4(cos 9 + sin 9) 4 — </r

IF • N = 9 dA
0 0
27r
= 9(area of disk)
47r(cos 0 + sin 9) d9
= 97r(3)2 0
= 0
= SItt
Thus, 15. F = ri + JO + (^ - l)k
div F = 1 + 1 + 22
F • N d5 = F-'S dS - F-N d5
= 2(2+ 1)
_ 2437r - SlTT
~ 2 F•N = div F dV
D
_ Mtl
“ 2 27r 2 1
= 21 J J (2 + 1) d2 r dr
13. F = + y2j
0 0 0
27r 2
div F = 2(1 + y + 2); r dr d9
0 0
F-N dS 27r
= 6 d9
0
= 6(27r)
= 127r
Page 646
Chapter 13. Vector Analysis
17. F = (ry^, yz^, i?y)
div F = y^ + = {p sin 4> sin0)^ + (pcos<^)^
= /)^[sin^(/) sin^0 + cos^<^]
By the divergence theorem
F • N d5 = div F dV
R
where R is the solid region bounded by S.

8(16 - 7>/2)
Thus,
Even though the region R is described in

F-fi dS
S
spherical coordinates, it is easier to use
cylindrical coordinates because + .2^ is

div F dK
complicated when expanded in spherical form.
R
In cylindrical coordinates, the sphere p = 2

2-K 2
~1 J 10 0 0
sin^0 + cos^<^] p^s\nd> dp d4> dO becomes = 4, the cone <f> = ^ becomes
z = r, and the projected region on the xy-
27r 2 plane is the disk r < \/2. Thus, we have the

[sin^(^ sin^0 + cos^(^ sin (f)] p'^ dp d(f) dd
(somewhat easier) alternate calculation:
0 0 0
F-N dS
2w 7r/4 2
* A
p
[sin^(^ sin^^ + cos^(j) sin 4>] d<l> dO
.5. 0
Page 647
27r \A \/ A —
(r^ sin^0 + z^)r iz dr dO div(l|R|| R) = a + a.+ a

0 0 r
= 3a
27r \/2
dr d9 |R||R-N(i5= ZadV
0 0 D
27r v/^
|r^sin^0(\/4 — — r) + |j^(4 — — r^] ^dO
0 0 = dTra'*
27r 23. Applying the divergence theorem with

= I -^(5\/2 - 8)sm‘ê + y/2 - 4] de
0 F = /V/, we obtain
= f|(16 - 7v/2)
|(/V/)-Nrf5= I div(/V/) rfF
5 G
19. div F = Zx'^ + 3j/2 + Sa^ = 3(r^ + o^)
Therefore, since
F•N = div F dV
jdi, div(yv/) = / div V/ + V/. V/
D
= /div V/4-IIV/IP
27r a 1
3(7^ + a^) r dz dr dd it follows that

0 0 0
|(/V/).N dS= I I |||V/|p dV
27r a
S ^ G
= 3 (r^ + (P'r) dr dd
if /div V/ = 0; that is, div V/ = 0.
0 0
27r
25. a. p^dS = Va-N d5
on
= 3j3|^ dO
_ 9na^ div(Va) dV
~ 2 £)
21. R= 21 + jj + zk
V-V« dT
||R||R = a{xi + jrj + zk) D
Page 648
dV F-N«f/5=| |div(-/rvr) dK
D D
• A A
b. div(wVt;) =V'(mVv)
= {-l)iKV^T+VK-VT) dV
= uV^v + Vw • Vi> D
= (x + y+ 2)(3) + (1, 1, 1) • {x, y, z)

D
= 4{x + y+ z) Shrinking the body to a single point, we
{uVv)-'fidS= div (liVv)

obtain
D
111
14(2: y -y z) dz dy dx
KV^T+ VK-VT= ap 401?
000
6 31. Suppose the surface S encloses the origin.
Then by Gauss’ law (part b of Problem 30),

