Stress Transformation

Mechanics of Materials II
ME-310
Stress Transformation

GENERAL EQUATIONS OF PLANE-

STRESS TRANSFORMATION
 Sign Convention
• Outward normal from side of an element
• Positive when acting in directions
• Positive when acting in directions

• Orientation of the plane on which stresses are acting

• Measured from to
 Transformation of Stress
• Consider stress transformation from to
coordinates.
• The two coordinate systems are at an angle
 Transformation of Stress

• Force balance parallel to

∑ 𝐹 𝑥´ =0

• Force balance parallel to

∑ 𝐹 ´𝑦=0
 Transformation of Stress

• Solving for and

𝜎 𝑥´ =𝜎 𝑥 cos 2 𝜃+𝜎 𝑦 s ∈¿2 𝜃+2 𝜏 𝑥 𝑦 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 ¿

𝜏 𝑥´ 𝑦´ =( 𝜎 𝑦 − 𝜎 𝑥 ) sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 +𝜏 𝑥𝑦 ( cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 )
2 2

• Since is 90° apart from , thus

(
𝜎 𝑦´ = 𝜎 𝑥 cos 2 𝜃 +
𝜋
2 ) (
+ 𝜎 𝑦 s ∈¿2 𝜃 +
𝜋
2) (
+2 𝜏 𝑥 𝑦 sin 𝜃 +
𝜋
2 ) (
cos 𝜃 +
𝜋
2)¿

𝜎 𝑦´ =𝜎 𝑥 s ∈¿2 𝜃+ 𝜎 𝑦 cos 2 𝜃+2 𝜏 𝑥 𝑦 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 ¿

 Transformation of Stress
• Transformation equations can be simplified by
using double angle identities

2 1
cos 𝜃= ( 1+ cos 2 𝜃 )
2

2 1
s ∈¿ 𝜃= ( 1 −cos 2 𝜃 ) ¿
2

2 sin 𝜃 cos𝜃=sin 2 𝜃
 Stress Transformation Equations
• For plane stress

𝜎 𝑥 +𝜎 𝑦 𝜎 𝑥 − 𝜎 𝑦
𝜎 𝑥´ = + cos 2 𝜃 +𝜏 𝑥 𝑦 sin 2 𝜃
2 2

𝜎 𝑥+ 𝜎 𝑦 𝜎 𝑥 − 𝜎 𝑦
𝜎 𝑦´ = − cos 2 𝜃 −𝜏 𝑥 𝑦 sin 2 𝜃
2 2

𝜎 𝑥− 𝜎 𝑦
𝜏 𝑥´ 𝑦´ =− s∈2 𝜃 +𝜏 𝑥𝑦 cos 2 𝜃
2
Stress Transformation

HOW DO WE FIND THE MAXIMUM

VALUE OF STRESS AT A POINT?
 Principal Stresses and
Maximum In-Plane Shear Stress

• Magnitudes of and depend on the angle of

inclination of the planes on which these stresses act

• In engineering practice, it is often important to

determine

– the orientation of the element that causes the

normal stress to be a maximum and a minimum

– and the orientation that causes the shear stress

to be a maximum
 In-Plane Principal Stress
• How to determine maximum and minimum normal stress,
given
𝜎 𝑥 +𝜎 𝑦 𝜎 𝑥 − 𝜎 𝑦
𝜎 𝑥´ = + cos 2 𝜃 +𝜏 𝑥 𝑦 sin 2 𝜃
2 2

• Differentiate transformation equation with respect to and set

the result equal to zero
𝑑 𝜎 𝑥´ 𝜎 −𝜎𝑦
=− 𝑥 ( 2 sin 2 𝜃 )+ 2𝜏 𝑥 𝑦 cos 2 𝜃=0
𝑑𝜃 2

• Solving this equation, we obtain the orientation of the

planes of maximum and minimum normal stress
𝜏 𝑥𝑦
tan 2 𝜃 𝑃 =
(𝜎 𝑥 − 𝜎 𝑦 )
2
 In-Plane Principal Stress
• The orientation equation has two roots: and
• Since and are apart, so and are apart
• To obtain normal stresses, substitute values in

𝜎 𝑥 +𝜎 𝑦 𝜎 𝑥 − 𝜎 𝑦
𝜎 𝑥´ = + cos 2 𝜃 +𝜏 𝑥 𝑦 sin 2 𝜃
2 2

• Values of sine and

cosine of and are
obtained from the
figure
 In-Plane Principal Stress
• Substituting angle values and simplifying

√( )
2
𝜎 𝑥 +𝜎 𝑦 𝜎 𝑥 −𝜎 𝑦 2
𝜎 1 , 𝜎 2= ± +𝜏 𝑥𝑦
2 2

• Depending upon the sign chosen, it gives the maximum or

minimum in-plane normal stress acting at a point, where
• Known as in-plane principal stresses
• Planes on which they act are called the principal planes
• No shear stress acts on the principal planes as can be seen by
substituting and in
 Maximum In-Plane Shear Stress
• To find maximum shear stress, take derivative of
transformation equation with respect to and set the result
equal to zero
𝜎 𝑥− 𝜎 𝑦
𝜏 𝑥´ 𝑦´ =− sin 2 𝜃 +𝜏 𝑥𝑦 cos 2 𝜃
2
𝑑 𝜏 ´𝑥 𝑦´ 𝜎𝑥− 𝜎𝑦
=− 2 cos 2 𝜃 −2 𝜏 𝑥 𝑦 sin 2 𝜃=0
𝑑𝜃 2
(𝜎 𝑥 −𝜎 𝑦 )
2
tan 2 𝜃 𝑠 =−
𝜏 𝑥𝑦

• Element subjected to maximum shear stress will be 45°

from the position of an element that is subjected to the
principal stress
 Maximum In-Plane Shear Stress
• The maximum in-plane shear stress is given by

√( )
2
𝜎 𝑥− 𝜎 𝑦 2
𝜏 max 𝑖𝑛 −𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒= +𝜏 𝑥𝑦
2

• An average normal stress acts on the planes of

maximum in-plane shear stress

𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎 𝑦
𝜎 𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
2
 Points to Remember
• Principal stresses represent the maximum and minimum
normal stress at a point
• When the state of stress is represented by the principal
stresses, no shear stress will act on the element
• State of stress at the point can also be represented in
terms of the maximum in-plane shear stress
• In this case an average normal stress will also act on the
element
• The element representing the maximum in-plane shear
stress with the associated average normal stresses is
oriented 45° from the element representing the principal
stresses
 Example
• The state of plane stress at a failure point on the shaft is
shown on the element in the figure. Represent this stress
state in terms of the principal stresses

√( )
2
𝜏 𝑥𝑦 𝜎 𝑥 +𝜎 𝑦 𝜎 𝑥 −𝜎 𝑦 2
tan 2 𝜃 𝑃 =
(𝜎 𝑥 − 𝜎 𝑦 ) 𝜎 1 , 𝜎 2= ± +𝜏 𝑥𝑦
2
2 2
 Example
Solution:
Example
 Example

Notice how the failure plane is at an

angle (23.7) due to tearing of the
material
 Example
• When the torsional loading T is applied to the bar
in the figure, it produces a state of pure shear
stress in the material. Determine
– The maximum in-plane shear stress and the
associated average normal stress, and
– The principal stress
 Example

Solution:
Example
 Example

• Through experiment it has been found that

– ductile materials will fail due to shear stress

– brittle materials will fail due to normal stress

 Practice Problems

• Problems 9.1 to 9.21