Title Page

Study on Analysis of Bioactive compounds from Marine Ecosystem by Microarray

technique
1 2
Keerthana S , S. Manikandan

Keerthana S1

Student (192020012)

Department of Bioinformatics

Saveetha School of Engineering,

Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences,

Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Pincode: 602105.

192020012.sse@saveetha.com

Dr. S. Manikandan2

Project Guide, Corresponding Author

Department of Biotechnology,

Saveetha School of Engineering,

Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences,

Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Pincode: 602105.

manikandans.sse@saveetha.com

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Abstract:

Microarray technology has been increasingly used to discover, quantify, and characterize
bioactive compounds from marine sources(Rocha-Martin et al. 2014). By combining data from
gene expression analysis and chemical analysis, researchers are able to predict the bioactivity of
molecules present in marine species. Through the aid of microarrays, scientists are able to
quickly and accurately detect the metabolites of marine organisms and can also accurately
determine their contribution to overall health(McKillen et al. 2005). Many microbial species
have also utilized microarray technology for metabolite extraction and expression
profiling(Gracey, Troll, and Somero 2001). Furthermore, the technique can be used to elucidate
the pathways of various metabolic pathways and ultimately lead to new therapeutic agents from
marine sources. The application of this technology has far-reaching implications in the
development of marine products derived from both model and selected organisms. For instance,
it can be used to identify active components in serum and other body fluids suitable for
therapeutic purposes. Additionally, it may be applied in drug screening, drug design, and natural
product discovery(Charupant et al. 2009).

Keyword: Microarray, Bioactive, Drug, Microbes, Hybridization

1. Introduction:

Marine biodiversity refers to the variety of life that inhabits the oceans, seas, coastal regions and
estuaries of the world. This includes plants, animals and single-celled organisms such as bacteria
and fungi, as well as complex food webs and habitats(Costello and Chaudhary 2017). In
addition, it encompasses the variation in genetic characteristics among species and it affects the
structure and ecosystem services provided by marine communities(Cochrane et al. 2016). Marine
diversity is quite diverse, and many species have yet to be discovered. A key reason for the value
of preserving marine biodiversity is that it provides humans with the services and resources
necessary for our livelihoods, from food and medicines to climate regulation(Ward et al. 2022).
By protecting marine diversity, we protect the future of ocean life, as well as our own\.

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Bioactive compounds (also known as bioregulators, bioactive ingredients, biochemicals, and
biocatalysts) are naturally occurring molecules with known biological activity, such as
hormones, dietary supplements, and medicinal drugs(Zepka, Do Nascimento, and Jacob-Lopes
2021). They are found in plants, animals, and some microorganisms and can have important
biological effects on nearby organisms and structures. For example, they can be used to regulate
behavior, prevent disease, and even combat pests(Haruna and Yahaya 2021).

Marine bioactive compounds are biologically active compounds found in marine organisms and
environments, such as algae, corals, and sponges(Bhatnagar and Kim 2010). They can include
peptides, polysaccharides, and essential oil extracts, and are known for their wide range of
beneficial characteristics including antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties.
Marine bioactive compounds have been suggested to have pharmacological, therapeutic and
antioxidative potentials(Elbandy 2022). Research indicates they have anti-microbial,
anti-carcinogenic, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory benefits. They are used in
pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, as well as in functional foods. Due to their unique structures,
marine bioactive compounds have a wide range of possible applications in medicine, nutrition,
and cosmetology(Quitério et al. 2021).

Microarrays are high-throughput technologies used in biomedical research to measure the

expression levels of hundreds to thousands of genes at the same time in the same sample.
Microarrays enable researchers to quickly and accurately measure the expression of many genes
in a wide variety of biological systems and conditions(Heller 2002). They do this by attaching
fragments of DNA or RNA to a substrate, such as a glass slide or chip. Target molecules, such as
mRNA from a tissue sample, are then hybridized to the array. The amount of hybridization is
then detected and used to infer gene expression levels(Sjögren et al. 2007). Microarrays can be
used to measure the expression of thousands of genes at the same time, providing a
comprehensive view of gene expression across the genome. Microarray analysis has been used to
identify new disease markers and pathways, and to further our understanding of how genes
interact(Patel and Cheung 2016).

