Fluid Mechanics I

NAME GROUP MEMBERS

WAQAS AHMAD
REG NO 20PWCIV5456
ROLL NO 33
SECTION U
SUBMITTED TO Engr. MUJAHID KHAN
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 WHAT IS BUOYANCY?
➢ The upward force exerted by any fluid upon a body placed or immersed in it.
➢ Buoyancy is a quality that makes things float above the water or moves within
the water.

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 BUOYANCY
➢ The buoyant force is a result of
pressure exerted by the fluid. The fluid
pushes on all sides of an immersed
object, but as pressure increases with
depth, the pushes is stronger on the
bottom surface of the object than in the
top.

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 WHAT IS BUOYANCY?
❖ARCHIMEDES'S PRINCIPLE:
➢ when a body is immersed fully or partially in a fluid it experiences an upward force
that is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by it .
➢ Upward force = weight of fluid displaced
➢ Upward force = weight in air – weight in water
❖ Mathematically:
➢ Fb= Vρg
➢ Fb = Buoyant Force
➢ ρ = Fluid density
➢ V = Fluid volume
➢ g = acceleration due to gravity
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 FACTORS AFFECTING BUOYANCY:
➢ The density of the fluid.
➢ The volume of the fluid displaced.
➢ The local acceleration due to gravity.
➢ Orientation of the body.

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 EXAMPLES OF BUOYANCY:
➢ Boat, ship, submarine: The most important example of buoyancy in our daily life
is the boat, ship and submarine floating in water. They are made of such materials
so that their bottom surface is large. When they submerge in water to a small
depth, water gives it a lot of buoyancy force, so they float in water.

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 TYPES OF BUOYANCY
❖Positive Buoyancy:
Buoyant force is greater than weight so object floats

❖Negative Buoyancy:
Buoyant force is less than weight so object sinks

❖Neutral Buoyancy:
Buoyant force is equal to weight so object is suspended.
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TYPES OF BUOYANCY

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 STABILITY OF SUBMERGED
BODIES
➢ For a body totally immersed in a fluid ,the position of center of gravity (G) and
center of buoyancy ( B) of body is fixed.
➢ The stability of submerged body id determined by the location of G and B .
➢ There are three types of equilibrium of submerged body .
1. Stable equilibrium
2. Unstable equilibrium
3. Neutral equilibrium

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 STABLE EQUILIBRIUM
➢ If the body returns to its original
position by retaining the originally
vertical axis as vertical.
➢ Consider a submerged body in
equilibrium whose center of gravity is
located below the center of buoyancy .
➢ If the body titled slightly in any
direction ,the buoyant force and the
weight always produce a restoring
couple trying to return the body to its
original position. 10
 UNSTABLE EQUILIBRIUM
➢ IF the body does not returns to its
original position but moves further
from it .
➢ If a point G is above the point B ,any
disturbance from the equilibrium will
create a couple which will turn the
body away from its original position.
➢ When the center of buoyancy is below
the center of gravity ,then the
submerged body remains in unstable
equilibrium condition. 11
 NEUTRAL EQUILIBRIUM
➢ If the body neither returns to its
original position nor increases its
displacement further , it will simply
adopt its new position.
➢ When center of gravity G and center of
buoyancy B coincides ,the body will
always assume the same position in
which it is placed and hence it is in
neutral equilibrium.

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 FLOATING BODY
➢ The state of equilibrium of a solid
body partially or fully immersed in a
liquid or gas is called floating. The
theory of floating is concerned
principally with determining the
equilibrium positions of a body
immersed in a liquid and with
ascertaining the conditions for stability
of the equilibrium.

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 PRINCIPLE OF FLOATING
➢ When any boat displaces a weight of water equal to its own weight, it floats.
This is often called the “principle of flotation” where a floating object displaces
a weight of fluid equal to its own weight. Every ship, submarine, and dirigible
must be designed to displace a weight of fluid equal to its own weight.

➢ A 10,000-ton ship must be built wide enough to displace 10,000 tons of water
before it sinks too deep in the water.

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 STABILITY OF FLOATING BODIES
❖ What is Stability of Floating Bodies

➢ A floating body is STABLE if, when it is displaced, it returns to equilibrium. A

floating body is UNSTABLE if, when it is displaced, it moves to a new
equilibrium.
➢ Stability of floating body can be determined by the position of meta-centre in
relation to centre of gravity.

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 STABILITY OF FLOATING BODIES
➢ Consider a floating body tilted by an
angle ∆Φ, as shown in figure. For the
untitled body, the point G is the centre
of gravity of the body where the body
weight W, acts. The point B is the
centre of buoyancy (the centroid of the
displaced volume of fluid) where the
upward buoyancy force FB, acts.

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 STABILITY OF FLOATING BODIES
➢ When the body is tilted the centre of
buoyancy moves to a new position B,
because the shape of the displaced
volume changes. A new point, M, may
be defined, called the METACENTRE.
This is the point where a vertical line
down upward from the new centre of
buoyancy B. of the tilted body
intersects the line of symmetry of the
body. The buoyancy force FB, now acts
through B.
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 STABILITY OF FLOATING BODIES
➢ Hence we can say; if the metacentre M,
height above the centre of gravity G,
then the body is stable. In other words
the METACENTRIC HEIGHT MG, is
positive (MG = zM – zG > 0).
If the metacentre m, lies below the
centre of gravity G, then the body is
unstable. In other words the
metacentric height MG, is negative
(MG < 0).
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 STABILITY OF FLOATING BODIES
➢ The distance of metacentre about G along the line BG is known as metacentric
height GM which can be written as
➢ GM = BM – BG
➢ Hence the condition of stable equilibrium for a floating body can be expressed in
term of metacentric height as follows:

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 STABILITY OF FLOATING BODIES
➢ GM > 0 (M is above G) stable equilibrium
➢ GM = 0 (M coinciding with G) neutral equilibrium
➢ GM < 0 ( M is below G ) unstable equilibrium

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