ENGINEERING REPORT

I-BEAM

Section A | Solid Mechanics II | Dated: 1/25/2021

Submitted to: Sir Imran Sikandar

PROJECT MEMBERS: GROUP 3

M. Rizwan Abdullah (ME-18031)
Syed Areeb-ud-din (ME-18032)
Shamshair Ali Shaikh (ME-18033)
Muhammad Maaz (ME-18034)
Afnan Ahmed (ME-18035)
Syed Anas Ali (ME-18036)
Muhammad Sameer Malik (ME-18037)
Syed Maarij Shoaib (ME-18038)
Muhammad Tayyab Hussain (ME-18039)
Muzammil Aslam (ME-18040)
 TABLE OF CONTENT
1.0 Abstract……………………………………………………………………………….…………… 02
2.0 Problem Formulation……………………………………………………………………….. 03
3.0 Analytical Solution……………………………………………………………………………. 04
3.1 Methodology…………………………………………………………………………… 04
3.2 Energy Method…..…………………………………………………………………… 04
3.3 Double Integration ..……………………………………………………………….. 08
4.0 ANSYS Simulation…………………………………………………………….................. 13
A) PRE-PROCESSING
4.1 Engineering Data……………………………………………………….………….. 13
4.1.1 Material Properties………………………………………………….. 13
4.1.2 units…………………………………………………………………………. 14
4.2 Geometry……………………………………………………………………………… 15
4.2.1 line body………………………………………………………………….. 16
4.3 Meshing……………………………………………………………………………….. 16
B) POST-PROCESSING

4.4 Boundary Conditions……………………………………………………………. 17

4.4.1 Von-Mises Stress (Equivalent Stress)...…………………….. 18
4.4.2 Total Bending Moment……………………………………………. 19
4.4.3 Total Shear Force…………………………………………………….. 20
4.4.4 Total Shear Moment Diagram………………………………….. 21
4.4.5 Tabular Data of SF, BMD and displacement……………… 21
4.4.6 Normal stress…………………………………………………………… 23
4.4.7 Force Reactions……………………………………………………….. 24
4.4.8 Moment Reactions………………………………………………….. 25
4.4.9 Total Deformation…………………………………………………… 26
4.5 Mid Vertical Depth of Beam…………………………………………………. 26
5.0 Comparison……………………………………………………………………………………. 26
6.0 Results and Conclusion ………………………………………………………………….. 27
7.0 Glossary…………………………………………………………………………………………. 28
8.0 Rubrics…………………………………………………………………………………………… 30

PAGE 1
1.0 ABSTRACT

As the population of the world keeps on increasing, the

motion of the vehicles has been increased which results in
traffic. So, the traffic has to be reduced which led to the
construction of structural members (i.e., bridges). So, it is
necessary to study how much load that can be carried by
these bridges.
The main aim of our project is to study the effects of
uniformly distributed loading on a wide-flange W310 x 52.
We find the deflection, as well as the reaction forces along
the beam using various analytical methods and then verify
our results using ANSYS software.

PAGE 2
2.0 Problem Formulation:
A beam is a structural member which is acted upon by a system of external
loads acting transversely to the axis. There are different types of loads in
which the beam gets deflected because of concentration of load. Beams
generally carry vertical gravitational forces and also carry horizontal loads.
Beams are characterized based on their profile i.e., shape of cross section,
their length, their material.

In this project, we used a wide flange W310 x 52 with a cross sectional area
of 6650 mm2 and a depth of 317 mm.

The beam is subjected to a uniformly distributed loading of 25,000 N/m.

The modulus of elasticity of beam material is 200 GPa.

PAGE 3
3.0 ANALYTICAL SOLUTION
3.1 METHODOLOGY
The following methods are used for calculation of beam deflections as well
as the reaction forces.

i. Double Integration Method.

ii. Energy Method.