Keyword: Microarray, Bioactive, Drug, Microbes, Hybridization

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2. Materials and Methods:

Google Forms is a free online survey and quiz solution that enables users to easily create and
analyze surveys and quizzes on any device. It is part of the Google Drive suite of products and
can be accessed from anywhere with an internet connection. With its drag-and-drop interface,
Google Forms makes it easy for users to create customized surveys and quizzes(Sundara
Pandian, Muthulakshmi, and Vijayakumar 2022; Mondal et al. 2019). Users can easily customize
the questionnaire to fit their specific needs and also access data quickly. Furthermore, users can
easily use the pre - made themes to create beautiful and professional-looking surveys and
quizzes(Mallette and Barone 2013).

Google Docs is a cloud-based word processor created by Google. It allows users to create and
edit documents online while collaborating with other users in real time. Google Docs includes
features such as comment history, real-time collaboration, easy sharing and even the ability to
add images and videos(Darbyshire and Darbyshire 2010). Google Docs is part of the Google
Drive suite of applications, which allows you to store, share, create and access documents and
files from anywhere with an internet connection.

The Questions asked in the survey are based on the principle of microarray, its application and
usage in the research of Marine Bio-active drugs.

SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) is a computer software package used for
analyzing data collected during surveys, interviews, and experiments. It is developed and used by
organizations and researchers to evaluate, interpret, and represent the collected data(M and
Devare, n.d.). SPSS can be utilized to create statistical models, to identify trends from the data,
and to make predictions about future data. It can also generate tables, charts, and graphs to
display results for presentations, publications, or reports(Reddy and Venkataswamy Reddy
2019). It can also be used for survey sampling and processing, data imputation and validation,
and data mining. SPSS is used by researchers from all fields, from medical and psychological
research to business and government research(Sundara Pandian, Muthulakshmi, and
Vijayakumar 2022).

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3.Result and Discussion:
3.1) Survey Based Question 1: The principle of Microarray is
Description of Question 1: A microarray is a lab technique that is used to measure the
expression levels of thousands of genes simultaneously. The main principle of microarray
technique is hybridization. It is one of the technologies that has enabled scientists to gain a better
understanding of gene expression and its role in many medical conditions(Matson 2013).
Microarrays involve the use of small pieces of material known as probes, each of which is made
up of a single strand of DNA. The probes are placed on a slide that has been treated with a
special chemical solution(de Boer et al. 2007). When a sample of a person’s DNA is placed onto
the slide, it binds to the probes and the level of gene expression can be measured. Microarrays
can reveal patterns of gene expression that were previously impossible to detect and can be used
to distinguish between healthy tissue and diseased tissue in a variety of diseases(Müller and
Nicolau 2006).
Survey based figure of Question 1:

Fig 3.1.1: Survey responses for Question 1

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Statistical analysis of Question 1(Figure):

Fig 3.1.2: Bar Chart for Question 1 responses

SPSS Table of Question 1:

Table 3.1: The responses for Question 1

3.2) Survey Based Question 2: The important feature of the microarray plate is
Description of Question 2: A microarray plate is a device used in medical research and practice
that uses microarray technology to identify, analyze, and process small amounts of biological
samples. It contains a number of tiny spots on which biological molecules such as DNA, RNA,
proteins, and other biochemicals can be printed and analyzed(Hardiman 2004). The cells present

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in the microarray plate are a critical feature because they contain the samples during analysis.
This device allows researchers to identify the expression levels of specific genes or the
concentration of various proteins in a sample. Microarray plates can be used to detect genetic
variations between individuals, study microbial populations, or monitor changes in gene
expression under different environmental conditions(Rezk, Ramesan, and Yeo 2018).

