Professional Documents
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medical review
Ivezić S. et al n MD-Medical Data 2021;13(1): 041-047
Sažetak
Orofaringealna disfagija predstavlja poremećaj gutanja sa primarnim patološkim proce-
Ključne reči som lokalizovanim u oblastima oralne i faringealne regije i čest je simptom bolesti
orofaringealna disfagija, bihejvioralni različite etiologije sa generalno lošom prognoznom i razarajućim uticajem na fizičko i
pristup, kompenzatorne strategije i mentalno zdravlje pacijenta. Bihejvioralni pristup rehabilitaciji orofaringealne disfagije
tehnike, rehabilitacione strategije i tehnike uključuje primenu kompenzatornih i rehabilitacionih strategija i tehnika uz aktivno
uključivanje pacijenta u proces rehabilitacije. I pored postojanja velikog broja istraživan-
Key words ja o efikasnosti bihejvioralnih tehnika, evidentan je nedostatak dobro osmišljenih,
oropharyngeal dysphagia, behavioral multicentričnih studija koje bi dokazale efikasnost primenjenih tehnika uz sagledavanje
treatment, compensatory strategies and svih faktora od značaja za uspešnost rehabilitacije. Neophodno je omogućiti
techniques, rehabilitative strategies and interdisciplinarnu saradnju stručnjaka u kreiranju i sprovođenju istraživanja u ovoj
techniques oblasti u cilju implementacije rezultata istraživanja i unapređenja rehabilitacije
poremećaja gutanja kao naučne i kliničke oblasti.
dehidratacije(8). Primena kompenzatornih tehnika ne dovodi ljaju promenu u delovanju gravitacije i manipulaciju dimen-
do izmene fiziologije gutanja zbog čega se one smatraju zijama aparata za gutanje. Uticaj gravitacije može se sman-
privremenim rešenjem i najčešće koriste u inicijalnom jiti promenom položaja tela u odnosnu na njeno delovanje.
stadijumu, iako kod pacijenata kod kojih rehabilitacione Varijacije u položaju delova tela na sistematski način men-
tehnike nisu dale zadovoljavajuće rezultate obuka za jaju dimenzije aparata za gutanje i preusmeravaju tok bolusa
korišćenje ovih tehnika može predstavljati glavni terapijski kako bi se osiguralo bezbedno gutanje u uslovima izmenjene
cilj(9). Najčešće korišćene kompenzatorne strategije u fiziologije(18). Prednosti ovih tehnika uključuju mogućnost
kliničkim uslovima obuhvataju modifikaciju hrane/bolusa i primene kod velikog broja pacijenata, minimalnu zahtevnost
posturalne modifikacije. i dokazanu efikasnost u sprečavanju aspiracije(19).
Modifikacija hrane/bolusa jedna je od najduže i najčešće Modifikacija posture prvi je izbor kod pacijenata kod kojih
korišćenih tehnika u rehabilitaciji pacijenata sa poremeća- postoji rizik od aspiracije zbog toga što modifikacija ishrane
jem gutanja usmerena na povećanje bezbednosti i efika- može imati teške posledice poput dehidratacije, lošeg nutri-
snosti gutanja. Bazirana je na dokazima da promene karakte- tivnog statusa i sniženog kvaliteta života(20). Najčešće
ristika hrane koju pacijent unosi mogu uticati na brzinu i korišćene strategije su promena položaja čitavog tela i prom-
lakoću transporta bolusa duž digestivnog trakta(10). Karakte- ena položaja glave i vrata. Tehnike posturalne modifikacije
ristike hrane koje se mogu menjati u skladu sa individualnim navedene su u Tabeli 2.
potrebama pacijenta su količina/veličina bolusa, konzi-
stencija, temperatura i ukus. U tabeli 1 dat je prikaz najčešće
korišćenih tehnika modifikacije hrane uz opis svake od teh-
nika, ciljanih funkcionalnih ishoda i relevantnih istraživanja
u datoj oblasti.
Rehabilitacione strategije
rehabilitacione tehnike uključuju facilitativne manevre
Primena strategija i tehnika fokusiranih na rehabilitaciju
gutanja i motoričke vežbe.
oštećene funkcije predstavlja relativno nov pristup u radu sa
facilitativni manevri gutanja podrazumevaju određene
pacijentima sa poremećajem gutanja. Pojedine tehnike poput
položaje i pokrete koje izvodi pacijent, a koji su se pokazali
vežbi logomotorike odavno su poznate i veoma zastupljene
korisnima za povećanje efikasnosti i sigurnosti gutanja. cilj
u kliničkoj logopedskoj praksi ali, s promenom paradigmat-
primene facilitativnih manevara je ponovno ovladavanje
skog okvira i sve većim učešćem logopeda u rehabilita-
kontrolom procesa gutanja od strane pacijenta uz smanjivan-
cionom procesu one dobijaju novu svrhu. Istovremeno dola-
je rizika od aspiracije. Koriste se sa ciljem povećanja snage
zi do ubrzanog razvoja i usavršavanja tehnika u usmerenih
određenih struktura koje učestvuju u procesu gutanja ili sa
na specifično oštećenje ili disfunkciju a koje počivaju na
ciljem promene trajanja procesa gutanja kako bi se osigurao
principima neuroplastisticiteta i motornog učenja(29). Prime-
siguran transport bolusa od usne šupljine do želuca uz sman-
nom rehabilitacionih strategija stvaraju se manje ili više traj-
jivanje rizika od penetracije i/ili aspiracije na minimum (31).
ne promene u performansama a efekti se zadržavaju i nakon
U tabeli 3 dat je prikaz facilitativnih manevara gutanja –
prestanka njihove upotrebe, po čemu se značajno razlikuju u
indikacija za njihovu primenu, željenih ishoda i dokaza o
odnosu na kompenzatorne strategije(30). Najčešće korišćene
efikasnosti.
za evaluaciju funkcionalnih ishoda. Osim toga, istraživanja najaktuelnija je tema u ovoj naučnoistraživačkoj oblasti sa
pokazuju da kontinuirana primena tehnika modifikacije potencijalno korisnim implikacijama za kliničku praksu.
hrane može imati negativan uticaj na kvalitet života Izbor najprikladnijeg rehabilitacionog tretmana zahteva
pacijenata sa poremećajem gutanja(47). Istraživanja o razumevanje i kritičku ocenu rezultata istraživanja, adek-
efikasnosti tehnika posturalne modifikacije uslovljena su vatno kliničko iskustvo i razmatranje ciljeva, sposobnosti i
njihovom primenljivošću na ograničen broj pacijenata sa ograničenja svakog pacijenta. Neophodno je omogućiti
specifičnom disfunkcijom što rezultuje relativno malim interdisciplinarnu saradnju stručnjaka u kreiranju i sprovo-
uzorkom(22,23,24,26). Uprkos određenom broju ranijih studija đenju istraživanja u ovoj oblasti u cilju implementacije
koje dovode u pitanje efikasnost primene rehabilitacionih rezultata istraživanja i unapređenja rehabilitacije poreme-
tehnika(48,49,50), strategija rehabilitacije koja se sve više ćaja gutanja kao naučne i kliničke oblasti.
bazira na principima motornog učenja i neurosplasticiteta
abstract
Oropharyngeal dysphagia is a swallowing disorder with a primary pathological process
localized in the areas of the oral and pharyngeal region and is a common symptom of
diseases of various etiologies with a generally poor prognosis and a devastating effect on
the patient’s physical and mental health. Behavioral treatment approach includes the
application of compensatory and rehabilitative strategies and techniques with active
patient participation in the rehabilitation process. Despite the existence of a large number
of studies on the effectiveness of behavioral strategies and techniques in the rehabilitation
of patients with swallowing disorders, there is a lack of well-designed multicenter studies
that would prove the effectiveness of applied techniques with regards to all relevant factors
of rehabilitation success. It is necessary to enable interdisciplinary cooperation of experts
in the design and implementation of research in this field in order to implement the
research results and further improve the rehabilitation of swallowing disorders as a
scientific and a clinical field.
medical review
Kopilović S. et al n MD-Medical Data 2021;13(1): 037-039
Abstract
The SARS−COV−2 pandemic has created a need for changes in usual cardiopulmonary
Key words resuscitation protocols. Тhe aim of this work was to review the available CPR
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation; recommendation in COVID−19 suspected patients. Recommendations for cardiopul-
COVID−19; Guidelines; Cardiac arrest; monary resuscitation of these patients require changes in terms of exposure reduction of
Ključne reči provider,utilization of oxygenation and ventilation techniques with lower aerosolization
risk, as well as utilization of priority model based on considering the appropriateness of
Kardiopulmonalna reanimacija;
initiating and continuing resuscitation. All healthcare workers should use full personal
COVID−19; Smernice; Srčani zastoj;
protective equipment and have advanced life support training. Clear guidelines for ensur-
ing timely and effective management of the patients with cardiac arrest with adequate
protection of healthcare professionals are crucial in the COVID−19 era. In that way, it is
possible to contribute to the preservation of the health care system while providing opti-
mal health care for patients.
