CE-228: MECHANICS OF SOLIDS-II

MODULE-2
STRESS AND STRAIN
TRANSFORMATION

PROF. DR. MOHAMMAD ASHRAF

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR

CONTENTS
• Stress at a Point
• Stress Transformation
• Analytical Method
• Mohr’s Circle Method

• Strain Transformation
• Relation between Elastic Constants
• Failure Theories

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR 2

STRESS AT A POINT
• When a 3-dimensional body is subjected to a number of forces, normal and
shearing stresses are induced in the body.
• The state of stress at point with in the body may be represented with a three
dimensional stress element.
• A stress component is shown by a symbol followed by two subscripts
(𝜎𝑥𝑥 , 𝜏𝑥𝑦 ). The first subscript shows the plane on which the stress acts while
the second subscript shows the direction of stress.
• In case of normal stress (𝜎𝑥𝑥 ), both subscripts are same, i.e. the plane (x-plane)
on which the normal stress acts is same as the direction of stress (x-direction).
As both subscripts are same, normal stress may be shown with a single
subscript i.e. 𝜎𝑥 .
• In case of shearing stress (𝜏𝑥𝑦 ), both subscripts are different, i.e. the plane on
which the stress acts and the direction of shearing stress are different.
• The state of stress at point may be completely specified by showing normal
and shearing stresses on six orthogonal planes.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR 3

STRESS AT A POINT
• A total of 18 stress components are required. Some of the stress components are
dependent on other.
• As equilibrium requirement:
• Normal and shearing stress components on opposite faces of the element are same and
• The shearing stresses components on two perpendicular planes are also same i.e. 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 𝜏𝑦𝑥 ,
𝜏𝑥𝑧 = 𝜏𝑧𝑥 and 𝜏𝑦𝑧 = 𝜏𝑧𝑦

• Therefore, 6 stress components (3 normal and 3 shear stress) are required to

completely specify the 3-D state of stress at a point in a body.
𝜎𝑥𝑥 , 𝜎𝑦𝑦 , 𝜎𝑧𝑧 , 𝜏𝑥𝑦 , 𝜏𝑥𝑧 , 𝜏𝑦𝑧

• For two dimensional state of stress, 3 independent stress components (𝜎𝑥 , 𝜎𝑦 , 𝜏𝑥𝑦 ) are
required to completely specify the state of stress
• The state of stress for axially loaded member and beams are shown in the figure.
• As a sign convention, tensile normal stress and shear stress producing clock-wise effect
are considered as positive numbers.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR 4

STRESS TRANSFORMATION (ANALYTICAL METHOD)
• The formula used for determination of stresses gives normal and shearing stresses at a point in a
particular direction.
• Stresses in other directions at that point may be required because:
• The computed stresses may not be the maximum stress and maximum stresses will be required for design.
• The planes on which the stresses are known may not be the critical (weak) planes and stress may be
required some other weak plane.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR 5

STRESS TRANSFORMATION (ANALYTICAL METHOD)
• Stress is a tensor quantity as its associated with area on which it acts in
addition to magnitude and sense that are required for vector. Thus tensor is
of higher order than a tensor.
• The vector algebra is not applicable to tensor quantities.
• To derive an expression for stress transformation from x-y frame of
reference to x’-y’ frame of reference, consider a general state of plane stress
as shown in figure.

• It is required to determine normal (𝜎𝑥′ ) and shear stress (𝜏𝑥 ′ 𝑦′ ) components

on a plane which is at a counter clockwise angle θ with x-plane (a plane
whose normal is x-axis). Let x’ is the perpendicular axis of the required plane.
• For application of vector algebra, the stress are converted into vectors by
multiplying stress with corresponding areas as shown in figure (a) on next
slide.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR 6

STRESS TRANSFORMATION (ANALYTICAL METHOD)
With reference to figure (b) if dA is the area of inclined plane then the
area of x-plane and y-plane are dA(cosθ) and dA(sinθ) respectively.
To apply equilibrium condition, all vectors in x and y directions are
resolved into their components in x’ and y’ directions as shown in figure
(c) through (f).