3.2 ENERGY METHOD

PAGE 4
➢ ∑ 𝑀0 = 0
𝑥
➢ −𝑀1 −𝑀0 + 𝑅1 𝑥 − 𝑞𝑥( ) = 0
2
𝑥2
➢ 𝑀1 = −𝑀0 + 𝑅1 𝑥 − 𝑞 → (01)
2

PAGE 5
 ∑ 𝑀1 = 0
𝑎 𝑏
➢ −𝑀1 + 𝑅1 𝑎 − 𝑞𝑎( ) + 𝑞𝑏( ) = 0
2 2
𝑎2 𝑏2
➢ 𝑀1 − 𝑅1 𝑎 + 𝑞 −𝑞 =0 → (02)
2 2
Putting value of M1 in equ (02)
𝑥2 𝑎2 𝑏2
➢ −𝑀0 + 𝑅1 𝑥 − 𝑞 − 𝑅1 𝑎 + 𝑞 −𝑞 =0
2 2 2
𝑥2 𝑎2 𝑏2
➢ 𝑀0 =𝑅1 𝑥 − 𝑞 − 𝑅1 𝑎 + 𝑞 −𝑞
2 2 2
𝑞 2 2 2
➢ 𝑀0 =𝑅1 (𝑥 − 𝑎) + (−𝑥 + 𝑎 − 𝑏 )
2
𝜕𝑀0
➢ = (𝑥 − 𝑎)
𝜕𝑅1
We know that
𝜕𝑈 1 𝑙 𝑞
➢ = 𝑦1 = ∫ [𝑅1 (𝑥 − 𝑎) + (−𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 )] (𝑥 −
𝜕𝑅1 𝐸𝐼 0 2
𝑎) 𝑑𝑥

PAGE 6
 1 𝑙 𝑞
➢ 𝑦1 = ∫ [𝑅1 (𝑥 − 𝑎)(x − a) + (−𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 )(𝑥 −
𝐸𝐼 0 2
𝑎)] 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑙 𝑞 𝑞 𝑞
➢ 𝑦1 = ∫ [𝑅1 𝑥 2 − 𝑅1 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑅1 𝑎2 + 2 𝑎2 𝑥 − 2 𝑏 2 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 3 −
𝐸𝐼 0
𝑞 𝑞 𝑞
𝑎3 + 𝑏 2 𝑎 + 𝑥 2 𝑎] 𝑑𝑥
2 2 2
𝑥3 𝑞 𝑞 𝑞
➢ EI𝑦1 = 𝑅1 − 𝑅1 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑅1 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 − 𝑏 2 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 4 −
3 4 4 8
𝑞 3 𝑞 2 𝑞 3
𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑎 + 𝐶1
2 2 6

At 𝑥=0 , 𝑦1 = 0 , 𝐶1 = 0 (fixed support)

At 𝑥=5 , 𝑞 = 25𝑘𝑁 , 𝑦1 = 0 , 𝐶1 = 0 (Roller support)
After putting values, we get

➢ 41.666R1 = 2278.6458
➢ 𝑅1 = 54.688𝐾𝑁
+→

∑ 𝐹𝑌 = 0
➢ 𝑅1 − 𝑞(𝑙) + 𝑅2 = 0
➢ 54.688 − 25 ∗ 7.5 + R 2 = 0
R 2 = 132.817KN
From equation (1)
𝑀1 = 39.065 𝐾𝑁𝑚

PAGE 7
3.3 DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD

+↑ ∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 0
➢ 𝑅1 − 𝑞(𝑙) + 𝑅2 = 0
➢ 𝑅1 = 𝑞(𝑙) − 𝑅2 → (01)
∑ 𝑀1 = 0 (+𝐶. 𝑊)
𝑙
➢ -𝑀1 − 𝑅2 𝑎 + 𝑞𝑙( ) = 0
2
𝑙
➢ 𝑀1 = −𝑅2 𝑎 + 𝑞𝑙( ) → (02)
2