Consequently, rescuers have a special challenge to con- Before intubation, initial ventilation with a bag−device
tinuously balance the immediate needs of the victims with with HEPA filter and a tight seal or consider passive oxy-
their safety. (7,17,18) genation with a nonrebreathing facemask (NRFM), covered
This work aimed to review the available CPR by a surgical mask should be provided to minimize the risk
recommendation in COVID−19 suspected patients. of virus spread. (7)
PROVIDER EXPOSURE REDUCTION Manual ventilation with a supraglottic airway or
bag−mask device with a HEPA filter should be considered if
During the evaluation of CA in a patient with suspected
intubation is delayed. (4,7)
or confirmed SARS−CoV−2 infection, in addition to stan-
After closing the circuit, it is necessary to minimize dis-
dard measures, special protection is required, including
connections to reduce aerosolization. (7)
measures against transmission by contact, via respiratory
droplets, and concerningaerosol−generating activi- INITIATING AND CONTINUING RESUSCITATION
ties.(4,17,19,20) Providers and their colleagues need to be pro- Critically ill patients with COVID−19 have a high mor-
tected from unnecessary exposure. (7) tality rate that increases with age and the presence of comor-
Strategies: bidities, especially with cardiovascular disease (7,22,23)
To protect themselves from contact with both airborne Careful assessment is required for each patient, their chance
and droplet particles, all rescuers should put on personal pro- of survival, as well as for good long−term outcomes.(1)
tective equipment before entering the scene.(7) It is Therefore, a care priority model is proposed which is based
recommended the usage of full−body suits or long−sleeve on the patient’s survival possibilities, present comorbidities
impermeable suits and if they are not available using clini- and available resources. (4) It is necessary to consider both
cal aprons of plastic or other impermeable material should benefits to the patient and the safety and exposure of the
be considered. The use of double gloves is recommended. team. (24)
Due to the high viral transmission risk during CPR, the use Strategies:
of FPP2 masks, or ideally FPP3 masks is recommended.(1,4,) Health care systems must establisha guideline for
Eye and face protective measures include full−face front−line providers to determine the suitability for initiating
shield/visor or polycarbonate safety glasses or equivalent. (1) and discontinuing CPR for patients with COVID−19. (7)
To reduce exposure it is required to limit the number of The interim guidelines for extracorporeal membrane
people in the resuscitation team to those necessary for oxygenation of COVID−19 patients have been issued by the
patient care.(4,7) All personnel not currently needed should Extracorporeal life Support Organization. (25) Still, there is
be kept away from the patient and remain protected. (1) not enough data to uphold extracorporeal cardiopulmonary
The use of mechanical CPR device instead of manualch- resuscitation (E−CPR) for COVID−19 patients. (7)
est compressions should be considered in centres with expe-
rience and availability. (4,7,17) CONCLUSION
Clear information on the infectious status of a patient The mortality of patients with COVID−19 is extremely
with CA is recommended to each new provider before join- high, which, together with extremely pronounced virulence,
ing the team and when moving the patient to the Unit of des- creates conditions for overcoming hospital capacities, espe-
tination. (4,7) All healthcare workers should have advanced cially intensive care units of all profiles and emergency serv-
life support training. (17) ices. Healthcare workers are exhausted which further
REDUCING THE RISK OF AEROSOLIZATION reduces the efficiency of the health care system in providing
adequate assistance to anyone who needs it. All this leads to
Intubation with a cuffed endotracheal tube connected to the conclusion that the maximum rationalization of all mate-
a ventilator with a high−efficiency particulate air (HEPA) rial resources, including human resources, is necessary to
filter in the path of exhaled gas and an in−line suction maintain the vitality and smooth functioning of the health
catheter representsa lower risk of aerosolization concerning care system.
other types of positive−pressure ventilation. (7,21) To avoid Guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation of a patient
aerosol generation in an intubated and mechanically venti- with suspected or confirmed SARS−CoV−2 infection
lated patient, the ventilator circuit should not be disconnect- require the following changes:
ed when starting CPR. (1) a) Minimizing personnel and persons present during the
Strategies: CPR with the use of full personal protective equipment.
Use a HEPA filter to any manual or mechanical ventila- b) The use of techniques that generate the lowest aerosol
tion device before ventilating the patient. (1,4,7,) emissions when providing airway and ventilation. Do not
After rhythm assessment and defibrillation of any ven- perform a chest massage beforehand, but only perform DC
tricular arrhythmia, patients with CA should be intubated shock as indicated.
with a cuff endotracheal tube. (4,7) c) Select patients for CPR, taking into account the
Reducing the likelihood of failed intubation attempts by patient’s current condition, comorbidity and age of the
securing provider and access with the best chance of suc- patient, and decide on this basis whether the patient has a
cessful intubation as well as pausing chest compressions to realistic chance of survival.
intubate. (7) Only by using these changes in the guidelines, it is pos-
Using video laryngoscopy if is available, since it can sible to preserve the health system and provide optimal
reduce the number of laryngoscopy attempts (4) and keep the health care to patients.
rescuer further from the patient’s mouth. (1,7)
Sadržaj
Pandemija izazvana SARS−COV−2 stvorila je potrebu za promenama u uobičajenim pro-
tokolima za kardiopulmonalnu reanimaciju. Cilj ovog rada bio je pregled dostupnih CPR
smernica za COVID−19 suspektne pacijente. Preporuke za kardiopulmonalnu reanimaci-
ju ovih pacijenata zahtevaju promene u pogledu smanjenja ekspozicije zdravstvenog
osoblja, korišćenje tehnika oksigenacije i ventilacije sa nižim rizikom aerosolizacije kao i
korišćenje modela prioriteta na osnovu razmatranja prikladnosti započinjanja i nastavka
reanimacije. Svi zdravstveni radnici treba da koriste kompletnu ličnu zaštitnu opremu i da
imaju obuku za napredno održavanje života. U eri COVID−19 pandemije, neophodne su
jasne smernice za obezbeđivanje pravovremenog i efikasnog tretmana pacijenata sa
srčanim zastojem, a uz adekvatnu zaštitu zdravstvenih radnika. Na taj način je moguće
doprineti očuvanju zdravstvenog sistema uz pružanje optimalne zdravstvene zaštite paci-
jentima.
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<The paper was received / Rad primljen: 18.03.2021.
Accepted / Rad prihvaćen: 23.03.2021.
medical review
Bajić D. et al n MD-Medical Data 2021;13(1): 031-035
Abstract
Introduction: The prognostic markers for human cancers are numerous, mostly are
Key words
expensive or cannot be obtained before treatments. Albumin and globulin are two major
albumin to globulin ratio, biomarker,
components of human serum and they have been concerned as noninvasive prognostic
prognostic marker
factors in various malignancies. Serum biochemical parameter-the pretreatment albumin
to globulin ratio (AGR) has been commonly considered to be a reliable biomarker.
Ključne reči Topic: The discovery of biological markers, which can predict the risk of metastasis and
albumin/globulin odnos, biomarker,
prognostički marker mortality to assist with clinical decision-making, is still a major topic. Recent studies
have shown that albumin to globulin ratio is widely used as a prognostic biomarker in
diverse cancers. Reference value for AGR is ususally between 1,0 and 1,8 in a healthy
population. A low AGR indicate increased production of globulins or insufficient syn-
thesis of albumin in patients with cancer. A decreased albumin level and an increased
globulin level are part of chronic inflammation which support tumor development.
Albumin and globulin have a strong impact on inflammation and immunity of host.
Conclusion: Diverse researches analyzed the clinical significance of pretreatment AGR
and its potential contribution to the prognosis of cancer. Results indicated that a low
AGR was associated with adverse clinical outcome and poor survival. AGR is consid-
ered to be an optimal prognostic marker than the single serum albumin or globulin lev-
els.
including the prognosis of remission (4). The research chal- core issue. Recent studies have shown that albumin to glob-
lenge in oncology is to find biomarkers which are noninva- ulin ratio is widely used as a prognostic biomarker in diverse
sive, inexpensive, feasible, safe, and easy to measure with types of cancers.
good disposition to access outcome of treatment. Serum albumin, globulin and albumin to globulin ratio
Total serum protein is one of the most widely used (AGr)
parameter in laboratory findings(5). Better laboratory test
that examines main fractions of serum proteins and their Total serum protein content give some information
concentraion is electrophoresis. The protein electrophoresis regarding a patient’s general status; more clinically useful
test is used to separate proteins in the blood based on their data are obtained from fractionating the total protein. The
electrical charge and size. This method is used to identify normal serum protein level is 60 to 80 g/l. Albumin consti-
and measure the presence of pathological proteins, the tutes nearly 60% of total serum protein (concentration varies
absence of normal proteins and to detect various protein between 35 and 50g/l in healthy population), and the rest is
electrophoresis patterns associated with certain conditions the total globulin concentration (13). The albumin/globulin
and diseases.Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius was a Swedish ratio is the parameter which represents the amount of albu-
biochemist who won the Nobel Prize in 1948 for discovery min in the serum divided by the globulins. This ratio is wide-
of protein electrophoresis(6). ly used to access and identify causes of change in total
Albumin and globulin are two major constituents of serum protein(14). Reference range for AGR is ususally
human serum. in some studies they are highlighted as non- between 1,0 and 1,8 in a healthy population.The AGR may
invasive prognostic factors in various malignancies. change whenever the any fraction of serum protein alterate
Furthermore, these components play a key role in immunity (increase or decrease). A low AGR mean overproduction of
and inflammation, which are closely associated with tumor globulin or underproduction of albumin in patients with can-
response. Albumin is also an objective parameter that cer. The decrease in albumin level may be also associated
reflects nutritional status of patients with cancer(7). Entirely, with decreased production in liver or increased loss by kid-
the pretreatment albumin to globulin ratio (AGR) has been neys. increased globulins may be directly related to chronic
commonly considered to be a credible prognostic biomarker inflammation, infection and tumor(15).
for outcome prediction (overall survival, recurrence rate, Albumin is synthesized in the liver and it is involved in
risk stratification)(8). many functions: maintain colloid osmotic pressure in
intravascular space, helps balance blood pH, serves in the
role and importance of biomarkers transport of bilirubin, hormones, metals, vitamins and
The term biomarker is frequently used in modern med- drugs(13). The globulin fraction comprises of hundreds of
ical literature. The significance and purpose of biomarkers serum proteins including carrier proteins (cortisol binding
in biomedical sciencies is still a matter of great importance. protein), enzymes, complement, and immunoglobulins.