෍ 𝐹𝑥′ = 0

2 2
⇒ 𝜎𝑥′ 𝑑𝐴 − 𝜎𝑦 𝑑𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝜎𝑥 𝑑𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
+ 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 0
⇒ 𝜎𝑥′ = 𝜎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 2 + 𝜎𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 2 − 2𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 −− −(𝑎)

෍ 𝐹𝑦′ = 0

2
⇒ −𝜏𝑥′𝑦′ 𝑑𝐴 − 𝜎𝑦 𝑑𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
2
+ 𝜎𝑥 𝑑𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =0
⇒ 𝜏𝑥′𝑦′ = 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 2 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 2 −− −(𝑏)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR 7

STRESS TRANSFORMATION (ANALYTICAL METHOD)
To determine stress on y’-plane (plane perpendicular to x’-plane), we know
that the angle of y’-plane with x-plane is (θ+90). The stress on y’-plane is
therefore given by:
𝜎𝑦′ = 𝜎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 + 90 + 𝜎𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 90 − 2𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + 90 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 90
Now 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 90 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 and 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + 90 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
Therefore 𝜎𝑦′ = 𝜎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 2 + 𝜎𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 2 + 2𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 −− −(𝑐)
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
Using half angle formula, 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 = , 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 = and
2 2
2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃, equations (a), (b) and (c) may be written as:
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
𝜎𝑥′ = + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
2 2
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
𝜏𝑥′𝑦′ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
2
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
𝜎𝑦′ = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
2 2

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR 8

STRESS TRANSFORMATION (ANALYTICAL METHOD)
Example 2.1: For the given state of stress, calculate stress components on a plane at a clockwise angle of 30o with x-plane.
Solution: For the given state of stress:
𝜎𝑥 = +10 MPa (tensile stress)
𝜎𝑦 = −15 MPa (compressive stress)
𝜏𝑦𝑥 = −12 MPa (counter clockwise)
𝜃 = −30𝑜 (clockwise)
Now the stress components at the required x’-plane and also at y’-plane are:
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 10 + −15 10 − −15
𝜎𝑥′ = + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 = + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −60 − −12 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −60 = −6.64 MPa
2 2 2 2
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 10 − −15
𝜏𝑥 ′ 𝑦′ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −60 + −12 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −60 = −16.82 MPa
2 2
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 10 + −15 10 − −15
𝜎𝑦′ = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −60 + −12 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −60 = +1.64 MPa
2 2 2 2

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR 9

STRESS TRANSFORMATION (ANALYTICAL METHOD)
Principle Stress Planes: The two orthogonal planes where the stress is maximum at one plane and
minimum at the other.These stresses are known as principle stresses denoted by 𝜎1 and 𝜎2
To derive an expression for principle planes and principle stresses, take the derivative of normal stress
transformation equation equal to zero and determine the value of 𝜃.
𝑑𝜎 𝑑 𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
= + cos 2𝜃 − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 sin 2𝜃 = 0 + −2 sin 2𝜃 − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 2 cos 2𝜃 = 0
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃 2 2 2
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
tan 2𝜃𝑁 = −𝜏𝑥𝑦 / −−− −(1)
2
Equation (1) gives orientation of principle plane. There are two possible solutions of equation (1) as
shown by two right angle triangles.
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 2 2
sin 2𝜃𝑁 = ± −𝜏𝑥𝑦 / + 𝜏𝑥𝑦
2
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 2 2
cos 2𝜃𝑁 = ± / + 𝜏𝑥𝑦
2 2

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR 10

STRESS TRANSFORMATION (ANALYTICAL METHOD)
Principle Stress Planes: Now the Principle stresses are:
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
𝜎1 = + cos 2𝜃𝑁 − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 sin 2𝜃𝑁
2 2 2
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 2
2 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 2
2
𝜎1 = + ± / + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 ± −𝜏𝑥𝑦 / + 𝜏𝑥𝑦
2 2 2 2 2 2
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 2 2
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 2 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
𝜎1 = ± = ± 2 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 2 −− −(2)
2 2 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 2 2 2
2 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 2

Shearing stress on principle planes are:

𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
𝜏𝜃𝑁 = sin 2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 cos 2𝜃
2
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 2
2 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 2
2
𝜏𝜃𝑁 = ± −𝜏𝑥𝑦 / + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 ± / + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 =0
2 2 2 2
Thus the shearing stress on principle planes are always zero, which is the identity of principle plane.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR 11

STRESS TRANSFORMATION (ANALYTICAL METHOD)
Maximum/Minimum Shearing Stress Planes: The two orthogonal planes where the shearing stress is
maximum at one plane and minimum at the other. These stresses are known as in-plane Maximum/Minimum
shearing stresses denoted by 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 and 𝜏𝑚𝑖𝑛
To derive an expression for maximum/minimum shear planes and stresses, take the derivative of shear stress
transformation equation equal to zero and determine the value of 𝜃.
𝑑𝜎 𝑑 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
= sin 2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 cos 2𝜃 = 2 cos 2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 −2 sin 2𝜃 = 0
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃 2 2
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
tan 2𝜃𝑆 = /𝜏𝑥𝑦 −−− −(3)
2
Equation (3) gives orientation of maximum/minimum shear plane. There are two possible solutions of
equation (3) as shown by two right angle triangles.
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 2
cos 2𝜃𝑆 = ±𝜏𝑥𝑦 / + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 2
2
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 2 2
sin 2𝜃𝑁 = ± / + 𝜏𝑥𝑦
2 2

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR 12

STRESS TRANSFORMATION (ANALYTICAL METHOD)
Maximum/Minimum Shearing Stress Planes: Now the Maximum/Minimum stresses are:
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = sin 2𝜃𝑆 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 cos 2𝜃𝑆
𝑚𝑖𝑛 2
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 2 2
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 2 2
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ± / + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 ±𝜏𝑥𝑦 / + 𝜏𝑥𝑦
𝑚𝑖𝑛 2 2 2 2
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 2
+ 𝜏𝑥𝑦 2 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ± 2 =± 2 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 2 −− −(4)
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 2 2
2 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 2

The normal stress at the maximum/minimum shearing stress planes are:

𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
𝜎𝑆 = + cos 2𝜃𝑆 − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 sin 2𝜃𝑆
2 2
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 2 2
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 2 2
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦
𝜎𝑆 = + ±𝜏𝑥𝑦 / + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 ± / + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 =
2 2 2 2 2 2
Thus at the maximum and minimum shear stress planes the normal stresses are equal. This is the identity of maximum and
minimum shear planes.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR 13

STRESS TRANSFORMATION (ANALYTICAL METHOD)
Relation between Principle Stress and Maximum Shear Stress: As we know that:
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
tan 2𝜃𝑁 = −𝜏𝑥𝑦 / −− −(𝑎)
2
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
tan 2𝜃𝑆 = /𝜏𝑥𝑦 −− −(𝑏)
2
Equations (a) and (b) show slopes of lines/planes lying at a double angle of principle plane and maximum shear plan respectively.
Multiplying equations (a) and (b):
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
tan 2𝜃𝑁 tan 2𝜃𝑆 = −𝜏𝑥𝑦 / /𝜏𝑥𝑦 = −1
2 2
As product of slopes of the two lines is minus one, therefore, they are perpendicular to each other, i.e.
2𝜃𝑁 − 2𝜃𝑆 = 90 ⇒ 𝜃𝑁 − 𝜃𝑆 = 45
Thus the angle between principle plane and maximum shear plane is always 45 o. Maximum shear stress may be written in terms
of principle stresses as:
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 2
2 𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 2
2
𝜎1 − 𝜎2 = + + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 − − + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 2𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥
2 2 2 2
𝜎1 − 𝜎2
⇒ 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
2

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR 14

STRESS TRANSFORMATION (ANALYTICAL METHOD)
Example 2.2: For the given state of stress, calculate principle stresses and maximum/minimum shear stresses.
Solution: For the given state of stress:
𝜎𝑥 = +10 M𝑃a 𝜎𝑦 = −15 MPa
𝜏𝑦𝑥 = −12 MPa 𝜃 = −30𝑜
For the principle plane:

1 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 1 10 − −15 1
𝜃𝑁 = tan−1 −𝜏𝑥𝑦 / = tan−1 − −12 / = tan−1 0.96 = 21.9𝑜
2 2 2 2 2

𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 2
2 10 + −15 10 − −15 2 2
𝜎1 = ± + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = ± + −12 = −2.5 ± 17.3
2 2 2 2 2
𝜎1 = −2.5 + 17.3 = 14.8 MPa and 𝜎2 = −2.5 − 17.3 = −19.8 MPa
Now to determine whether 𝜃𝑁 = 21.9𝑜 coincides with 𝜎1 or 𝜎2 , put the value of 𝜃𝑁 in the transformation equation
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 10 + −15 10 − −15
𝜎= + cos 2𝜃𝑁 − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 sin 2𝜃𝑁 = + cos 43.8 − −12 sin 43.8 = 14.8 MPa
2 2 2 2
Thus the angle 𝜃𝑁 = 21.9𝑜 coincides with 𝜎1 .

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR 15

STRESS TRANSFORMATION (ANALYTICAL METHOD)
Example 2.2: For the maximum/minimum shear plane:

1 −1
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 1 10 − −15 1
𝜃𝑆 = tan /𝜏𝑥𝑦 = tan−1 / −12 = tan−1 −1.042 = −23.1𝑜
2 2 2 2 2

𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 2
2 10 − −15 2 2
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ± + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 =± + −12 = ±17.3
𝑚𝑖𝑛 2 2
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = +17.3 MPa and 𝜏𝑚𝑖𝑛 = −17.3 MPa
Now to determine whether 𝜃𝑆 = −23.1𝑜 coincides with 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 or 𝜏𝑚𝑖𝑛 , put the value of 𝜃𝑆 in the transformation equation
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 10 − −15
𝜎= sin 2𝜃𝑁 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 cos 2𝜃𝑁 = sin −46.2 + −12 cos −46.2 = −17.3 MPa
2 2
Thus the angle 𝜃𝑆 = 23.1𝑜 coincides with 𝜏𝑚𝑖𝑛 .
Normal stress at the maximum/minimum shear planes is:
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 10 + −15
𝜎𝑆 = = = −2.5 MPa
2 2
The angle between principle plane and minimum shear plan is: 21.9-(23.1) = 45o.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR 16

STRESS TRANSFORMATION (ANALYTICAL METHOD)
Stress Invariants: There are some properties which remains constants during stress transformation from one plane to other.
These constants are call stress invariants. These invariants are used as check in the stress transformation. The two important
stress invariants are:
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 = 𝜎𝑥′ + 𝜎𝑦′ = 𝜎1 + 𝜎2
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 2 𝜎𝑥′ − 𝜎𝑦′ 2 𝜎1 − 𝜎2 2
2 2 2
+ 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = + 𝜏𝑥′𝑦′ = = 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥
2 2 2
For Example 2,1 and Example 2.2:
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 = 10 + −15 = −5
𝜎𝑥′ + 𝜎𝑦′ = −9.24 + 4.24 = −5
𝜎1 + 𝜎2 = 14.8 + −19.8 = −5
2 2
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 2 10 − −15 2
+ 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = + −12 = 300.25
2 2
2 2
𝜎𝑥′ − 𝜎𝑦′ 2 −6.64 − 1.64 2
+ 𝜏𝑥′𝑦′ = + −16.82 = 300.25
2 2
2 2
𝜎1 − 𝜎2 14.8 − −19.8
= = 300.25
2 2

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR 17

STRESS TRANSFORMATION (ANALYTICAL METHOD)
Summary:
Stress Transformation Equations:
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
𝜎𝑥′ = + cos 2𝜃 − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 sin 2𝜃
2 2
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
𝜏𝑥′𝑦′ = sin 2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 cos 2𝜃
2
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
𝜎𝑦′ = − cos 2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 sin 2𝜃
2 2
Principle Plane and Principle Stresses:
1 −1
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 2
2
𝜃𝑁 = tan −𝜏𝑥𝑦 / , 𝜎1 = ± + 𝜏𝑥𝑦
2 2 2 2 2
Maximum Shear Plane and Maximum Shear Stress:
1 −1
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 2
2 𝜎1 − 𝜎2
𝜃𝑆 = tan /𝜏𝑥𝑦 , 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ± + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 =
2 2 𝑚𝑖𝑛 2 2

