LEVEL-2

EXAMPLE 1. A bird is at a point P(4 m,-1 m, 5 m) and sees Solution. Let the distances and times be as shown in fig. 2.92.
two points P1-1 m,-1 m,0 m) and P2(3 m,-1 m,-3 m). At time vo v2
t = 0, it starts flying in a plane of the three
positions, with a D
constant speed of 2 m/s in a direction perpendicular to the B C
straight line P1 P2 till it sees P and P2 collinear at time t. Find
the time t. t/2 t/2
Solution. The points Pj and P2 are collinear looking from a point on
S $2
to t
the line P1P2. Let the point O be that point on the line P, P2 so that
s/2 s/2
OP LP1 Pz FIGURE 2.92
From, pythagorus theorem, we have
Then, the mean velocity from A to D is
oP+O =PR Total Displacements/2+s+s2
ay
Total Timne o+
t
From B C, From From C D, S2 V25
S
P1 From BD, 5 (% +2)or t
P2 +2
FIGURE 2.91
(b sin 0) +b cos + c)= a2 ..(1)
From A B, oo or
2
where,
Vav s/2+5/2=
s 2 (t2
a= PR = VI4-(-1)P +-1--1) +[5 -0}? =5v2 m 2vtt2
2Vo +2
b= PP = 4 - 3 ) +[-1-(-1)12 +[5-(-3)2 = v65 m
EXAMPLE 3. In a car race, car A takes time T less to finish
than car B and passes the finishing point with a velocity V
more than car B. Assume that the cars start from rest and travel
C=RP =-1-3) +[-1-(-1)1P +[0-(-3)]P =5 m
accelerations and
with constant a a
respectively. Show that
From equation (1), we have v2=a a, T
b+c+ 2 bc cos 0 =a Solution. Let s = distance covered by both cars.

65+25 + 2 x 5 65 cos = 50 V= velocity of car B at finishing point

t= time taken by car B.
-40
cos = a t
1065 65 Car A 0 V+V a S t- T

V65 Car B
The distance travelled by bird OP = b sin 6 = x 657m

The equations are

v+ V = a (t- T), v= a2 t
Therefore, time taken =.
2 m/sm-35s
the distance with a
and
0-T-o,
XAMPLE 2. A particle traversed half V= aj (t- T)
of the distance was covered with
-

at ...(1)
velocity vo. The remaining part
with a velocity v2 for the other
a velocity v, for half the time and and
..(2)
half of the time. Find the mean velocity of the particle averaged
over the whole time of motion.
2/43
 Solution. Let B be the point when fuel is exhausted and let x.
From (2).
From (2). Ja-a
t= T and putting this in (1), we get be in upwards direction. X-axis
S

Path A B 0 20 h 30
V= (a1 -a2) I-
aj T= (a a2) Path B C 10 h-h
-

va-a47
Path B>D V 10 h

V=a a T2|
ExAMPLE 4. A particle is dropped from the
top of a tower of
height h and at the same moment, another
particle is projected B
upwards from the bottom. They meet when the upper one has
descended one third of the height of the tower. Find the ratio of
their velocities when they meet and the initial h
the second
velocity with which
particle is projected.
Solution. Let u =
velocity with which the second particle is projected D
upwards.
FIGURE 2.94
Unknown variables are v,
h1, h2 and t. Hence, four equations are
required which are
h/3 V = 0+ 20 x 30 = 600 m/s
..(1)

B h =0+x20x302 9000m ...2)

2h/3 02-v22x(-10) x (h -h) .3)

-4 x10xr2 ...(4)
FIGURE 2.93
a
Form (3), 6004
Path A C h-h == 18000m
0
A 8 h/3
Path BC B 8 2 h/3 h 18000 +9000 27 km =

Equations are From (4), 5 - 600t-9000 =0 - 120 r 1800 0

On solving, we get t= 133.5 sec
-0 ...(1) ..2) Therefore, total time is 133-5 + 30 =
163-5 sec
VA=0+ gt ...(3) ..(4) ExAMPLE 6. An elevator whose floor to ceiling distance is
From eqn. (1), we get =.
2h =h=s
5 m, starts ascending with acceleration of 2-5
second, a bolt starts falling freely from the
m/s*. After one

3g ceiling of the elevator.

Calculate (Take g = 10 m/s*)
On adding eqn. (1) and eqn (2), we get h = u
(a) free fall time to the bolt.
b) The distance and displacement covered by the bolt during
the free fall in the reference frame fixed
to the ground.
From eqn. (3), A 8 Solution. Let us choose the X-axis
along vertical upward direction
with the origin at the
position of the floor when bolt start falling.
From eqn. (4), =u -gt =5gt -g1= 2 Let A denote initial
position of elevator floor
B denote initial
position of bolt, D denote final position of both.
-2 Let u =initial velocity
B of both
after I =
sec
Then, u = at = 2.5 x l = 2.5 m/s

ExAMPLE 5. A rocket is fired vertically and ascends with

S
constant vertical acceleration of 20 m/s* for 30 sec. Its fuel is Elev. floor
then all used up and it continues as a free particle.
Path A D 2:5 2-5
(a) What is the maximum altitude reached? Bolt
5+h1
(b) What is total time after which it strikes the ground?
Path B-C 2:5 0 10
(Take g = 10 ms) h+ h
Path B-D 25 10 h
 XAMPLE 8. A motor boat going down stream in a
overcame a raft at a point A. After one hour, it turned back and
river
after some time, passed the raft at point C at a distance equal to
8 km from point A. Find the flow
velocity of the river assuming
the duty of the engine to be constant.
h2 Solution. The velocity of the raft is equal to the flow velocity at it
moves with the water. The velocity of raft shall be equal to the
velocity of flow, say v.
Since, the duty of the engine is constant, the speed of boat w.rt. raft
B remains same whether the boat goes downstream or moves up stream.
Sm Also, w.r.t. raft, the net displacement of boat is zero, i.e., the boat
covered the same distance while going downstream or moving
upstream.
Consequently, the time taken by the boat while moving downstream
FIGURE 2.95 or upstream was same, i.e., I hr each.
No. of unknown variables are three (i.e.,
h1, ha and1). Hence, the raft moved for 2 hrs a distance of 8 km.
Hence, three equations are required which are . v= 8/2 = | 4 km/hr