Appropriate diagnosis, staging and treatment of cancer are Majority of them are produced in the liver, but the
essential for all patients. laboratory analyses of blood are immunoglobulins are product of activated plasma cells.
most widespread diagnostic procedure and biomarkers are Globulins are divided into four groups by electrophoresis
used to classify patients into certain categories. in general (α1, α2, β and γ- fraction of globulin). Any increase or
terms, biomarker is any parameter that can be used as a decrease in the globulin fraction should be accessed by
measurable indicator of pathophysiological state of an serum electrophoresis (the pattern should be visually exam-
organism(9) ined for abnormalities in certain area). A variety of clinical
Cancer biomarkers can be used in screening, differential studies examined low albumin level as a prognostic marker
diagnosis and clinical staging of cancer. Moreover these in human cancers, including lung cancer, breast cancer, gas-
markers can be applied to determine tumor size and metas- trointestinal cancer, lymphoma, endometrial cancer, adrenal
tasis, to access response to treatment, to evaluate the risk of cancer(16).
tumor recurrence through monitoring(10). Some of them are relationship between AGr, immunity,
good prognostic indicators of tumor progression. Without inflammation and cancer
taking into account the nature of tumor, application of bio-
marker must correlate well with proven improvements in A chronic inflammation is closely associated with
patient outcomes. Prognostic markers are specific and they decreased albumin level and increased globulin level.
represent a measurable parameter which give information Aditionally, various studies confirm relationship between
about the overall patient survival, outcomes and recurrence chronic inflammation and development of cancer(17).
rate without regard to therapy(11). on the other hand, main Systemic inflammation causes an increase in the levels of
focus of predictive biomarker is on the effect of certain ther- diverse proinflammatory cytokines and they are responsible
apy models(12). A great number of biomarkers with prog- for changes in the cancer microenvironment. Synthesis of
nostic value have also been recognized and applied to the albumin in liver colud be suppressed as a result of activated
treatment of cancer. Despite that, most of them are unafford- proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 1, interleukin 6 and
able or can not be used before treatments. For this reason, tumor necrotic factor α. High production of cytokins which
identifying new and easily accessible prognostic markers are regulate inflammatory response correlate with tumor promo-
still necessary(7). Hence, the detection of potential biomark- tion and progression. Consequently decreased AGR is
ers in oncology, which can predict the risk of metastasis and accompanying state at the stage of tumor progression.
mortality to assist with clinical decision-making, is still a inflammatory reaction is associated with the tumor prolifer-
ation, invasion, metastasis, and resistance to treatment (18). appropriate and accurate prognostic marker for progression
in the basic of chronic oxidative stress is inflammation and of malignant disease than serum albumin or globulin alone
this process is closely associated with production of oxygen (1,8,20). Decreased albumin is closely associated with malnu-
free radicals. Albumin also plays an important role in an trition and suppressed anti-oxidant activity but increased
antioxidant processes suppressing the growth of cancer cell globulins indicate intensity of inflammatory response which
lines and stabilizing cell growth and DNA replication (13,19). lead to severe stage of disease (1). indeed, malnutrition
Cancer related inflammatory reaction has a remarkable decreases capacity for treatment tolerance and causes
impact on hypoalbuminemia(17), which is in large part immunosuppresed condition in cancer patients (3). Albumin
assigned to the cytokine-induced suppression of albumin and globulin together in one parameter colud emphasize pro-
synthesis and its increased degradation (7). Numerous gression of malignant process and point out on the course of
researches have found direct connection between inflamma- disease. AGR is more specific than albumin levels only
tion and poor prognosis in different types of tumors(8,15). (because their values can be interfered by many limiting
Furthermore, maintenance of systemic inflammatory factors such as liver insufficiency, stress, hypervolemia and
response has been noted to contribute poorer outcome in hypovolemia, …) (8). A number of studies indicated that the
patients. inflammatory cytokines interleukin (il)-1 and il- AGR can predict the oS of cancer patients. Recent studies
6 are often marked as factors responsible for carcinogenesis have reported that AGR has been used to predict outcome in
by increasing the proliferation, metastasis, and immune various types of solid as well as hematological malignan-
escape of tumor cells(20). These findings support chronic cies, including breast cancer, colorectal cancer , lung cancer,
inflammation is associated with poor overall survival (oS) nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and natural killer/T-cell lym-
in patients with different malignant tumors(8). Some acute- phoma (NKTCl)(7). Some clinical parameters are used to
phase reactants among which are C-reactive protein, com- evaluate systemic inflammation status, including white
plement C3, fibrinogen, ceruloplasmin, serum amyloid A blood cell count, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and CRP, and
belongs to the fraction of globulins. These mediators are these markers have also been reported to have an important
produced in a state of acute and chronic inflammation, thus impact on the prognosis of cancer patients. The impact of
increased level of globulin indicate existance of continuous AGR on the prognosis of tumor has been carefully analyzed
systemic inflammation(21). in numerous trials. Relationship between AGR, lymph node
lung cancer is still leading cause of cancer related death metastasis (lNM) and overall survival were comprehensive-
globally. These patients with a low pretratment AGR are ly evaluated in one meta analysis performed in China.
more likely to have poor prognosis than patients with a nor- Results indicated that low AGR was significantly associated
mal or high AGR(20). one meta-analysis study suggested with poor oS and significant increase in lNM (1). Patients
that AGR is useful in risk assessment and design of certain with low AGR have had higher tumor stage and grade, larg-
treatment strategies in lung cancer. As a result, group of er tumor size,higer rate of lymph node metastasis and recur-
patients with low AGR should be treated more proactively rence (22). it is interesting to note that low AGR in general
and followed up regularly (20). Pretreatment albumin-to- healthy screened population (retrospective cohort study) was
globulin ratio could reflect both malnutrition and systemic also identified as risk factor for increased all-cause mortali-
inflammation in cancer patients (3). The AGR as a more ty,cancer incidence and mortality rate (23). Numerous arti-
Slika 1. A, Serum protein electrophoresis, regular findings. B, decreased albumin, increased globulin, low AGr.
cles perform meta-analysis to confirm significance of AGR cancers are essential for risk accessment, overall patient sur-
and prognostic nutrition index(PNi) as prognostic biomark- vival, outcomes and recurrence rate without regard to thera-
ers for digestive system cancers, glioma, lung cancer,breast, py. Numerous studies demonstrated the clinical significance
hepatocellular and pancreatic carcinoma (20,22,24,25). of pretreatment AGR and its potential contribution to the
Entirely, low AGR is independent prognostic factor which prognosis of cancer. Results indicated that a low AGR was
indicate poor prognosis for patient with different types of associated with adverse clinical characteristics and poor sur-
cancer (7,8) vival. AGR is considered to be an optimal prognostic mark-
er than the single serum albumin or globulin levels.
conclusion
Pretreatment AGR is a biomarker that is easy-to-perform
Cancer remains an immense health issue and the occur- withboth clinical and economic benefits for predicting oS in
rence rate of cancer is increasing due to aging and growth of various cancers.
world population as well as increased prevalence of cancer
risk factors. Up to now, the prognostic markers for human
Sažetak
Uvod: za procenu ishoda lečenja tumora koriste se brojni prognostički biomarkeri.
Nedostatak većine markera je što se ne mogu primeniti pre započetog lečenja ili što zbog
svoje vrednosti predstavljaju značajan trošak za zdravstveni sistem.Albumini i globulini su
glavne komponenete serumskih proteina i razmatrani su kao neinvazivni prognostički fak-
tori u brojnim malignitetima. Biohemijski parametar- albumin globulin odnos (AGR) se
smatra pouzdanim biomarkerom. Tema: jedna od vodećih tema je otkrivanje relevantnih
biomarkera koji mogu predvideti rizik od metastaza i mortaliteta prilikom odabira
odgovarajućih terapijskih protokola. Nedavno su studije pokazale da se albumin/globulin
odnos koristio kao prognostički biomarker kod pacijenata sa različitim vrstama tumora.
Kod zdravih osoba AGR odnos se nalazi u rasponu od 1,0 do 1,8. Nizak AGR može biti
odraz prekomerne produkcije globulina ili smanjene sinteze albumina kod pacijenata obo-
lelih od kancera. obe pojave reflektuju hroničnu inflamaciju koja pogoduje progresiji
tumora, težim oblicima bolesti, lošijoj prognozi i kraćem vremenu preživljavanja.
Albumini i globulini igraju značajnu ulogu u imunitetu iinflamatornim procesima koji su
usko povezani sa nastankom i razvojem tumora u organizmu. Zaključak: U okviru
različitih istraživanja prikazan je klinički značaj AGR pre započetog terapijskog protoko-
la u vidu potencijnog doprinosa prognozi različitih vrsta tumora. Rezultati su ukazivali da
je nizak AGR povezan sa lošijom kliničkom slikom i slabijim ukupnim preživljavanjem.U
odnosu na pojedinačne vrednosti albumina ili globulina, AGR kao prognostički biomarker
se smatra boljim pokazateljem dugoročne prognoze kod obolelih od malignih bolesti.
REFERENCES 4. Nalejska E, Maczynska E, lewandowska patients with diffuse large B cell lymphoma.