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR 18

STRESS TRANSFORMATION (ANALYTICAL METHOD)
Summary:
Relation between Principle Plane/Stress and Maximum Shear Plane/Stress:
𝜎1 − 𝜎2
𝜃𝑁 − 𝜃𝑆 = 45, 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
2
Stress Invariants:
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 = 𝜎𝑥′ + 𝜎𝑦′ = 𝜎1 + 𝜎2
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 2 𝜎𝑥′ − 𝜎𝑦′ 2 𝜎1 − 𝜎2 2
2 2 2
+ 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = + 𝜏𝑥′𝑦′ = = 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥
2 2 2

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR 19

STRESS TRANSFORMATION (ANALYTICAL METHOD)
Problem 925: Two wooden joists 50 mm x 100 mm are glued together along the joint AB as shown in figure. Determine the normal
stress and shear stress in the glue if P = 200 kN.
Solution: The stress produced in glue in x-direction is equal to the axial stress produced in the member given by:
𝑃 200,000
𝜎𝑥 = = = 40 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐴 50 100
There is no other stress acting in the x-y plane, i.e.
𝜎𝑥 = 0 and 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 0
The required plane AB makes an clockwise angle of 50o with x-plane, i.e. 𝜃 = −50𝑜
The required stress in the glue are the normal stress and shearing stress along AB given by
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 40 + 0 40 − 0
𝜎𝑥′ = + cos 2𝜃 − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 sin 2𝜃 = + cos −100 − 0 = 16.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎
2 2 2 2
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 40 − 0
𝜏𝑥′𝑦′ = sin 2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 cos 2𝜃 = sin −100 + 0 = −19.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎
2 2
To complete the state of stress in x’-y’ plane normal stress in y’ direction is:
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 40 + 0 40 − 0
𝜎𝑦′ = − cos 2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 sin 2𝜃 = − cos −100 + 0 = 23.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎
2 2 2 2

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR 20

STRESS TRANSFORMATION (ANALYTICAL METHOD)
Problem 934: A small block 1.6-inch long, 1.2-inch high and 0.2-inch thick. It is subjected to a uniformly distributed tensile
forces having the resultant values shown in figure. Compute the stress components developed along the diagonal AB.
Solution: The given block is subjected to normal stresses along x and y directions. In x-y planes the shearing stress is zero,
i.e.
2.40 1.28
𝜎𝑥 = = 10.0 𝑘𝑠𝑖, 𝜎𝑦 = = 4.0 𝑘𝑠𝑖, 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 0
1.2 0.2 1.6 0.2
The angle made by plane AB with x-plane is a clockwise given by: 𝜃 = −tan−1 1.6/1.2 = −53.13𝑜
The stress along plane AB are:
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 10 + 4 10 − 4
𝜎𝑥′ = + cos 2𝜃 − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 sin 2𝜃 = + cos −106.26 − 0 = 6.16 𝑘𝑠𝑖
2 2 2 2
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 10 − 4
𝜏𝑥′𝑦′ = sin 2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 cos 2𝜃 = sin −106.26 + 0 = −2.88 𝑘𝑠𝑖
2 2
To complete the state of stress in x’-y’ plane, normal stress in y’ is determined:
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 10 + 4 10 − 4
𝜎𝑦′ = + cos 2𝜃 − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 sin 2𝜃 = − cos −106.26 − 0 = 7.84 𝑘𝑠𝑖
2 2 2 2