27- dS = Vg-H dS
dn
we have
V.(V5) dV
D-fi dS = (eE) • N dS
D
divergence theorem S S
dV
D
= 0 g is harmonic = Q
29. If if is a variable, = Q dV
V
div(ifVr) = V-{KVT)
Let s' be a sphere centered at the origin that
= KV^T+ VK-VT
is entirely contained within S, and let S" be
Thus, if F = — KV T is the velocity of heat

the surface of the region inside S but outside
flow.
5'(as in the proof of part b of Problem 30).
Page 649
Then the divergence theorem applies to S"\ point (i, y, z) in S exactly one vector
and we have V(a:, y, z).
2. The divergence of a vector field

D-N dS
V(2:, y, z) = u{x, y, z)i + v{x, y, z)j + rv{x, y, z)k
div D dV is denoted by div V and is defined by

interior of S
^ ^
If we take S' to be smaller and smaller
3. The curl of a vector field
{p —> 0, where p is the radius of S'), then in

V(j:, y, z) = u(x, y, z)i + v(x, y, z)} + w{x, y, z)k
the limit, we have
is denoted by curl V and is defined by
Q dV = div D dV curl V =
V
V dy
4. The del operator is defined by

Finally, since this equation holds for every
V = — i + —j + — k
region contained within a surface that dx ^dy^^dz
5. The Laplacian of /is

encloses the origin, it follows that the
vV= V-V/
integrands must be equal; that is.
Q div D
dx^ dy^ dz^
XX + /
* yy +
’ f zz
CHAPTER 13 REVIEW
Proficiency Examination, Pages 925-926 The equation VV = 0 is called Laplace’s

equation.
this chapter, handwrite the answers to each of these
6. A line integral involves taking a limit of a
1. A vector field is a collection S of points in
Riemann sum formed by parameterizing with
space together with a rule that assigns to each
Page 650
respect to a curve in space. An “ordinary” C is defined by
Riemann integral is formed by parameterizing R(0 = r(0* + KOi + ^(0^> where a < t< b,
with respect to the ar-axis. then ^f{x,y,z)ds

C
7. Let
b
F(a;, y, z) = u{x, y, 2:)i + v{x, y, 2)j + w{x, y, z)k dt

a
10. Let F be a conservative vector field on the
be a vector field, and let C be the curve with
region D and let / be a scalar potential

parametric representation
function for F; that is, V/= F. Then, if Cis

R(<) = 2r(<)i 4- y(^)j + z(<)k for a < < < 6
any piecewise smooth curve lying entirely
Using rfR = i + (fy j k, we denote the

within D, with initial point P and terminal
line integral of F over Cby JF • dR and

C point Q, we have
define it by
F.dR=fiQ) - fiP)
J" F • rfR = dx -y V dy -y w dz)
c
C C
Thus, the line integral f F • dR is independent
C
b
of path in D.
= |{«[x(/), y{t), 2(0] ^'WOf KOi ^(0] Yt
11. A vector field F is said to be conservative in a

+ w^WO) y(0> ^(0]
region D if it can be represented in Z? «is the
8. Let F be a continuous force field over a
gradient of a continuously differentiable

domain D. Then the work W done by F as
function /, which is then called a scalar

an object moves along a smooth curve Cm D
potential of F. That is, F = V/for (a;, y) in

is given by the line integral
D.
W= F- rfR
12. If F is a conservative vector field and F = V/,
9. Let / be continuous on a smooth curve C. If
Page 651
then / is a scalar potential for F. 17. Let 5 be a surface defined by 2 = /(x, y) and
13. A Jordan curve is a closed curve with no self its projection on the xy-plane. If /, /^,
intersections. and / are continuous in R and g is
14. Let D be a simply connected region with a continuous on 5, then the surface integral of g
positively oriented piecewise smooth boundary over S is
C. Then if the vector field g{x,y,z)dS

S
F(2:, y) = M(x, j/)i + N{x, j/)j
is continuously differentiable on D, we have = 9{3:,yJi3:,y))yJ[f^{x,y)]'^+[fy{x,y)]'^+l dA

R
dx + N dy) = dA
D Similar definitions hold for projections on yz
and xz planes.
18. If a surface S is defined parametrically by the
vector function
R(ii, d) = x{u, t))i -f j/(«, ujj + z{u, u)k
and /(x, j/, z) is continuous on D, the surface
integral of / over D is given by