M. Prognostic and Predictive biomarkers: Tools Clinica Chimica Acta. 2018;485:316–22.
1. Chi j, Xie Q, jia j, liu X, Sun j, Chen j in personalized oncology. Mol Diagn Ther. 8. zhou T, He X, Fang W, zhan j, Hong
et al. Prognostic Value of Albumin/Globulin 2014;18:273-84. S,Qin T, et al. Pretreatment Albumin/Globulin
Ratio in Survival and lymph Node Metastasis 5. Geyer P, Holdt l, Teupser D, Mann M. Ratio Predicts the Prognosis for Small-Cell
in Patients With Cancer: A Systematic Review Revisiting biomarker discovery by plasma pro- lung Cancer. Medicine 2016; 95(12):1-8.
and Meta-analysis. journal of Cancer. teomics. Molecular Systems Biology. 9. Arderiu X. What is a biomarker? it’s
2018;9(13):2341-8. 2017;13:942-57. time for a renewed definition. Clin Chem lab
2. Mayeux R. Biomarkers: Potential Use 6. Singh G. Serum and Urine Protein Med. 2013;51(9):1689-90.
and limitations. The American Society for Electrophoresis and Serum-Free light Chain 10. Pinheiro P, Montezuma D, Henruqie R,
Experimental NeuroTherapeutics. 2004;1:182-8. Assays in the Diagnosis and Monitoring of jeronimo C. Diagnostic and prognostic epige-
3. Xu W, li F, Xu z, Chen X, Sun B, Cao Monoclonal Gammopathies. jAlM. netic biomarkers in cancer. Epigenomics.
j et al. Preoperative albumin-to-globulin ratio 2020;5(6):1358-71. 2015;7(6):1003-15.
and prognostic nutrition index predict prognosis 7. Yue W, liua B, Gaoa l, Heb M, Wanga 11. Califf R. Biomarker definitions and
for glioblastoma .oncoTargets and Therapy. j, zhanga W et al.The pretreatment albumin to their applications. Experimental Biology and
2017;10:725–33. globulin ratio as a significant predictor in Medicine. 2018;243:213-21
12. Sechidis K, Papangelou K, Metcalfe P, 17. Roxburgh C, McMilan D. Cancer and Albumiin Globulin Ratio on oncologic
Svensson D, Weatherall j, Brown G. systemic inflammation: treat the tumor and treat outcomes in Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma
Distinguishing prognostic and predictive bio- the host. British journal of Cancer. Treated with Radical Nephroureteroctomy.
markers: an information theoretic approach. 2014;110:1409-12. Clinical Genitourinary Cancer 2018;16(5):1059-
Bioinformatics. 2018;34(19):3365-76 18. Colotta F, Allavena P, Sica A, Garlanda 68.
13. Roche M, Rondeau P, Singh N, Tarnus C, Mantovani A.Cancer-related inflammation, 23. Suh B, Park S, Shin D, Yun j, Keam B,
E, Bourdon E.The antioxidant properties of the seventh hallmark of cancer: links to genetic Yang H et al. low albumin to globulin ratio
serum albumin. FEBS letters. 2008;582:1783- instability.Carcinogenesis. 2009;30:1073–81. associated with cancer incidence and mortality
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14. Hong K,jin H, Song D, Kwak H, Kim trols cancer. jour Natl Med Asso.c oncology. 2014;25(11):2260-6.
S, Kim Y. Genome wide association study of 2001;93:490–3. 24. liu M, Wang l. Prognostic significanse
serum albumin globulin ratio in Korean popula- 20. li j, Wang Y, Wu Y, li j, Che G. of preoperative serum albumin, albumin to
tions. journal of Human Genetics. 2013;58:174- Prognostic Value of Pretreatment Albumin to globulin ratio and prognostic nutritional index
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and cancer: Triggers, Mechanisms and 21. li X, Qin S, Sun X, liu D, zhang B, 25. li X, Qin S, Sun X, liu D, zhang B,
Consequences. immunity. 2019;51:27-41. Xiao G et al. Prognostic Significance of Xiao G et al. Prognostic Significance of
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Sažetak
Zahvaljujući razvoju pedijatrijske/perinatalne medicine i medicinskih tehnologija
Ključne reči povećala se i stopa produženog preživljavanja novorođene dece sa potencijalno
palijativna nega; palijativno zbrinjavanje smrtonosnim oboljenjima i patološkim stanjima. Kada „produženje preživljavanja“ više
dece; novorođenče; bol; pedijatrija; nije cilj, a prognoze su nepovoljne, medicinski tretman i zdravstvena nega realizuju se uz
poštovanje osnovnog etičkog principa „primum non nocere“ i sa ciljem ublažavanja bola
Key words i patnje novorođenog deteta; ovakav pristup poznat je pod nazivom „palijativno zbrinja-
palliative care; palliative care of children;
newborn; pain; pediatrics; vanje/nega“. Stoga, cilj aktuelnog rada bio je da:
n imenujemo institucije u sistemu visokog obrazovanja koje su dale doprinos u
edukaciji zdravstvenih profesionalaca za razumevanje filozofije koncepta palijativnog
zbrinjavanja i primenu znanja i veština u praksi;
n opišemo „razvojni put koncepta palijativnog zbrinjavanja u okviru pedijatrijske
zdravstvene zaštite“ u Republici Srbiji, sa posebnim naglaskom na specifične standarde
koji se primenjuju u palijativnom zbrinjavanju novorođene dece na osnovu stavova i
iskustva profesionalaca i organizacija iz država koje imaju razvijene nacionalne pro-
grame palijativnog zbrinjavanja novorođene dece.
Za pretraživanje literature koristili smo sledeće baze: Web of Science, PubMed,
SCIndeks, Google Scholar; prema ključnim rečima: perinatal palliative care; neonatal
palliative care; neonatal comfort care; nursing; palijativno zbrinjavanje dece i adolesce-
nata; bol; nacionalni program za palijativno zbrinjavanje. Analizirane podatke prikazali
smo koristeći deskriptivnu metodu.
Palijativno zbrinjavanje novorođene dece je veoma kompleksna problematika koja pored
znanja i veština iz oblasti neonatologije i zdravstvene nege u neonatologiji, iziskuje
razumevanje potreba porodice koja se suočava sa teškoćama usled gubitka deteta i
podrazumeva aktivno pružanje podrške roditeljima/sestrama/braći u prevazilaženju bol-
nih emocionalnih i psiholoških iskustava.
Upravo se u ovoj činjenici nalazi objašnjenje za neujed- zbrinjavanje/negu, kao što su: adekvatno upravljanje simpt-
načene stavove stručnjaka kada je u pitanju način omima, empatična komunikacija sa roditeljima i međuprofe-
zbrinjavanja izrazito nezrele novorođenčadi između 23 i 24. sionalna saradnja. Ovo su nužni aspekti multidisciplinarne
gestacijske nedelje (tzv. „siva zona“). Ohrabrujuće zvuči da saradnje, koji posebno dolaze do izražaja kod višeplodnih
je dominantan stav stručnjaka za primenu „aktivnog zbrinja- trudnoća, kod kojih majka i otac mogu imati jednu ili više
vanja“ kod novorođenčadi sa gestacijom od 25 nedelja. bolesnih novorođenčadi. Ponekad je u komunikaciju uklju-
Takođe, dominira mišljenje da se novorođenčad sa gestaci- čeno više zdravstvenih timova koji mogu biti u različitim
jom od 22 nedelje tretiraju prema konceptu „terminalna pal- bolnicama i/ili gradovima. Tek porođene majke mogu imati
ijativna nega“ (12). sopstvene zdravstvene probleme, a njihov partner mora pre-
uzeti sav „teret zasićene komunikacije“, često se osećajući
Palijativno zbrinjavanje novorođene dece sa
rastrzano između potreba svog deteta/dece i svoje partnerke.
letalnim poremećajima ili terminalnim stadijumima
Aktuelan je stav stručne javnosti da se palijativno zbrin-
različitih patoloških stanja
javanje može pružati u zdravstvenim ustanovama tercijarnog
U slučajevima pouzdane dijagnoze letanih poremećaja ili nivoa zdravstvene zaštite, regionalnim bolnicama, specijali-
terminalnih faza različitih patoloških stanja, kada su bez zovanim ustanovama - hospisima kao i kod kuće novo-
efekta ostali prethodni terapijski protokoli, moguće su sle- rođenčeta uz obavezno angažovanje mobilnih multidiscipli-
deće odluke tima za palijativno zbrinjavanje (odluke moraju narnih timova za palijativno zbrinjavanje/negu(15).
biti po principu tzv. kliničkog konsenzusa kojim se obez-
beđuje poštovanje principa doslednosti) (10, 15): Procena bola i patnje novorođenog deteta u toku
Odustajanje od intervencija aktivnog zbrinjavanja- palijativnog zbrinjavanja
„neintervencionistički pristup“ (odustajanje od: mehaničke Bol je dominantan simptom kod mnogih stanja/bolesti u
ventilacije, inotropne stimulacije, hemodijalize i ostalih in- pedijatriji, pa i u neonatologiji. Stoga, kontrola bola i drugih
vazivnih intervencija) (10) neprijatnih fizičkih simptoma mora biti kontinuirana.
Obustavljanje započetih pojedinih ili svih invazivnih ter- Procena bola i diskomfora kod novorođene dece ima svojih
apijskih intervencija (važno je razumeti da se koncept inten- specifičnosti- s obzirom da izostaje samoprocena patnje koju
zivne nege novorođenčeta i koncept terminalne palijativne doživljavaju. Treba imati na umu da plač novorođenog dete-
nege međusobno ne isključuju, jer „preorijentacija“ na pa- ta nije jedini znak da ono pati. Mnogobrojni i raznovrsni su
lijativno zbrinjavanje/negovanje često započinje ograni- znaci patnje novorođenog deteta: bolno grimasiranje koje se
čavanjem intervencija) (10,15) primećuje po izbrazdanom i/ili ispupčenom čelu, nabiranje
Uputstvo „ne reanimirati“ (mora biti odluka koja je po- nazolabijalne brazde, stiskanje očiju, poremećaj fizioloških
stignuta kliničkim konsenzusom u okviru tima za palijativno parametara (porast srčane frekvencije, pad ili porast broja
zbrinjavanje)(10, 15) respiracija u minuti, izmenjene amplitude disanja, pojava
Ukoliko se mišljenja članova tima za palijativno zbrinja- apnoičnih kriza, pad saturacije hemoglobina kiseonikom,
vanje razlikuju i/ili ukoliko je stav roditelja u suprotnosti sa porast vrednosti arterijske tenzije, povišen intrakranijalni
zaključcima profesionalaca, moguća rešenja treba analizirati pritisak), izmenjena pozicija tela i obrasca pokretanja novo-
na nivou Etičkog odbora(15) ali se svi zaključci moraju dono- rođenog deteta u postelji, izmenjena dinamika spavanja.