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR 21

STRESS TRANSFORMATION (ANALYTICAL METHOD)
Problem 938: The state of stress at a point is the result of two separate actions; one produces the
pure shear of 3000 psi shown in figure (a) and the other produces the pure shear of 4000 psi as
shown in (b). Find the resultant stress by rotating the state of stress in (b) to coincide with that in
(a) so that the stress can be superimposed and added directly. Then determine the principle
stresses and principle plane for the combined state of stress.
Solution: For the state of stress in case (b)
𝜎𝑥′ = 0, 𝜎𝑦′ = 0, 𝜏𝑥′𝑦′ = +4000 𝑝𝑠𝑖
Now rotating the state of stress in case (b) by a clockwise angle of 60o, i.e. 𝜃 = −60𝑜 to calculate
stress components in x-y plane.
𝜎𝑥′ + 𝜎𝑦′ 𝜎𝑥′ − 𝜎𝑦′
𝜎𝑥 = + cos 2𝜃 − 𝜏𝑥 ′𝑦′ sin 2𝜃 = 0 + 0 − 4000 sin −120 = 3464 𝑝𝑠𝑖
2 2
𝜎𝑥′ − 𝜎𝑦′
𝜏𝑥𝑦 = sin 2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥′𝑦′ cos 2𝜃 = 0 + 4000 cos −120 = −2000 𝑝𝑠𝑖
2
𝜎𝑥′ + 𝜎𝑦′ 𝜎𝑥 ′ − 𝑦2′
𝜎𝑦 = − cos 2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥 ′𝑦′ sin 2𝜃 = 0 − 0 + 4000 sin −120 = −3464 𝑝𝑠𝑖
2 2
For the combined state of stress:
𝜎𝑥 = 3464 𝑝𝑠𝑖, 𝜎𝑦 = −3464 𝑜𝑠𝑖, 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = −5000 𝑝𝑠𝑖

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR 22

STRESS TRANSFORMATION (ANALYTICAL METHOD)
Problem 938:The principle plane is given by:
1 −1
𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 1 3464 − −3464
𝜃𝑁 = tan −𝜏𝑥𝑦 / = tan−1 − −5000 / = 27.6𝑜
2 2 2 2
The principle stresses are given by:
2
𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 2
2 3464 + −3464 3464 − −3464 2
𝜎1 = ± + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = ± + −5000
2 2 2 2 2
= 0 ± 6082 psi, ⇒ 𝜎1 = +6082, 𝜎2 = −6082
To check whether 𝜃𝑁 = 27.6𝑜 coincides with 𝜎1 or 𝜎2 , put the value of 𝜃𝑁 in transformation equation:
𝜎𝑥′ + 𝜎𝑦′ 𝜎𝑥′ − 𝜎𝑦′
𝜎𝑥 = + cos 2𝜃 − 𝜏𝑥 ′𝑦′ sin 2𝜃
2 2
3464 + −3464 3464 − −3464
= + cos 55.2 − −5000 sin 55.2 = +6082 𝑝𝑠𝑖
2 2
Thus 𝜃𝑁 = 27.6𝑜 coincides with maximum normal stress.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR 23

STRESS TRANSFORMATION (ANALYTICAL METHOD)
Absolute Maximum Shear Stress:
• The maximum shear stress already discussed in this module represents the in-plane maximum shear stress.
• The in-plane maximum shear stress may not be the maximum shear stress at the point with in the body, i.e.
the shear stress may be maximum in x-z or y-z plane even though the state of stress may be two dimension.
• Any state of stress can be represented in the form of principle stress (𝜎1 , 𝜎2 and 𝜎3 ). The maximum in-plane
shear stresses are given by:
𝜎1 − 𝜎2 𝜎1 − 𝜎3 𝜎2 − 𝜎3
𝜏12 = , 𝜏13 = and 𝜏23 =
2 2 2
• The absolute maximum shear stress is the absolute maximum of all in-plane maximum shear stresses.

𝜎1 − 𝜎2 𝜎1 − 𝜎2
2 2
𝜎1 − 𝜎3 𝜎1
𝜏𝐴𝐵𝑆 = Maximum of For two dimension state of stress, 𝜏𝐴𝐵𝑆 = Maximum of
2 2
𝜎2 − 𝜎3 𝜎2
2 2
• Absolute maximum shear stress is equal to in-plane maximum shear stress when 𝜎1 and 𝜎2 have different
signs.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UET PESHAWAR 24