16. The normal derivative of /is denoted by
df Idn and is the directional derivative of /in /(x, y, z) dS = /(R)||R,xR

S' D
the direction of the normal N pointing to the
19. The flux integral of a vector field F across a
exterior of the domain of /.
surface S is given by
|^=V/.N
on
F-N dS
where N is the outer unit normal.
Page 652
20. Let 5 be an oriented surface with unit normal 23. F = ya + xg + xyk = M\ Nj + Pk
i j k
vector N, and assume that S is bounded by a
curl F = AAA
dx dy dz
closed, piecewise smooth curve C whose yz xz xy
= (x - x)i - (y - y)j + {z - z)k

orientation is compatible with that of S. If F
= 0
is a vector field that is continuously
so F is conservative.
df . / \ 1
differentiable on 5, then ^ = yz, so /= xyz + o(y, z) and
^ = xz + ^ = xz so ^ = 0 and,
F • (fR, = (curl F • N) dS dy dy dy
i
c , s a{y, z) = b{z); f= xyz + b{z), but
21. If F and curl F are continuous in a simply
^= + XV so ^ - 0
dz dz~ dz ~ ’
connected region D, then F is conservative in
b{z) = C and /= xyz
D if and only if curl F = 0
(where we take C = 0)
22. Let D be a region in space bounded by a
24. F = x^yi —
smooth, orientable closed surface S. If F is a
div F = 2xy — ze yz
continuous vector field whose components
i j k
have continuous partial derivatives in Z), then
curl F = AAA
dx dy dz
S
I F • N d5 =
D
div F dV - e" i
where N is an outward unit normal to the = ye’î - jj -
surface 5.
25. iFdR = + y) dA
/c dx'^''^ ^ dy^
l(-l) dA
Page 653
= - (area of T) = — 2(the area of the ellipse, irab)
= -|(2)(2) = -2w{^/2){2) = -47rv/2
= -2 27. By the divergence theorem
26. By Stokes’ theorem
/ F • rfR = (curl F • N) S
F-fl dS =
J
D
div F dV
S
F = 3î + {y + z)} - 2zk',
i j k
curl F = AAA div F = 2z4-1 — 2 = 2z— 1
dx dy dz
2y z y
div F dV = (2x - 1) dV
= (1 - l)i - 2k D D
1 1 1
{2x — 1) dz dy dx
= - 2k
0 0 0
1
The intersection of the sphere and the plane;
{2x — 1) dx
+ y'^ + (x + 2)^ = 4(a; + 2) 0
= 0
2x^ + 2/^=4
X dx y dy
28. F • dR = +
l + yl-i
2^4“ (^ + i? (^ + y^
g{x, y, z) = z - X - 2 = 0 = M dx + N dy
- 2y(2a:)
\/2 dx (a;2 + y2)3
curl F • N = 2
V2 _ — 4xy
dS = \/2 dy dx " (a^ + y^f
dM _ - 2a<22/)
(curl F-fi) dS dy (r2 + y-if
— Axy
2\/2 dy dx
_ dM gQ p jg conservative and
ox oy
Page 654
independent of path. Since C is a closed

■' 2 ^ 2 ^ 2
path the value of the line integral is 0.
Inserting the scalar factor (and taking C = 0):
29. Since
i j k
curl R = A A A
dx dy dz
is a scalar potential function for F.
X y z
= 0
ty
it follows that R and hence F = mw^R are 30. Since F is conservative with scalar potential
conservative. Ignore for the moment = + y^ + we have
the factor mA.