siti uz poštovanje četiri osnovna etička principa(10): Takođe, mogu se meriti i biohemijski markeri koji se javlja-
Autonomnost bolesnika što podrazumeva pravo na ju kao odgovor na bolno iskustvo, patnju i stres: nivo korti-
samostalno odlučivanje o dijagnostičkim i terapijskim pos- zola, nivo endorfina, vrednost glikemije, i drugi parametri (9,
tupcima. Po prirodi stvari, autonomnost novorođenog deteta 16, 18).
zastupaju roditelji,
Umesto zaključka
Odbacivanje distanazije, odnosno nesvrsishodne prime-
ne postupaka koji nanose bol, produžavaju i otežavaju fazu Bez obzira da li se palijativno zbrinjavanje/nega novo-
umiranja, rođenog deteta odvija u okviru zdravstvenih sistema koji
Uvažavanje najboljeg interesa novorođenog deteta, imaju razvijene nacionalne programe za palijativno zbrinja-
Jednakost pristupa bez obzira na bilo koje lične ili vanje pedijatrijskih pacijenata ili to još uvek nije slučaj,
porodične različitosti. nikada ne treba zaboraviti da zajedničko vreme koje roditelji
i njihovo bolesno novorođenče imaju na raspolaganju može
Multidisciplinarni pristup u palijativnom biti veoma kratko i ograničeno - kada se propusti, zauvek
zbrinjavanju novorođenog deteta nestaje a gubitak je nenadoknadiv; ostaju samo bolna seća-
Multidisciplinarni pristup u palijativnom zbrinjavanju nja.
novorođenog deteta podrazumeva dobru timsku saradnju
između stručnjaka koji su različitog obrazovanja (neo-
natolozi i pedijatri različitih subspecijalnosti, medicin-
ske/pedijatrijske sestre, dijetetičari nutricionisti, klinički far-
makolozi, psiholozi, psihoterapeuti i psihijatri, socijalni rad-
nici, sveštena lica) ali koji su prošli edukaciju za palijativno
zbrinjavanje i/ili negu pedijatrijskih bolesnika(16, 17). Autor
von Gunten(17) definisao je osnovne veštine koje treba da
poseduju svi članovi multidisciplinarnog tima za palijativno
Abstract
With the development of pediatric/perinatal medicine and medical technologies, the rate
of prolonged survival of newborns with potentially fatal diseases and pathological condi-
tions has increased. When „prolongation of survival” is no longer the goal, and the prog-
nosis is unfavorable, medical treatment and health care are realized with respect for the
basic ethical principle of „primum non nocere” and with the aim of alleviating the pain and
suffering of the newborn child; this approach is known as „palliative care”. Therefore, the
aim of the current article was to:
• appoint institutions in the higher education system that have contributed to the education
of health professionals to understand the philosophy of the concept of palliative care and
the application of knowledge and skills in practice;
• describe the „development path of the concept of palliative care in pediatric health care”
in the Republic of Serbia, with special emphasis on specific standards applied in palliative
care of newborns based on the views and experiences of professionals and organizations
from countries with developed national palliative care programs for newborn children.
To search the literature, we used the following databases: Web of Science, PubMed,
SCIndeks, Google Scholar; by keywords: perinatal palliative care; neonatal palliative care;
neonatal comfort care; nursing; palliative care for children and adolescents; pain; national
palliative care program. We presented the analyzed data using a descriptive method.
Palliative care of newborns is a very complex issue which, in addition to knowledge and
skills in the field of neonatology and health care in neonatology, requires understanding of
the needs of families facing difficulties due to child loss and involves active support to par-
ents / sisters / brothers in overcoming painful emotional and psychological experiences.
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Sažetak
Ključne reči Periartritis humeroskapularis (PAHS) predstavlja zapaljenje vanzglobnog tkiva ramenog
periatritis humeroskapularis, ortovoltažna pojasa. Obično se javlja jednostrano, ređe obostrano, zapažena je i naizmenična pojava.
radioterapija, kalcifikat, bol u ramenu Najčešće se manifestuje kod osoba srednje životne dobi i nešto je češći kod muškaraca.
Dijagnoza se postavlja na osnovu kliničke slike, kliničkog pregleda i radiološkog
Key words imidžinga. Upalni proces najčešće počinje na tetivi m. supraspinatusa, koji je rotor i
periarthritis humeroscapularis, orthovolt- abduktor ruke. Inicijalno lečenje se sastoji u aplikaciji nesteroidnih lekova protiv upale,
age radiotherapy, calcification, shoulder kao i kombinaciji fizikalnih procedura i terapija vežbama. Tretman ortovoltažnom
pain radioterapijom treba razmotriti rano nakon neuspelog konzervativnog tretmana, a pre
bilo kakve invazivne terapije. Sa niskim potencijalnim rizikom od neželjenih efekata
jonizujućeg zračenja i niskim troškovima lečenja ortovoltažna radioterapija pruža
odličnu dopunu konvencionalnim konzervativnim metodama lečenja, ali i adekvatnu
alternativu invazivnim metodama.
Korisna je ukoliko se uz kalcifikate pojavi i sumnja na rup- seansi tokom dve do tri nedelje, a tretman se može ponoviti
turu tetive rotatorne manžetne ili prilikom sumnje na osteo- nakon 8 do 12 nedelja22. U retrospektivnoj studiji objav-
lizu velikog tuberkuluma20. ljenoj u 2007. godini koju su uradili Niewald i saradnici tre-
Klinička slika tiran je 141 pacijent ukupnom dozom od 6gy frakcionisanih
po 1gy dva puta nedeljno tokom tri nedelje. Nakon 4.5
Humeroskapularni periartritis se u odnosu na svoj kli-
meseca dobijen je podatak da je kod 75% pacijenata došlo
nički tok deli u tri stadijuma: tendinitis m. supraspinatusa,
do smanjenja bola i poboljšanja motiliteta zgloba. U zaklju-
akutni subdeltoidni burzitis i adhezivni burzitis. Najčešće
čku istraživanja je da je radioterapija niskom dozom bolnog
upalni proces počinje na tetivi m. supraspinatusa, koji je
periartritisa ramena važna terapijska alternativa lekovima,
rotor i abduktor ruke. Simptom prvog stadijuma je bol u
injekcijama, terapiji udarnim talasima i operaciji zbog viso-
ramenu koji se pojačava pri abdukciji ruke od 70-120° i
ke stope dugotrajnog ublažavanja bolova i poboljšanja
često iradira u nadlakticu ili u vratnu kičmu. Objektivno pos-
pokretljivosti bez gotovo nikakvih neželjenih efekata23. Ott
toji palpatorna osetljivost ramena u predelu spoljnjeg dela
i saradnici su u studijama iz 2012. i 2014. godine vršili kom-
glave humerusa, ispod akromiona i iznad pripoja m. del-
paraciju u antidoloroznom efektu između ukupne doze od
toideusa. Odlika drugog stadijuma je intenzivan bol i skoro
6gy i doze od 3gy. U zaključku stoji da je radioterapija
potpuna ograničenost pokreta u ramenu. U ovom stadijumu
efikasan tretman za lečenje sindroma bolnog ramena, gde je
dolazi do taloženja kalcijuma u tetivi m. supraspinatusa i
iz razloga zaštite od mogućih nuspojava zračenja optimalna
subdeltoidnoj burzi. U trećem stadijumu dolazi do atrofije
doza od 3gy maksimalno do 6gy11,12.
mišića ramenog pojasa, nastale usled dugotrajnog mirovanja
i imobilizacije. Patoanatomske promene se sastoje iz čvrstih Indikacije za ortovoltažnu terapiju
fibroznih traka koje zahvataju tetivu, burzu i zglobnu kapsu- Kada kod pacijenta kome je sproveden fizikalni tretman
lu i dovode do fibrozne ankiloze ramena, odnosno stanja ne dođe do povlačenja simptoma bolesti, od strane ortopeda
koje se naziva „zaleđeno rame”20. i/ili fizijatra se upućuje na odeljenje radioterapije za procenu
Terapija PAHS-a mogućnosti lečenja ortovoltažnom terapijom. Uslov za orto-
voltažni tretman je da postoji verifikovan kalcifikat u
Rana dijagnostika i fizikalna terapija su najbitniji faktori
ramenom pojasu (putem neke od slikovnih metoda – rtg, uz,
u dobijanju pozitivnog ishoda kod sindroma bolnog ramena.
mr)23,24.