PAGE 8
 ∑ 𝑀0 = 0 (+𝐶. 𝑊)
𝑥
➢ -𝑀1 − 𝑀0 + 𝑅1 𝑥 − 𝑞𝑥( ) = 0
2
Putting value of 𝑀1
𝑙 𝑥
➢ 𝑅2 𝑎 − 𝑞𝑙( ) − 𝑀0 + 𝑅1 𝑥 − 𝑞𝑥( ) = 0
2 2
𝑙 𝑥
➢ 𝑀0 = 𝑅2 𝑎 − 𝑞𝑙( ) + 𝑅1 𝑥 − 𝑞𝑥( )
2 2
𝑙 2 +𝑥 2
➢ 𝐸𝐼𝑉 ′ =𝑅2 𝑎 − q( ) + 𝑅1 𝑥
2
∴ 𝑅1 = 𝑞(𝑙) − 𝑅2
𝑙 2 +𝑥 2
➢ 𝐸𝐼𝑉 ′ =𝑅2 (𝑎 − 𝑥)−q( ) + q𝑙𝑥
2
𝑥2 𝑞𝐿𝑥 2 𝑞 𝑞
➢ EIV`=𝑅2 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑅2 + − 𝐿2 𝑥 − 𝑥 3 + 𝐶1
2 2 2 6
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝐿 3 𝐿2 𝑥 2 𝑥4
EIV=𝑅2 𝑎 − 𝑅2 +𝑞 𝑥 −𝑞 −𝑞 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2
2 6 6 4 24
since 𝐶1 = 𝐶2 = 0 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 0 ,EIV=0 , EIV`= 0

PAGE 9
 At 𝑥 = 𝑎 , EIV=0
𝑎3 𝑎3 𝑎3 2 𝑎
2 𝑎4
0=𝑅2 ( ) − 𝑅2 ( ) + 𝑞𝐿( ) − 𝑞𝐿 ( ) − 𝑞( ) + 0 + 0
2 6 6 4 24
𝑎3 𝑎3 2 𝑎
2 𝑎4
0=𝑅2 ( ) +qL( ) − 𝑞𝐿 ( ) − 𝑞( )
3 6 4 24
since 𝑎 = 5, q = 25KN and L=7.5

Hence
𝑅2 = 132.812𝐾𝑁
𝑅1 = 54.687𝐾𝑁
𝑀1 = 39.065𝐾𝑁𝑚
Put R1 = 54.687KN, q = 25KN, x = 5m, 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢 (03)
➢ Shear Force VO = 70.320KN
Put R1 = 54.687KN, q = 25KN, x = 5m, M1 = 39.065KN − m
𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢 (04)
➢ 𝑀0 = 78.165𝐾𝑁𝑚

PAGE 10
➢ ∴using concept of continuity
𝑞
EI𝑣3 = 𝑥2 3 + 𝐶3
6
𝑥2 𝑞𝐿𝑥 2 𝑞 𝑞 𝑞
𝑅2 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑅2 + − 𝐿2 𝑥 − 𝑥 3 + 𝐶1 = 𝑥2 3 + 𝐶3 → (06)
2 2 2 6 6
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑞𝐿𝑥 3 𝑞 2 2 𝑞 𝑞
𝑅2 𝑎 − 𝑅2 + − 𝐿 𝑥 − 𝑥 4 + 𝐶1 = 𝑥2 4 + 𝐶3 x2 +
2 6 6 4 24 24
C4 → (07)

At l = 7.5m, a = x = 5m,𝑏 = 2.5𝑚, R 2 = 132.812KN,q =

25KN,x2 = 2.5m put in eq (06)
➢ 𝐶3 = −97662.5
At 𝐶3 = −97662.5,t l = 7.5m, a = x = 5m,𝑏 = 𝑥2 = 2.5𝑚, R 2 =
132.812KN,q = 25KN, x2 = 2.5m put in eq (07)

PAGE 11
➢ 𝐶4 = 203444.062
For Vertical Displacement and Rotation at Node 𝟑
𝑞
EI𝑣3 = 𝑥2 3 + 𝐶3 ∴ 𝐶3 = −97662.5
6