IV= FdR
so = <^(-3,0,2) - <i(3, 0, 2)
/= y + c{y, z) = _ 3)2 + o2 + 22] - I^|^[32 + 02 + 22]
and
= 0
_ dc _
y
dy dy
This result could have been anticipated as z is
c = A
2 + Cl(2) constant and R is symmetric about the jâxis.
/ — ^ + ^ + Cj(z)
Cumulative Review for Chapters 11-13,
Pages 933-934
SURVIVAL HINT: This is the last of four cumulative

dz dz reviews included in the text. You can use one or more
of these reviews when studying for final examinations.
so
If you do not have the time to actually do all of these
problems, try looking at each one to see if you recall
the concept Involved and how to proceed with the
solution. If you are confident about your ability to
solve the problem, do not spend the time. If you feel
a little uncertain about the problem, refer to the
Page 655
appropriate section, review the concepts, look in your 7. f(x, y) = y sin^ x + cos xy
old homework for a similar problem, and then see If
you can work it. Be more concerned about = 2y sin x cos x — y sin xy
understanding the concept than about obtaining a
correct answer. Do not spend a lot of your time fy = sin^r — X sin xy
looking for algebraic or arithmetic errors, but rather
focus on important ideas. = sin 2x — xy cos xy — sin xy
1. Answers vary. Calculus is the study of

9- /(s;, y) — X — y
dynamic processes (rather than static). It is

f _ {x-y){2x)-{x^ + y^)
the study of infinitesimals, the behavior of {X - y?
_ X — 2xy — y
functions at or near a point. There are three
{x - yY
fundamental ideas of calculus; the notion of
f _ {x-y){2y) + (a:^ + y^)
limits, derivatives (the limit of difference {x - yf
_ x^ + 2xy - y^
quotients), and integrals (the sum of
{x - yf
infinitesimal quantities). Calculus is also the
_ {x-yf(-2x-2y)A{x^-2xy-if){2){x-y)
study of transformations of reference frames (X - yf

— 4xy
(coordinate systems), and motion with respect
(x - yf
to reference frames (vector analysis).
4
3. Multivariable calculus involves limits, 11 .
1 0
derivatives, and integrals of functions of
_ 49,152
more than one independent variable.
~ 13
5. f{x, y) = xê^^^
157r TT sin <f>
* r
O ,
f, = - y) 13. p sin (j) dp dO d<f>
0 0 0
f, =
fxy = - y/x)
Page 656
ISTTTT
= ^ sinîp dO d<j> 21 di —
0 0
dt - \/S?^
ISTT
*
= ^[3(cos^<)( — sin <)]^ + [3(sin^<)(cos 1)]^

^ sin®<^ d4>
0
= 3| sin t cos 11 y/cos^t + sin^l
47r
15
= 3| sin t cos 11
1 2
15. dA =■ dy dx
R 0 0 (x^ + y^) ds
2 1 t
ye^^ dx dy 27r
0 0
= J (cos®< + sin®<)3lsin t cos dt
2
0
= j(e2' - 1) dy
7r/2
= 3 (cos®< + sin®<) sin t cos t dt

= e2 - 3
TT
TT 1
+ 3 J (cos^< + sin®<)( — sin t cos t) dt
17. X sin xy dA = X sin xy dy dx
II
R 0 0
7r/2
TT 37r/2
(cos X — 1) dx + 3 {cos^t -f sin®<) sin t cos t dt

TT
= TT 27r
+ 3 (cos^t + sin®/)( — sin t cos t) dt
19. (5 xy dx A y2 dy + z dz) 37r/2
11 +
— -h 0
u 11 +
— i- 0
u
[5(^2)(<)(2<) -I- 10(t)i2^) + (2<3)(6<2)] dt
0 = 0
1
= j (30f^ + \2t^) di = 8 23. Minimize 5 = 2{xy + xz + yz) subject to
Vq = xyz;
Page 657
r
Student Survival Manual for Calculjfus, Third Edition by Strauss/Bradley/Smith
appropriate section, review thez) = \/4r^ + 1 r dr d6

old homework for a similar p
you can work it. Be more r'' ’ The projected region is the disk < 16
understanding the concept ^{xy)
correct answer. Do not s (r<4)
looking for algebraic or
2Tr 4
focus on important /c/e^tem simultaneously, we find
5= j r<4r^ + dr dO
1. Answers vary 0 0
dynamic pri= y ^ = f(65v/^ - 1)
the study „ 29. F = (x — 2y, y — 2x)