Survey Based figure of Question 2:

Fig 3.2.1: Survey responses for Question 2

Statistical analysis of Question 2:

Fig 3.2.2: Bar Graph for Question 2 responses

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SPSS Table of Question 2:
Table 3.2: Responses for Question 2

3.3) Survey Based Question 3: The term 'Bioactive' compound means

Description of Question 3: Bioactive compounds are compounds found in plants, animals, and
other microorganisms that have the ability to interact with and influence the functions of living
cells. They are essential for normal physiological functioning and have therapeutic benefits for
humans(Patil et al. 2009). Examples of these compounds include flavonoids, carotenoids,
terpenes, phytoestrogens, probiotics, vitamins, minerals, and others. They are known to promote
healthy bodily functions by providing antioxidants, anti-inflammatory effects, anti-cancer
benefits, and more(Azmir et al. 2013).

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Survey Based Figure of Question 3:

Fig 3.3.1: The survey responses for Question 3

Statistical analysis of Question 3:

Fig 3.3.2: Bar Graph for Question 3 responses

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SPSS Table for Question 3:
Table 3.3: Responses for Question 3

3.4) Survey Based Question 4: What is the approximate amount of bioactive compounds
derived from marine ecosystems ?
Description of Question 4:There has been an increasing interest in harvesting these compounds
from marine organisms in order to develop novel pharmaceuticals and drugs for the treatment of
various diseases(Ghosh et al. 2022). Marine bioactive compounds possess numerous biological
activities due to their structural complexity, which can be exploited to develop therapeutic
drugs(Hickey 2012). Furthermore, marine organisms are able to accumulate bioactive
compounds from their environment that have a variety of properties and may have potential
therapeutic applications. But, it is estimated that there are more than 3000 bioactive compounds
in the marine ecosystem.

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Survey Based Figure of Question 4:

Fig 3.4.1: The Survey Responses for Question 4

Statistical Analysis of Question 4:

Fig 3.4.2: Bar Graph of Question 4 responses

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SPSS Table for Question 4:

Table 3.4: Responses for Question 4

3.5) Survey Based Question 5: When was the first marine drug invented?
Description of Question 5: The first marine drug was found in 1950, named Spongosine.
Spongosine is a lipid molecule found in sponges. It is believed to play a role in cell signaling and
signal transduction pathways, among other biological processes. It is structurally similar to
sphingosine, although differences in the hydrocarbon chain can affect its activity. It has been
found to act as an agonist of the sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor, stimulate adenylate
cyclase and induce phospholipase C, and has been suggested as a potential anticancer
drug(Cragg and Newman 2018).

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Survey Based Figure of Question 5:

Fig 3.5.1: The Survey Responses for Question 5

Statistical Analysis of Question 5:

Fig 3.5.2: Bar Graph of Question 5 Responses

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SPSS Table for Question 5:

Table 3.5: Responses for Question 5

3.6) Survey Based Question 6: Why is fluorescent dyes used in microarray techniques?
Description of Question 6: Fluorescent dyes are used in microarray techniques because they can
be used to label and distinguish different types of molecules. The dyes emit a detectable signal
when they bind to molecules so that scientists can measure and analyze the expression of genes
in a sample(Nagl, Schaeferling, and Wolfbeis 2005). The dyes also enable scientists to conduct
multiple analyses on the same sample, which is not possible with traditional techniques.
Survey Based Figure of Question 6:

Fig 3.6.1: The Survey Responses for Question 6

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Statistical analysis of Question 6:

Fig 3.6.2: Bar Graph for Question 6 Responses

SPSS Table for Question 6:
Table 3.6: Responses for Question 6

3.7) Survey Based Question 7: The preferred material for microarray plate or chips:
Description of Question 7: Glass is often used to make microarray plates because it is
non-porous, chemically stable, and optically clear. This allows the microarray to read accurately
and ensures that the microarray will remain unaffected by environmental conditions. Glass is
also easy to clean and sterilize if necessary(Nagl, Schaeferling, and Wolfbeis 2005; Hardiman
2002).