Inicijalno lečenje se sastoji u aplikaciji nesteroidnih lekova
protiv upale, kao i kombinaciji fizikalnih procedura i terapi- Mehanizam dejstva
ja vežbama (kineziterapija). Od fizikalnih procedura se pri- Postoji više hipoteza o postizanju povoljnog terapijskog
menjuje terapija ledom, strujom, laserom, ultrazvukom. efekta zračenja:
Kineziterapija je usmerena ka mobilizaciji i istezanju skra- Antiinflamatorni efekat kao posledica povećane propus-
ćenih mekih struktura, povećanju opsega pokreta i jačanju nosti kapilara (perfuziona teorija), destrukcije upalnih ćelija
mišića ruku i ramena, pospešivanju cirkulacije i vežbama – T - limfocita i oslobađanje medijatora - citokina i
koordinacije i propriocepcije21. Kod pacijenata sa PAHS- proteolitičkih enzima (fermentna teorija), uticaj na strukturu
om vlada pogrešno ubeđenje o tome kako će bol sama od tkivnog miljea promenom PH sredine i prevođenjem zapa-
sebe nestati. čekanje na samoizlečenje sa sobom povlači još ljenske acidoze u dugotrajnu alkalozu (elektrohemijska
dužu, a zbog skraćenja mekih struktura i bolniju terapiju. teorija). Antiproliferativni efekat - sprečavanje mitotske
Objektivne koristi ortovoltažne radioterapije malim aktivnosti proliferišućih ćelija, mitotske ćelije kasne sa
dozama za nemaligne poremećaje zglobova su kontro- deobom nakon ozračivanja niskim dozama.
verzne. Radioterapija degenerativnih poremećaja zglobova fumkcionalni efekat - razaranje mreže Ca jona u kalci-
gotovo je zamenjena drugim tretmanima, mada je njena fikatu koje nastaje kao posledica ozračivanja.
efikasnost u smislu obezboljavanja evidentna. U studiji Nedavno prezentovani radiobiološki eksperimenti
Haake M i saradnika iz 2001. godine prvi put je radioterapija pokazuju da male doze zračenja imaju modulacionu aktiv-
upoređivana sa bilo kojom alternativnom metodom u ran- nost na nekoliko inflamatornih puteva i imunih kompo-
domizovanom ispitivanju u literaturi. Komparirana je doza nenata poput endotelnih ćelija, mono i polimorfonuklearnih
zračenja od 3gy u frakcijama od 0,5gy sa ekstrakorporal- leukocita i makrofaga i uvedeni su u sadržaj uvodnog pasusa
nom terapijom udarnih talasa (ESWl) kod 30 pacijenata i DEgRO (german Society of Radiation Oncology) s2e-
potvrđena je jednaka efikasnost obe metode2. Prilikom smernica za radioterapiju benignih poremećaja8.
sprovođenja ortovoltažnog tretmana u svrhu dobijanja opti- Tehnika zračenja
malnog antidoloroznog efekta potrebno je da se na ciljni
Ubrzo posle otkrića X-zraka (Rendgen Konrad vilhelm
volumen (kalcifikat) aplicira propisana doza zračenja u
1895.) počela je njihova primena u medicini, prvo u dijag-
odgovarajućem vremenskom periodu. Za razne benigne
nostici, a ubrzo i u terapiji. Tokom prve polovine XX veka
bolesti doza zračenja može značajno da se razlikuje, a njena
različite konstrukcije rendgen terapijskih aparata omogućile
vrednost je bila do skoro više zasnovana na višedecenijskom
su sprovođenje transkutane zračne terapije tumora različitih
iskustvu nego na rezultatima radiobioloških ispitivanja. U
lokalizacija. Sa razvojem supervoltažnih radioterapijskih
Nemačkoj koja je najdalje odmakla u istraživanju lečenja
aparata (zračenje preko 1Mev) dolazi do postepenog isklju-
radioterapijom benignih stanja1, koja je prva napravila smer-
čivanja rendgen terapijskih aparata iz masovne upotrebe u
nice za radioterapiju benignih bolesti7,8,10 i gde se godišnje
radioterapiji. Ipak, zbog specifičnih karakteristika (jednos-
istom leči više od 50.000 pacijenata3, preporuka je da se na
tavna konstrukcija aparata i energije zračenja u rasponu 50-
zahvaćenu regiju aplikuje ukupna doza od 3 do 6gy u 6
Slika br 3. Rtg ramena pre ortovoltažne terapije Slika br 4. Rtg ramena nakon ortovoltažne terapije.
350kv) ortovoltažni rendgen terapijski aparati se i danas fizičar određuje kvalitet RTg snopa (kv, filter) i druge
koriste u velikom broju radioterapijskih centara za terapiju fizičke parametre RT tretmana. Ukupna aplikovana doza je
tumora kože i potkožnog tkiva, metastaza u kostima, kao i u 6gy na dubinu od oko 3cm (u zavisnosti od konstitucije
terapiji pojedinih benignih bolesti i degenerativnih oboljenja pacijenta), frakcionisana u 6 seansi od po 1gy svaki drugi
muskuloskeletnog sistema. dan tokom dve nedelje (ponedeljak, sreda, petak). Ukoliko
U Srbiji se standardno ortovoltažna radioterapija sprovo- nije dobijen odgovarajući antidolorozni efekat, zračenje
di preko dva direktna polja – prednjeg i lateralnog, putem može da se ponovi nakon 12 nedelja 13,14. Uloga tubusa je
tubusa, filtracijom 9 (3mm Cu), napona cevi 300kv i struje da definiše fKD (fokus koža distancu, 30-50cm), dimenzije
10mA. Pre početka terapije treba da se precizno odredi ciljni i oblik RT polja (kružni do 10cm, kvadratni 8x8cm,
volumen, terapijska doza, broj frakcija, ukupno vreme 10x10cm ili pravougaoni 10x15cm, 8x10cm), na mekim
sprovođenja lečenja i definisanje organa od rizika - odnosno delovima tela vrši kompresiju u toku zračenja čime se prib-
zaštita istih. lekar propisuje terapijske parametre: veličinu ližava ciljni volumen površini kože i omogućava bolji efekat
tubusa, dozu, dubinu na koju se aplikuje doza, broj frakcija. zračenja. Specifična konstrukcija aparata za ortovoltažnu
radioterapiju dozvoljava veliku pokretljivost Ro cevi u više
ravni i usmeravanje zračnog snopa iz više uglova, što omo- lečenje treba izvoditi rano nakon neuspelog konzervativnog
gućava individualizovanje tehnike zračenja. U poređenju sa tretmana, a pre bilo kakve invazivne terapije. više od 75%
izocentričnom tehnikom zračenja, ne postoje unapred defini- pacijenata se u potpunosti ili značajno obezboli, dok se kod
sani uglovi gentrija ili kolimatora, uspešnost zračenja u veli- 10-15% pacijenata antidolorozni efekat dobije nakon retret-
koj meri zavisi od veštine rendgen tehničara (strukovnog mana. Sa niskim potencijalnim rizikom od neželjenih
medicinskog radiologa) da precizno podesi položaj delova efekata jonizujućeg zračenja i niskim troškovima lečenja
aparata u odnosu na ciljni volumen i pacijenta. ortovoltažna radioterapija pruža odličnu dopunu konven-
cionalnim konzervativnim metodama lečenja, ali i adekvat-
Zaključak:
nu alternativu invazivnim metodama.
Ortovoltažna radioterapija PAHS-a refraktornog na fizi-
kalni tretman je vrlo efikasna opcija antidoloroznog lečenja
i može se primenjivati kod pacijenata starijih od 40 godina.
Abstract
Periarthritis humeroscapularis (PAHS) is an inflammation of the extra-articular tissue of
the shoulder girdle. It typically occurs unilaterally, less often bilaterally, with side alter-
nating cases recorded. It is manifested most common in middle-aged people and is some-
what more common in men. The diagnosis is made on the basis of the clinical demonstra-
tion, clinical examination and radiological image. The inflammatory process usually
begins on the tendon of the supraspinatus muscle which is the arm rotator and abductor.
Initial treatment consists of the application of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, as
well as a combination of physical procedures and exercise therapy. Orthovoltage radio-
therapy treatment should be considered early after unsuccessful conservative treatment,
and before any invasive therapy. With a low potential risk of side effects of ionizing radi-
ation and low treatment costs, orthovoltage radiotherapy provides an excellent comple-
ment to conventional conservative treatment methods but also presents an adequate alter-
native to invasive methods.
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Sažetak
Uvod: Istraživanja pokazuju kako većina djece još od perioda vrtića koristi računare te
Ključne reči da ih često upotrebljavaju duže nego što je to preporučeno. Uloga računara kao “isplati-
Prevencija, informacione i komunikacione ve i nezahtjevne dadilje“ pretvorila se u opasnost koja unosi nemir i zabrinutost u poro-
tehnologije, posturalna odstupanja, dici zbog dječije pretjerane zaokupljenosti internetom i video igricama, te društvenim
zdravlje, djeca, fizička aktivnost mrežama na štetu drugih obaveza, naročito školskih, zatim udaljavanja od prijatelja i
osamljivanja, gubitka nadzora nad ponašanjem, te sve težeg prekidanja s tom lošom navi-
Key words kom i potencijalnom ovisnošću. Cilj: Ispitati značaj preventivnih mjera u zaštiti zdravlja
Prevention, information and communica- djece od štetnih posljedica dugotrajnog korištenja informacionih i komunikacionih
tion technologies, postural deviations, tehnologija kroz naučni pregled literature. Materijal i metode: Neeksperimentalno kvali-
health, children, physical activity.
tativno istraživanje o značaju preventivnih mjera u zaštiti zdravlja djece od štetnih
posljedica dugotrajnog korištenja informacionih i komunikacionih tehnologija u kojem
su korištene relevantne baze podataka. Rezultati i diskusija: Iz pregledanih objavljenih
izvještaja sumirane su stope prevalence, omjeri koeficijenta, etiološki faktori i njihovi
intervali pouzdanosti. Glavni uslov za implementaciju preventivnih mjera je pravovreme-
na i adekvatna edukacija roditelja i njihove djece o važnosti pravilnog korištenja infor-
macionih i komunikacionih tehnologija. Ergonomske preporuke su se pokazale vrlo efi-
kasnim u preveniranju raznih tegoba lokomotornog aparata. Ergonomija školskog namje-
štaja omogućava djeci da svoje vrijeme u školi provode na mnogo kvalitetniji i bezbolni-
ji način. Zaključak: Istraživajući preventivne mjere u zaštiti zdravlja djece od štetnih
posljedica dugotrajnog korištenja informacionih i komunikacionih tehnologija, navedeni
dokazi iz rasprave sa stavovima i mišljenjima drugih autora navode na zaključak da su
preventivne mjere ključne u očuvanju zdravlja djece i da bez njihove primjene nije mogu-
će provoditi duži vremenski period za računarom, telefonom ili video igricama a da to ne
ostavi neku posljedicu na ljudski organizam.
života dovodi do neravnomjernog razvoja mišićnih grupa, Dnevnu potrebu za kretanjem (99,3%) i spavanjem
što uz neke druge okolinske faktore može rezultovati poja- (82,1%) je zadovoljila većina djece, ali je preporuke vezane
vom nepravilnog držanja tijela. Navika fizičke neaktivnosti za vrijeme provedeno ispred ekrana zadovoljilo samo 15,2%
takođe može dovesti do prekomjerne tjelesne težine (3). djece (10).