^^[2ri + j + 3A]
functio u{x, y) = X - 2y,^ = -2;
- VT(-2, 9, 1)
fund v{x, y) = y - 2x-,^ = -2,
lir = j so F is conservative.
a. PqQ = 3i - 12j + 4k f^ = X - 2y
PqQ _ 3i - 12j + 4k
f=Y ~
||PoQ|r \/9 + 144+16
= i(3i - 12j + 4k) fy= -2ar -f- a'{y)
I>„(r) = VTo-u = - 22: + y
- 12
10(13) <y) = i
_ _A
“ 65 f{x, y) = y + Y - 2a;y
b. It will move in the direction of

W= jr-dR
VTo = i(-4i+j + 3k) C
= /(O, 1) - /(I, 0)
c. The maximal rate is || VTq || =
27. z= x'^ + y^\ z^ = 2x, Zy = 2y
dS = yj{2xf + {2yf + 1 dA
Page 658

Partial Differentiation: 1-Fix, Y) X y + Xy

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Partial Differentiation: 1-Fix, Y) X y + Xy

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 11, Partial Differentiation

1- fix, y) = x^y + xy^

d. /(I, 1) = 2 7. uv>0 / > 0

e. /(2, 4) = 22(4) 2(4)2 9. y - X> 0 R

g. /(<, <2) = + <(<2)2 15. We graph a few representatives (which may

real number with each point in the two-

dimensional ij^plane; examples vary.

SURVIVAL HINT: To find the domain of a function

23. This is a plane x + y — z = 1; its trace in the

xy-plane is the line x 4- y = 1; its trace in the

xz-plane is x — z = 1; and its trace in the yz-

19. We graph a few representatives (which may

25. This is a sphere:

(x+ 1)2 + (j, - 2)2 + (^ _ 3)2 = 4

its cross sections in the planes x = — 1, y = 2,

and z = 3 are circles.

coordinate planes. pairs of lines; trace in the xy-plane is the origin

29. Hyperboloid (1 sheet); trace in the a:j/-plane is

an ellipse; in the iz-and yz-planes the traces are

hyperbolas. 35. /(x, y) = x'^ - y^

which is a hyperbolic paraboloid; the level

curves are hyperbolas as shown, so the surface

must be the one shown in D.

The level curves are circles, and the only

It is difficult to identify the level curves; but

we do see that the center portion does not have

any level curves shown. Also note (from the

equation) that as we move away from the

origin, there is a periodic effect. This looks

y most like the one shown in A. ,

vertex at the origin which rises upward from

“peels” upward close to the i-axis.

45. z — 2x — 3y; this is a plane which intersects

vertex at (0, 0, 2) and rises upward from that

Equipotential curves are ellipses.

61. X machines sold at 60 — f+ 7^ thousand dollars

dollars apiece yield revenue

/e = (60 - I + ^)x + (50 - ^ + -^y

11.2 Limits and Continuity, Pages 708-710

SURVIVAL HINT: It might be a good idea to review

The level curves L = K satisfy

dpd^ surface z = /(x, y). Consider a fixed point

vertical distance from z = /(x, y) to z = L is

the possible exception of the center (a, b),

whenever (x, y) is a point inside the

3. lim (xy^ + x^j/ -|- 5) = 1

= (- 1)0^ + (- 1)^0 + 5 17. Note x^ ^ y^.

9. lim [e^ +a; in(ey^)] = e° In e = 50

19. Note X ^ 2y. 27. lim (sin x — cos w) = 0 — 1

have: 31. /(x,

is not defined, so the limit does not exist.

x^rp .. ... 2^4

Along the line y = 0,

which is not unique (the result varies with m).

The limit does not exist because these values

Along the path x = y^.

lim H = lim ^ 41. Approach the origin along the line x = i,

(2:, y) (0, 0). Thus, / is not continuous at 43. In polar coordinates.

(0,0). 2x^ — x^y^ + 2y^

Along the line y == 0, 2r

— lim —+—'■— = 1 I’ffo vital’s rule

Since these path limits are not the same, In r

Since / is to be continuous at (0, 0), we must

11- /(. y) = + y 19. /(x, y, z) =