Lecture 10

Karnaugh Maps

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 The Map Method
• Karnaugh map simplification
- Simple straight forward procedure
• K-map is a pictorial form of truth table
- Diagram made up of squares
- Each square represents one minterm of function
• Variable map
- Two variable map
- Three variable map
- Four variable map

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 Two Variable Map
• Four minterms for two variables
- Map consists of 4 squares, one for each minterm
• We can read the minterms from the map just like we can
read them from the truth

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 Two Variable Map
• Example: Find F1 and F2. Also find the cost of the function.

Solution:
F = Cost= literal+term+complement
F =x+y

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 Three Variable Map
• Eight minterms for two variables
- Map consists of 8 squares, one for each minterm
• We can read the minterms from the map just like we can
read them from the truth

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 Three Variable Map
• Example
F(x,y,z) = ∑ m(0,2,4,6)

Solution:
m + m + m + m = x′y′z′ + x′yz′ + xy′z′ + xyz′
= x′z′(y′+y) + xz′(y′+y)
= x ′z′ + xz′
= z′(x′ + x)
= z′

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 Three Variable Map
• Example
F(x,y,z) = ∑ m(0,1,2,3,6,7)

Solution:

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 Three Variable Map
• If function is not expressed as sum of minterms form
- Use map to obtain minterms of function
- Simplify the function
• Example :
F = x′z + x′y + xy′z + yz
Solution:
F(x,y,z) = x′z + x′y + xy′z + yz
1,3 2,3 5 3,7
= ∑ m(1,2,3,5,7)
= z + x′y

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 Four Variable Map
• 16 minterms for four variables
- Map consists of 16 squares, one for each minterm
• We can read the minterms from the map just like we can
read them from the truth

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 Four Variable Map
• Example
F(w,x,y,z) = ∑ m(0,1,2,4,5,6,8,9,12,13,14)

Solution:

F = y′ + w′z′ + xz′
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 Prime Implicant’s
• While choosing adjacent squares in map
- All minterms of function are covered we combine squares
- The number of terms in expression is minimized
• Implicant
- a product term is an implicant of function if the function has
value 1 for all minterms of the product term
• Prime Implicant
- a product term obtained by combining maximum number of
adjacent squares in a map
• Essential Prime Implicant
- Should be a prime implicant and atleast there is a single one
which cannot be combined in any other way
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 Prime Implicant’s
• Example
F(w,x,y,z) = ∑(1,3,4,5,6,7,12,14)
Find implicant, prime implicants and essential implicants.

Solution:
Implicant’s: 8
Prime implicant’s:
3 (A′D, A′B, BD′)
Essential prime implicant’s:
2 (A′D, BD’)

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 Don’t Care Conditions
• Minterm that may produce either 0 or 1 for the function
• To help simple boolean expression further in K-map,
• It is denoted by ‘x’.
• Example
F(w,x,y,z) = ∑m(1,3,7,11,15), d(w,x,y,z) = ∑m(0,2,5)
Solution:
F(w,x,y,z) = w′x′+ yz
Or
F(w,x,y,z) = w′z+ yz

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