Pretilost vodi do daljih zdravstvenih rizika kao što su Istraživanje na uzorku od 347 dvogodišnjaka je pokaza-
bolesti kardiovaskularnog sistema, te do smanjenja ukupne lo da djeca koja su nosila akcelometar ukupno dva dana,
kvalitete života i problema socijalizacije djeteta. Iako loša minimalno 400 minuta u jednom danu, dobili su rezultate
postura ne znači uvijek i bolesno stanje, postizanje i održa- koji pokazuju da djeca najviše vremena provedu u sjedila-
vanje dobre posture pomaže tijelu da bolje funkcioniše u čkom ponašanju (njih 85,6%) (11).
svakodnevici. Budući da se problem nepravilnog držanja u Studija pokazuje da namještaj odgovarajućih dimenzija
djece, a koji je jedan od značajnih problema savremenog nije dostupan velikom broju učenika, kako u Evropi, tako i
načina života, javlja u sve ranijoj životnoj dobi djece, bitno u svijetu. U posljednjih 50 godina, visina djece iste starosne
ga je vrlo rano i što tačnije dijagnostikovati (4). dobi se povećavala. Prosječna visina djece uzrasta od 7 do
Istraživanja pokazuju kako većina djece još od perioda 10 godina se povećala u prosjeku za 5-7 cm, dok se visina
vrtića koristi računare te da ih često upotrebljavaju duže djece od 11 do 14 godina povećavala za 7 do 10 cm (12).
nego što je to preporučeno. Uloga računara kao „isplative i Djeca dostižu kulminaciju rasta i razvoja pri kraju pred-
nezahtjevne dadilje“ pretvorila se u opasnost koja unosi puberteta i početkom puberteta (13), dok u zemljama bivše
nemir i zabrinutost u porodici zbog dječije pretjerane zaoku- Jugoslavije, devojčice ulaze u pubertet od 10. do 11. godine,
pljenosti internetom i video igricama, te društvenim mreža- a dječaci od 12. do 13. godine života (14).
ma na štetu drugih obaveza, naročito školskih, zatim udalja- Period najintenzivnijeg rasta i razvoja dječaka je upravo
vanja od prijatelja i osamljivanja, gubitka nadzora nad pona- starosna dob od 11 do 12 godina, a dobijeni rezultati ukazu-
šanjem, te sve težeg prekidanja s tom lošom navikom i ju na to da u ovom periodu dolazi do postepenog narušava-
potencijalnom ovisnošću (5). nja posturalnog statusa. Statistički značajna razlika u postu-
Sjedenje je opterećenje za kičmeni stub, a pogotovo ralnom statusu je ustanovljena kod ispitanika oba pola, uzra-
nepravilno sjedenje, koje može dovesti i do drugih negativ- sta od 14 do 15 godina (p=0,011; Z=-2,487). Takođe, može
nih posljedica. Važno je provoditi pravovremena mjerenja se konstatovati da dječaci imaju evidentno lošije stanje
kičmenog stuba kako bi se na vrijeme otkrile eventualne posture i u ovom uzrastu (15).
devijacije (6). U periodu rasta i razvoja, tj. između 6. i 18. godine, djeca
Ergonomski oblikovan školski namještaj, naročito stoli- su izložena različitim zdravstvenim problemima uključujući
ce i stolovi, jedan su od važnih preduslova ispravnog drža- i problem pravilnog držanja tijela (16). Utvrđeno je da se bol
nja tijela učenika tokom školske nastave. Uprkos tome, pri u lumbalnom dijelu kičmenog stuba kod djece školskog
oblikovanju namještaja nedovoljno se uzimaju u obzir ergo- uzrasta javlja od 20% do 51% ukupne populacije školske
nomski zahtjevi kao uslov dobrog zdravlja i unapređenja djece. Takođe se bol u leđima povezuje sa produženim sje-
motivacije i uspješnog učenja. S ergonomski dizajniranim denjem, slabošću pojedinih mišićnih grupa i lošim držanjem
računarima primjerenima djeci i s odgovarajućim preventiv- tijela (17).
nim vježbama može se na vrijeme spriječiti ili čak korigova- Učenici provode oko 92% svog radnog vremena u statič-
ti nepravilno držanje. U tome veliku ulogu imaju prvenstve- nom sjedenju, 3% u dinamičnom sjedenju, 3% u aktivnom /
no roditelji i stručnjaci (7,8). hodanju i 2% u stojećem položaju. Međunarodni standardi
Cilj ovog rada bio je ispitati značaj preventivnih mjera u Svjetske zdravstvene organizacije i njene smjernice za sje-
zaštiti zdravlja djece od štetnih posljedica dugotrajnog denje na stolici duži vremenski period uz pravilno držanje
korištenja informacionih i komunikacionih tehnologija kroz tijela uzrokuje značajan stres na lumbalnu kičmu (18).
naučni pregled literature. BBC-jev program je potvrdio alarmantne podatke, poka-
zujući da je zbog neadekvatnog položaja sjedenja, oko 25%
MATERIJAL I METODE britanskih đaka žalilo se na bolove u leđima i vratu, glavo-
Rad je neeksperimentalno (kvalitativno) istraživanje, bolju i gubitak koncentracija. Istraživanje je potvrdilo da
odnosno naučni pregled literature. Pri izradi rada, korištene neergonomsko držanje tijela u dugotrajnom sjedenju stvara
su različite baze podataka, uključujući Pub Med, Google mišićne bolove i manifestuje različite mišićno-koštane pore-
znalac i Medline, koristeći ključne riječi „prevencija”, mećaje (19).
„informacione i komunikacione tehnologije”, „posturalna Prema istraživanju Univerziteta Surrey (Velika Brita-
odstupanja”, „zdravlje”, „djeca”, „fizička aktivnost”. Istra- nija), učenici u prosjeku provode oko 38% svog vremena za
živanje je ograničeno na članke objavljene na srpskom, računarom,a 27,91% učenika imaflektiran položaj trupa i
hrvatskom i engleskom jeziku. čak 33,50% učenika ima izraženu fleksiju vrata (20).
REZULTATI DISKUSIJA
U periodu od 2013. do 2014. je utvrđeno da 25,6% djece Škole kao vaspitno obrazovne institucije, imaju konti-
uzrasta od 11 do 15 godina dostiže preporučene vrijednosti nuiran doticaj s djecom i svakako mogu lakše zadovoljiti
Svjetske zdravstvene organizacije od 60 minuta umjerene do ciljeve i zadaće tih interventnih programa. Najbolji učinak
intenzivne fizičke aktivnosti dnevno, ali je činjenica da su postiže se na nastavi fizičke i zdravstvene kulture. Unutar
dječaci značajno aktivniji od djevojčica (32,1% u odnosu na nastave, sistemskim radom i kvalitetnim provođenjem zada-
19,1%) (9). nih programa pod stručnim vodstvom kineziologa, mogu se
Abstract
Introduction: The studies show that most of the children even when enrolled in kinder-
garten use computers and that they use them longer than recommended. The role of com-
puters as an “economical and undemanding nanny” changed into the risk that brings anx-
iety and worry into families because of the child’s excessive preoccupation with internet
and video games, social networks, which in turn makes them neglect other obligations,
especially school obligations, distance themselves from friends and becoming lonely, lose
control over their behaviour, and it becomes harder to stop such bad habits and potential
addiction. Goal: To explore the importance of preventive measures to preserve children’s
health from harmful consequences of extended information and communication technolo-
gy use through a scientific review of literature. Material and methods: Non-experimental
qualitative research on the importance of preventive measures to preserve children’s health
from harmful consequences of extended information and communication technology, by
using relevant databases. Results and discussion: From the published reports, prevalence
rates, coefficient ratios, etiological factors and their factors and their reliability intervals
were summarised. The main precondition for the implementation of preventive measures
is a timely and adequate education of parents and their children about the importance of
proper information and communication technology use. The ergonomic recommendations
have proved to be very effective to prevent various health issues in the locomotor system.
The ergonomics of school furniture allows children to spend more effective and painless
time at school. Conclusion: By researching preventive measures in order to protect chil-
dren’s health from harmful consequences of extended information and communication
use, the outlined evidence from the discussion of attitudes and opinions of other authors
leads us to the conclusion that preventive measures are key in maintaining children’s
health and without their use it is not possible to spend time on the computer, phone or play-
ing video games for a long period of time without leaving negative consequences on
human body.
medical review
Milenković A. et al n MD-Medical Data 2021;13(1) 011-013
Sažetak
Pacijentkinja starosti 49 godina je hospitalizovana u Institutu za plućne bolesti Vojvodine
Ključne reči zbog radiološki verifikovane eskavirane plućne promene. Od tegoba navodi suv kašalj,
tuberkuloza dojke, vanplućna tuberkuloza mršavljenje i noćno preznojavanje. Direktnom mikroskopijom sputuma uočeni su aci-
doalkoholorezistentni bacili (AARB), te je na osnovu kliničke slike, radiološkog nalaza i
Key words sputuma započeto lečenje antituberkuloticima za I kategoriju obolelih. Kulture sputuma
breast tuberculosis, extrapulmonary su istekle pozitivne. Po uvođenju terapije bolesnica se žali na bol i otok desne dojke. Pri
tuberculosis pregledu uočavaju se znaci upalnog procesa (bol, otok, crvenilo) levog donjeg kvadran-
ta desne dojke sa razvojem ulceracije u predelu areole. Urađen je bris rane na desnoj
dojci, direktnom mikroskopijom su uočeni AARB, te je nastavljeno sa prethodno
započetom terapijom, uz primenu simptomatika u vidu analgetika i alkoholnih obloga.