➢ 𝑣3 =4.117 × 10−3 m
𝑞
EIθ3 = 𝑥2 4 + 𝐶3 x2 + C4 ∴ 𝐶4 = 203444.062
24

➢ θ3 =4.459 × 10−3 radians

For Vertical Displacement and Rotation at node 2

Put x = 7.5m , a = 5m , l = 7.5m , q = 25KN , R 2 = 132.812KN ,
𝐶1 = 0 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢 05 We get 𝑣2
𝑥2 𝑞𝐿𝑥 2 𝑞 𝑞
EIV`=𝑅2 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑅2 + − 𝐿2 𝑥 − 𝑥 3 + 𝐶1
2 2 2 6

➢ 𝑣2 = −2.161 × 10−6 m
𝑥2 𝑞𝐿𝑥 2 𝑞 𝑞
EIθ2 =𝑅2 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑅2 + − 𝐿2 𝑥 − 𝑥 3 + 𝐶1
2 2 2 6

➢ θ2 = −1.372 × 10−3 radians

PAGE 12
4.0) ANSYS SIMULATION:
PRE-PROCESSING
4.1)ENGINEERING DATA:
4.1.1.) Material Properties:
For defining the element`s material property, follow the following steps
Engineering property =>Material => Structural Steel

• We chose Engineering Data from this box

• properties and the material type.
From the table below, we choose structural steel as our type of material.

PAGE 13
The next phase is to select the material properties for the structural steel,
we select the default properties of structural material. We have :

• YOUNG’S MODULUS = 2.1*10^11 Pa

• POISSON’S RATIO = 0.3
• DENSITY=7850 kg/m^3

4.1.2) Units

PAGE 14
4.2) GEOMETRY
We are using a wide flange I-Beam with material type W310 X 52. Using the
standard table of wide flange I-Beam we read the following dimensions:

Width of both flanges = W1 = W2 = 167mm

Width of web = W3 = 290.6 mm

Thickness of flange 1 and 2 = T1 = T2 =

13.2mm

Thickness of web = T3 = 7.6 mm

PAGE 15
4.2.1) Line Body:
Line body makes it easy for us to solve complicated long beams. by turning
into a single line to save us computational costs and time and later it
interpolates the results for the whole beam.

4.3) MESHING
To increase the accuracy of our results we are dividing our wide flange I
section beam into finely divided rectangular simple elements to be used as
discrete local approximation for the larger domain.

PAGE 16
 POST PROCESSING
4.4) BOUNDRY CONDITIONS:
Fixed support: There are 3 reaction and 3 moments to be analyzed in total.
Out of which three moments along the respective x, y and z axis and three
reaction forces along the respective x, y and z axis.

Roller support: There are 2 reactions and 1 moment to be analyzed. Out of

which the reaction along x is free.

PAGE 17
4.4.1) VON MISES STRESS (EQIVALENT STRESSES):
Von mises stress basically shows us failure point of our beam. If von mises
stress (1.055x10^8 Pa) is greater than the max yield strength (2.5x10^8 Pa)
of the beam of means our beam is failed. But in our case it is less than the
max yield strength.

Model (B4) > Static Structural (B5) > Solution (B6) > Equivalent Stress >
VON MISES STRESS

PAGE 18
4.4.2) TOTAL BENDING MOMENT:
We used the moment probe tab to find out the total bending moment
which we found out to be 78125 N-m.

Model (B4) > Static Structural (B5) > Solution (B6) > Total Bending
Moment > TOTAL BENDING MOMENT

PAGE 19
4.4.3) TOTAL SHEAR FORCE:
We found out the maximum total shear force to be 68838 N.

Model (B4) > Static Structural (B5) > Solution (B6) > Total Shear Force >
TOTAL SHEAR FORCE

PAGE 20
4.4.4) TOTAL SHEAR MOMENT DIAGRAM:
We used the integrated tab for total shear moment in ANSYS to find out
our shear moment diagram:

Model (B4) > Static Structural (B5) > Solution (B6) > Total Shear-Moment
Diagram

4.4.5) TABULAR DATA OF SHEAR FORCE, BENDING

MOMENT AND DISPLACEMENT:
Vertical displacement at node 3 was extracted from total shear graph to be
9.284x10^-3. The relevant excerpt of graph is attached.

