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  • Toxicosis

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    Ionophores like monensin and lasalocid are toxic to horses and dogs in low concentrations. They are used as feed additives for cattle and poultry but can cause issues for horses if accidentally consumed. Ionophores cause acute cardiac muscle cell degeneration and necrosis by transporting ions into cells and disrupting calcium and sodium levels. Gossypol from cottonseed can also induce cardiac muscle cell degeneration and necrosis in horses and pigs if cottonseed products with excess free gossypol are consumed. Both ionophores and gossypol cause microscopic lesions including mitochondrial swelling and membrane damage leading to cell injury and death.

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    Ionophores like monensin and lasalocid are toxic to horses and dogs in low concentrations. They are used as feed additives for cattle and poultry but can cause issues for horses if accidentally consumed. Ionophores cause acute cardiac muscle cell degeneration and necrosis by transporting ions into cells and disrupting calcium and sodium levels. Gossypol from cottonseed can also induce cardiac muscle cell degeneration and necrosis in horses and pigs if cottonseed products with excess free gossypol are consumed. Both ionophores and gossypol cause microscopic lesions including mitochondrial swelling and membrane damage leading to cell injury and death.

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    Toxicosis

    Uploaded by

    Eduarda
    Ionophores like monensin and lasalocid are toxic to horses and dogs in low concentrations. They are used as feed additives for cattle and poultry but can cause issues for horses if accidentally consumed. Ionophores cause acute cardiac muscle cell degeneration and necrosis by transporting ions into cells and disrupting calcium and sodium levels. Gossypol from cottonseed can also induce cardiac muscle cell degeneration and necrosis in horses and pigs if cottonseed products with excess free gossypol are consumed. Both ionophores and gossypol cause microscopic lesions including mitochondrial swelling and membrane damage leading to cell injury and death.

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    Toxicoses

    Ionophore-Induced Myocardial Degeneration. Ionophores


    (polyether antibiotics), such as monensin, lasalocid, salinomycin,
    and narasin, are toxic to horses and dogs at extremely low concentrations.
    They are used as feed additives to increase feed efficiency
    and weight gain of beef and dairy cattle and to control coccidiosis
    in poultry. Horses gain access to ionophores when they consume (1)
    ruminant feed containing ionophores; (2) horse feed accidentally
    mixed with ionophores; and (3) horse and dog food accidentally
    contaminated in a mill producing poultry, cattle, horse, and dog
    feeds. Ionophores cause acute cardiac rhabdomyocyte degeneration
    and necrosis; this type of injury is discussed in detail in the section
    on Responses to Injury: Myocardium, Myocardial Necrosis. Ionophores
    are lipophilic chelating agents that transport cations across
    phospholipid bilayer membranes and complexes with monovalent
    cations, such as Na+ and Ca+, and cross cell membranes and enter
    the cell via ion transport systems in exchange for H+ and K+ ions.
    Increases in the concentrations of intracellular Ca+ and possibly Na+
    are thought to cause cell membrane injury and dysfunction, resulting
    in mitochondrial swelling and decreased adenosine triphosphate
    production. In addition, they cause lipid peroxidation of cell membranes
    leading to loss of cell membrane integrity, fluid and ion shifts,
    and oncotic necrosis.
    Gossypol-Induced Myocardial Degeneration. Gossypolinduced
    myocardial degeneration can follow the ingestion of cottonseed
    or cottonseed products that contain excess free gossypol.
    Gossypol is a potentially toxic pigment in the cotton plant; however,
    it is toxic only when in a free form (not bound to protein). Gossypol
    causes myocardial degeneration and necrosis and cardiac conduction
    failure (see later discussion). The macroscopic and microscopic
    characteristics of the lesions are in many ways similar to those
    caused by ionophore-induced and white snakeroot–induced myocardial
    degeneration in horses. In addition, acute rhabdomyocytic
    degeneration and necrosis are discussed in detail in the section on
    Responses to Injury: Myocardium, Myocardial Necrosis and also in
    Chapter 15. Monogastric animals, particularly pigs and horses, are
    more sensitive to gossypol-induced myocardial degeneration and
    necrosis than ruminants. In summary, macroscopic lesions include

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