Lečenje antituberkuloticima je sprovedeno u ukupnom trajanju od 8 meseci, postignuta
je zadovoljavajuća radiološka regresija plućnih promena, lokalni nalaz na desnoj dojci je
uredan.
Abstract
A 49-year old patient was hospitalized at the Institute for pulmonary diseases of Vojvodina
due to radiologically verified excavated lung lesion. Her symptoms were dry cough,
weight loss and night sweating. Acid-alcohol-resistant bacilli (AARB) were observed by
direct microscopy of sputum, and on the basis of the clinical signs, radiological findings
and sputum, treatment with antituberculotics for category I patients was started. Sputum
cultures were positive. After the starting of therapy, the patient complains of pain and
swelling of the right breast. During the examination, signs of an inflammatory process
(pain, swelling, redness) of the left lower quadrant of the right breast with the development
of ulceration in the area of the areola are noticed. A swab of the wound on the right breast
was performed, AARB was observed by direct microscopy, and the previously started
therapy was continued, together with symptomatic therapy in the form of analgesics and
alcohol coating. Treatment with antituberculotics was carried out for a total duration of 8
months, good radiological regression of pulmonary changes was achieved, and the local
finding on the right breast was normal.
LITERATURA 4. Teo TH, Ho GH, chaturverdi A, Khoo 8. Shinde SR, chandawarkar RY,
BK. Tuberculosis of the chest wall: unusual Deshmukh SP. Tuberculosis of the breast mas-
1. Maroulis I, Spyropoulos c, Zolota V, presentation as a breast lump. Singapore querading as carcinoma: a study of 100 patients.
Tzorakoleftherakis E. Mammary tuberculosis Medical Journal 2009; 50: e97–9. World J Surg. 1995; 19: 379 381.
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5. Mirsaeidi SM, Masjedi MR, Mansouri 9. Latent tuberculosis infection-updated and
of Medicine case Reports 2008; 2:34.
SD, Velayati AA. Tuberculosis of the breast: consolidated guidelines for programmatic man-
2. Luh SP, chang KJ, cheng JH, Hsu JD, report of 4 clinical cases and literature review. agment. WHO 2018. Dostupno na:
Huang cS. Surgical treatment for primary mam- East Mediterranean Health Journal 2007; 13: https://www.who.int/tb/publications/2018/latent-
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cases and review of literature. Breast Journal
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2008; 14: 311–2.
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3. Jah A, Mulla R, Lawrence FD, Pittam M, carcinoma. Singapore Medical Journal 2008; Republike Srbije, 2005.
Ravichandran D. Tuberculosis of the breast: 49: e3–5.
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medical review
Minaković I. et al n MD-Medical Data 2021;13(1): 007-009
Abstract
Osteoporotic fractures are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, and their annu-
Key words al prevalence is expected to increase due to population ageing and increased lifespan.
Anti-osteoporotic therapy; Adherence; Although the incidence of osteoporotic fractures can be reduced by 30-70% with regular
Osteoporosis; Predictors of non-adherence use of pharmacotherapy, more than half of patients do not start therapy or do not use it
appropriately. Medication non-adherence may be associated with worsening of disease
Ključne reči symptoms, complications, increase in the frequency of hospitalizations and mortality.
The results of various studies suggest an association between non-adherence in patients
Antiosteoporotska terapija; Adherenca;
with osteoporosis and more complicated medication regimes, the severity of symptoms,
Osteoporoza; Prediktori neadherence;
personal perception of risk and benefits, patient knowledge and education, age, polyphar-
macy, side effects. It is important to identify risk factors associated with non-adherence
and to achieve efficient communication between the patient and the healthcare providers
to improve adherence and thus the outcome of the disease.
either antiresorptive or anabolic.(5) The most commonly at least 75%, for at least one year, is necessary to achieve a
used agents in the treatment of osteoporosis are raloxifene, clinically significant reduction in fracture risk. (9) However,
the bisphos phonates alendronate, ibandronate, risedronate patients with osteoporosis often choose not to initiate thera-
and zoledronic acid, agents derived from parathyroid hor- py. (19) More than half of the patients do not start using the
mone and denosumab.(13) The ways and frequency of using recommended therapy or do not use it properly.(9) Their
different antiosteoporotic agents are given in Table 1. All of decision is influenced by the personal perception of risk con-
these drugs have been shown to reduce the risk of vertebral cerning the perception of benefits, (19) and the individual
fractures, some of them reduce the risk of non-vertebral frac- decision to start treatment depends on the knowledge, val-
tures, or specifically reduce the risk of hip fractures. (13) The ues, and preferences of the patient. (9) The decision to take
choice of therapy should be individualized with careful ben- medication is also influenced by cultural factors, feedback
efit-harm assessment and patients should be educated on from peer groups, previous experience with medication and
how to reduce the adverse effect of medication.(6) gender. Gender differences in the perception of the disease
relate to the fact that osteoporosis has long been considered
a female disease, and men may not believe that they have
Table 1: The way of using antiosteoporotic agents
risk. (19)
Antiresorptive Agents Way of using The comorbidities associated with poorer adherence in
Bisphosphonates patients with osteoporosis are depression, diabetes melli-
Alendronate Oral once daily or weekly tus, ischemic heart disease and rheumatoid arthritis.(8)
Risedronate Oral once daily, weekly, or monthly Additionally, adherence is affected by patient age,
Ibandronate Oral once monthly or intravenous every 3 polypharmacy, side effects, and patient education (11) as
months well as high treatment costs. (8)
zoledronic acid Intravenous once yearly According to many guidelines, bisphosphonates are
RANK ligand inhibitor first-line drugs in the treatment of osteoporosis, whether
Denosumab Subcutaneous injection every 6 months used orally or parenterally. (20) One Italian study conduct-
Oestrogen ed at the level of primary health care, have reported that
Estradiol, estropipate, Oral, transdermal, implant the most frequent reasons for drug discontinuation are:
conjugated oestrogen another doctor’s recommendation to discontinue therapy
Selective oestrogen receptor modulators (40%), lack of motivation (20%), lack of improvement in
Raloxifene Oral once daily BMD (14%), uncomfortable way of administering the
Bazedoxifene Oral once daily drug (11%), side effects (6%), fear of side effects (1.6%),
Bazedoxifene and Oral once daily polypharmacy (0.8%), other reasons (6.6%). (21) A recent
conjugated oestrogen system report has shown that adherence and persistence
Anabolic Agents Way of using for oral bisphosphonates are better in elderly patients, as
Parathyroid hormone receptor agonist well as in patients prescribed therapy on a weekly rather
Teriparatide Subcutaneous injection daily than daily basis.(1) Paskins et al. (22) reported that side
Abaloparatide S Subcutaneous injection daily effects and special instructions for the use of oral bispho-
sphonates can be a burden for treatment because they
*This table is adapted from (2)
cause concern in the patient. Concerns and associated fears
are prevailing in patients, and the need for therapy may be
RISK FACTORS FOR NON-ADHERENCE TO underestimated if the consequences of osteoporosis and
PHARMACOTHERAPy fragility fractures are not explained.
when it comes to parenteral administration of bisphos-
Non-adherence is one of the reasons for treatment fail-
phonates, Spangeus et al. (20) showed that the oldest patients
ure, worsening of disease symptoms, complications,
have the lowest persistence for zoledronic acid. The acute
increase in the frequency of hospitalizations, and even mor-
phase reaction is manifested by influenza-like symptoms
tality. (14,15,16) Patients with chronic diseases who have mild
and occurs in about 40% of patients after the first dose of
symptoms or those without symptoms have poorer adher-
zoledronic acid. Symptoms such as fatigue, arthralgia, nau-
ence to medications. (17) Two recent meta-analyses found
sea, headache, and fever are usually mild and usually pass a
that 15% (17%) of patients, or one in six patients, show no
few days after the infusion. The reactions of the acute phase
adherence when introducing a new drug to treat a chronic ill-
may be more serious and more difficult to tolerate in older,
ness. (12,18) The percentage of PMN was higher in patients
weaker patients, where they can have a more serious impact
with osteoporosis and patients with hyperlipidemia, and it
on the activities of everyday life.
was 25%. This difference can be explained by the nature of
In a recent systematic review was reported that one-third
the two mentioned diseases, ie the fact that the patients may
to one-half of patients do not take medication as directed,
not have significant clinical symptoms, which led to a lower
and that dosing frequency is likely to affect persistence in
tendency to start chronic treatment. (18)
parenteral therapy. Persistence was better for lower dosing
The use of pharmacotherapy in the treatment of osteo-
drugs such as denosumab and zoledronic acid, compared to
porosis can reduce the incidence of fragile fractures by 30-
higher dosing drugs such as teriparatide and ibandronate.(7)
70% in high-risk patients.It is important to emphasize that,
Gamboaet al. (23) found that that 65% of patients who
in most cases, the use of first-line drugs with adherence with
had previous fracture stop using oral bisphosphonates after
Sažetak
Osteoporotski prelomi su značajan uzrok morbiditeta i mortaliteta, a očekuje se da će
godišnja prevalenca ovakvih preloma rasti zbog starenja stanovništva i produženog živ-
otnog veka. Iako se redovnim korišćenjem farmakoterapije učestalost osteoporotskih
preloma može smanjti za 30-70%, više od polovine pacijenata ne započinje da koristi ter-
apiju, ili je ne koristi na odgovarajući način. Neadherenca terapiji može biti povezana sa
simptomatskim pogoršanjem bolesti, komplikacijama, povećanjem učestalosti hospital-
izacije i mortaliteta. Rezultati različitih studija ističu povezanost između neadherence ter-
apiji i složenijih režima korišćenja lekova, težine simptoma, lične percepcije rizika i
koristi, znanja i obrazovanja pacijenta, starosti, polifarmacije, neželjenih efekata. Važno je
identifikovati faktore rizika povezane sa neadherencom i postići efikasnu komunikaciju
između pacijenata i zdravstvenih radnika kako bi se poboljšala adherenca, a tako i ishod
bolesti.
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