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Survey Based Figure of Question 7:

Fig 3.7.1: The Survey Responses of Question 7

Statistical Analysis of Question 7:

Fig 3.7.2: Bar Graph for Question 7

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SPSS Table of Question 7:
Table 3.7: Responses for Question 7

3.8) Survey Based Question 8: Choose the marine bioactive drug from below:
Description of Question 8: Bushrin is a prescription drug used to treat type 2 diabetes. It
belongs to a class of drugs called thiazolidinediones. Bushrin works by increasing the body's
sensitivity to insulin, which helps lower blood sugar levels. It is usually taken once or twice a
day in combination with a balanced meal and regular exercise. Bushrin side effects can include
nausea, headache, and low blood sugar levels(Khalifa et al. 2019).
Survey Based Figure of Question 8:

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 Fig 3.8.1: The Survey Responses for Question 8
Statistical Analysis of Question 8:

Fig 3.8.2: Bar Graph for Question 8 responses

SPSS Table for Question 8:
Table 3.8: Responses for Question 8

3.9) Survey Based Question 9: Microarray technique is employed to find the concentration of a
bioactive compound in Sample 1 and 2 using high affinity ligand, The results were of the
following:
Description of Question 9: The results from microarray techniques can vary depending on the
type of microarray being used. Common results include gene expression values, SNP genotyping

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data, and gene sequences. Microarray methods are used to measure the quantity of gene
expression from many genes in one sample at a time(Xiang and Chen 2000).
Survey Based Figure for Question 9:

Fig 3.9.1: The Survey Responses for Question 9

Statistical analysis for Question 9:

Fig 3.9.2: Bar Graph for Question 9 responses

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SPSS Table for Question 9:

Table 3.9: Responses for Question 9

3.10) Survey Based Question 10: Marine bioactive compounds is easily adaptable to human
beings
Description of Question 10: Marine compounds are easily adaptable to humans because they
share several characteristics. Both humans and marine organisms have evolved to survive in
similar environmental conditions and possess similar metabolic capabilities(Lauritano, Ferrante,
and Rogato 2019). Marine organisms have evolved over time to respond to changes in the
environment, so their compounds are often similar to naturally occurring substances in humans.
For example, omega-3 fatty acids from marine algae and plants are known to possess many
health benefits and are important for maintaining human health. Marine compounds may be used
to develop therapeutics and therapeutic drugs, improve nutrition, and aid in the treatment of
disease(Lage et al. 2018). Additionally, they can be used in cosmetic and personal care products,
enhancing the quality of our lives(Kijjoa and Sawangwong 2004).

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Survey Based Figure of Question 10:

Fig 3.10.1: The Survey Responses for Question 10

Statistical Analysis of Question 10:

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 Fig 3.10.2: Bar Graph of Question 10 Responses

SPSS Table for Question 10:

Table 3.10: Responses of Question 10

4. Conclusion:
Microarray techniques have become an invaluable tool for the detection of marine bioactive
compounds. This technology has proven to be highly accurate, sensitive and cost-effective for
the discovery of new marine-derived bioactive compounds which can potentially be used in drug
discovery and development(Felczykowska et al. 2012). It also offers a simple and
straightforward approach for the quantification of multiple compounds in various samples and
provides a comprehensive overview of the bioactive compound profile from a single source. This
technology has important implications for further exploration of new and unknown compounds
with potential therapeutic benefits and provides a powerful platform for the efficient
identification of suitable targets for drug development(Zhang et al. 2005).

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DECLARATION:
Conflict of Interest:
No conflict of interests in this manuscript.
Authors Contribution:
Preparation of survey form and result analysis was done. Result analysis checking done
by project guide.
Acknowledgement:
The authors would like to express their gratitude towards Saveetha School of
Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences for providing the necessary
infrastructure to carry out this work successfully.
Funding:
We are thankful to the following organizations for providing financial support for us to
complete the study.
1. Saveetha University
2. Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences.
3. Saveetha School of Engineering.

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