For vertical displacement at node 3 is found out to be 9.35x10^-3.

PAGE 21
LENGTH(m) TOTAL SHEAR FORCE (N) BENDING MOMENT(N.m) DISPLACEMENT(m)

0.35714 41339 21333 1.93E-04

0.71429 41339 6568.9 4.86E-04
0.71429 32411 6568.9 4.86E-04
1.0714 32411 5006.4 8.00E-04
1.0714 23482 5006.4 8.00E-04
1.4286 23482 13393 1.07E-03
1.4286 14554 13393 1.07E-03
1.7857 14554 18591 1.25E-03
1.7857 5625 18591 1.25E-03
2.1429 5625 20599 1.32E-03
2.1429 3303.6 20599 1.32E-03
2.5 3303.6 19420 1.26E-03
2.5 12232 19420 1.26E-03
2.8571 12232 15051 1.08E-03
2.8571 21161 15051 1.08E-03
3.2143 21161 7493.6 8.02E-04
3.2143 30089 7493.6 8.02E-04
3.5714 30089 3252.5 4.68E-04
3.5714 39018 3252.5 4.68E-04
3.9286 39018 17187 1.36E-04
3.9286 47946 17187 1.36E-04
4.2857 47946 34311 1.17E-04
4.2857 56875 34311 1.17E-04
4.6429 56875 54624 1.99E-04
4.6429 65804 54624 1.99E-04
5 65804 78125 0
5.3571 58036 57398 8.36E-04
5.3571 49107 57398 8.36E-04
5.7143 49107 39860 1.97E-03
5.7143 40179 39860 1.97E-03
6.0714 40179 25510 3.30E-03
6.0714 31250 25510 3.30E-03
6.4286 31250 14349 4.76E-03
6.4286 22321 14349 4.76E-03
6.7857 22321 6377.6 6.28E-03
6.7857 13393 6377.6 6.28E-03
7.1429 13393 1594.4 7.82E-03
7.1429 4464.3 1594.4 7.82E-03
7.5 4464.3 4.36E-09 9.35E-03

PAGE 22
4.4.6) NORMAL STRESS:
The maximum normal force was found out to be 1.0554x10^8 Pa.

Model (B4) > Static Structural (B5) > Solution (B6) > Normal Stress >
NORMAL STRESS

PAGE 23
4.4.7) FORCE REACTIONS:
• On fixed supports: The forced reaction at fixed support is 54732 N.

Model (B4) > Static Structural (B5) > Solution (B6) > Force Reaction >
FIXED SUPPORT

• On Roller support: The force reaction on roller suppo1.3277x10^5

Model (B4) > Static Structural (B5) > Solution (B6) > Force Reaction
2 > ROLLER SUPPORT

PAGE 24
4.4.8) MOMENT REACTIONS:
• Moment Reaction at node 2 is 39286 N-m.
Model (B4) > Static Structural (B5) > Solution (B6) > Moment
Reaction > MOMENT REACTION AT NODE 1

• Moment reactions at node 2 is 4.3618x10^-9 N-m.

• Model (B4) > Static Structural (B5) > Solution (B6) > Moment
Reaction 2 > MOMENT REACTION AT NODE 2

PAGE 25
4.4.9) TOTAL DEFORMATION:
• Total Deformation is found out to be 0.01377 m.

4.5) MID VERTICAL DEPTH OF BEAM:

The shear force at the mid span = 39018 N.
The mid vertical depth of the beam = 2.972x10^-4 m.
The Normal Stress at the Mid-point of the beam = 13.05x10^6 Pa.

5.0) COMPARISION
• Total bending moment
PERCENT EROOR = |ANSYS OBSERVED VALUE – ANALTICAL SOLUTION VALUE|
ANSYS OBSERVED VALUE
= | 78125 - 78165| x 100
78125
= 0.0512 %
• Total shear force
PERCENT EROOR = |ANSYS OBSERVED VALUE – ANALTICAL SOLUTION VALUE|
ANSYS OBSERVED VALUE
= |68838 - 70320| x 100
68838
= 2.152%

PAGE 26
6.0) RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:
• Total bending moment is found out through ANSYS simulation is equals to
78125 Pa (max).
• Total shear stress is found out through through ANSYS simulation is equals to
68838 N.
• Total shear stress is found out through through ANSYS simulation is equals to
• The vertical displacement at node 3 is equals to 9.35e-3.
• The force reaction at node 1 is equals to 54732N.
• The force reaction at node 2 is equals to 1.3277e5.
• The moment reaction at node 1 is equals to 39286 N-m.
• The moment reaction at node 2 is 4.3618x10^-9 N-m.
• The normal stress through simulation is equals to 1.0554x10^8 Pa.

From Von Mises stress value we can predict the failure of the beam. In this case it is less
than tensile yield strength of the beam material which means that the beam does not
fails under the applied loading condition.

PAGE 27
7.0) GLOSSARY
1)Shear Force: A force acting in a direction parallel to a surface or to a planar
cross section of a body, as for example the pressure of air along the front of an
airplane wing.

2)Bending Moment: In solid mechanics, a bending moment is the reaction

induced in a structural element when an external force or moment is applied to
the element, causing the element to bend. The most common or simplest
structural element subjected to bending moments is the beam.

3)Normal Stress: A normal stress is a stress that occurs when a member is loaded
by an axial force.

4)Fixed Support: Fixed supports are supports which can resist vertical and
horizontal forces as well as a moment. Since they restrain both rotation and
translation, they are also known as rigid supports.

5)Roller Support: This is the type of support which only restrains the structure
from moving in one or two perpendicular directions. However, the structure can
move in the other directions and it can also rotate. The joint that is supported by
a roller support has four or five degrees of freedom.

6)I-Section Beam: An I-beam, also known as H-beam is a beam with an I or H-

shaped cross-section. The horizontal elements of the I are flanges, and the
vertical element is the “web”. I-beams are usually made of structural steel and
are used in construction and civil engineering.

7)Von Mises Stress: Von Mises stress is a value used to determine if a given
material will yield or fracture. The von Mises yield criterion states that if the von
Mises stress of a material under load is equal or greater than the yield limit of the
same material under simple tension then the material will yield.

8)Total Deflection in Beam: Deflection is the degree to which a structural

element is displaced under a load (due to its deformation). It may refer to an
angle or a distance.

PAGE 28
9)Line Body: A line body consists entirely of edges and does not have a surface
area or volume. Line Body is a body in which its length along one dimension is
significantly greater than other dimensions. Although multiple CAD sources can
provide line bodies to ANSYS Workbench, only Design Modeler provide the
additional cross section data needed to use line bodies in an analysis.

10)Mesh: Mesh is an integral part of the engineering simulation process where

complex geometries are divided into simple elements that can be used as
discrete local approximations of the larger domain.

11)Web and Flanges in I Beam: The horizontal pieces are known as flanges, and
the vertical piece is called the web. The flanges resist bending while the web
takes on the shear force.

12)Young’s Modulus: Young’s modulus is a measure of the ability of a material to

withstand changes in length when under lengthwise tension or compression.

13)Ultimate Tensile Strength: Ultimate Tensile Strength is defined as the

maximum load a body can bear before failure divided by its cross-sectional area.

14)Structural Steel: Structural steel is a type of steel that is used as a

construction material. They are designed to have good strength.

15)Static Structural Analysis in ANSYS: A static structural analysis determines the

displacements, stresses, strains, and forces in structures or components caused
by loads that do not induce significant inertia and damping effects.

16)Boundary Conditions: Boundary conditions consist of flow inlets and exit

boundaries, wall, repeating, and pole boundaries, and internal face boundaries.

PAGE 29
8.0) RUBRICS:

PAGE 30