5+ h = 2.5t+x 2:5 Alternate Solution

..(1) Let, A denote initial position of boat and raft
02-2.52 =2
x(-10) x
(hj +
h) B denote position of boat when boat turned back
h+h =0-3125 ..2) C denote final position of boat and raft
Let
25t+x-10)xr? .3)
u = velocity of boat w.r.t. raft

v = velocity of raft (equal to velocity of flow)

From(1) and (3), 5 + 2-5t-5 P =2.5 r+ 125 P
= 6-25 =5
I=0-89 sec (S+8)km
Substituting t in (3) and (2), we get Boat
h-1:74m and h = 207 m A B

Hence, displacement of bolt is h =174 m Raft

-ve sign denotes that displacement is downwards)
8km (S) km
Total distance covered by bolt =h +2 h = - 174 +2 x 2-05
= 2-36 m FIGURE 2.96

EXAMPLE 7. A balloon starts ascending from the ground at a Velocity Displacement Time
constant speed of 25 m/s. After 5 s, a bullet is shot vertically Boat
upwards from the ground. Path AB u+V S+8
(a) What should be the minimum speed of the bullet so that it Path B C
may reach the balioon? Raft
b) If the bulet is shot at twice the speed calculated above, find Path A C V 8 t+1
the height at which it strikes the balloon.
The equations are
Solution. Let t be the time taken by bullet to strike and h be the
S+8 = (u + v) (1)
height of balloon when it strikes. Then, ...(1)
S = (u - v)r
(2)
h = ut - gt = 25 (5+1) 8 = v (t +
1 .(3)
Now equation (2) +equation (3)
5P+(25 - u) t + 125 = 0 ..(1)
=
equation (1)
( u - v) t+ v (t + 1) = u +v
(a) For t to be real, discriminant, D 2 0
u (t- 1) =0 or = l
(25 u) - 4 x 625 20

(u 75) (u + 25) 2 0
Substituting the value of t in (3), we have 8 = v (1 + 1)

m i n 7 5 m/s| =4 km/hr
b) Now, u = 2 u,min = 150 m/s. ExAMPLE 9. A point moves rectilinearly with a
125 =0 acceleration that depends on the resisting
Putting this in eqn.(1), we get 5 r - 125 t+
velocity v of the particle as
a = a vM where ca is a
ts24 s positive constant. At t= 0, the velocity
-

P-251+ 25 = 0
is Yg. What distance will it traverse
. h = 25(5 + ) = 25(5 + 24) =725 m before it What time stops?
will it take to cover that distance?
 Solution.
Solution. dv = - a / 2
a =
dt dv k
(a) a
dt 0

Vo
d--ad In VVo ektm

2 ( - o ) = -ar
dx
When v =
0, 1 =
2/a
oektl/m dr=o/m d
Hence, the particle will stop at time 2/a
O-k1/ m a-
From above, k 0
(b) Putting v = Vo/2 in the expression v= Vo ekU", we get

0 n5-In 2

3 |o
EXAMPLE 12. A particle of mass m is projected in a resisting
medium whose resistive force is F=kv and the initial velocity is
Vo Find
(a) the expression for position and velocity in terms of time.

|--o|
3a
(6) the time after which the velocity becomes v/2.
(c) the time taken for the particle to come to rest.
(d) the total distance covered by the particle.
3a Solution.

(a) Here, a= v
ExAMPLE 10. To a close approximation, the pressure behind m
a bullet varies inversely with the position x of the bullet along o
the barrel. Thus the acceleration of the bullet may be written as
a =klx where, k is a constant. If the bullet starts from rest at Or
m
r= 7:5 mm and if the muzzle velocity of the bullet is 600 m/s at
the end of 750 mm barrel, compute the acceleration of the bullet
Vekt/m
as it passes the mid point of the barrel at x = 375 mm?
Solution. At t= 0, v = 0 and x = 0 = 75 x 10 m
At x = 0-75 m, v= 600 m/s, a = v dvldx = klx
mo(-ktlm - 1)
jvd-j x -eruim
Putting x = 0:75 m and v = 600 m/s, we get (b) If 1o = time after which velocity becomes vo2, then,

600 k In
0-75
=2k In 10
k9xI04
e*o m= 2
2 5x10
7-5x10-3 n 10

At x = 0:375 m,
og 2
a 9 x 1 0 o 10 9x104 c) Since,v=
vo eU, the particle shall when
come to rest t
0375 0375x 23 (d) When t> o, x= mvgkk
Since, the particle moves throughout in one direction only, the
= 1-04 x 10 ms2 =104 km s2|
total distance covered by the particle is mvo/k
ExAMPLE 11. A particle of mass m is projected in a resisting
ExAMPLE 13. A train starting from rest has to run 1 km to
medium whose resistive force is F =kv and the initial velocity is vo acquire its full speed of 60 km hr-l and half a km to come to
(a) Find the expression for position and velocity in terms of rest from the full speed, under the action of its brakes. If some
time where mid-way between two stations, 1 km of the railway track
(b) Find the time after which the velocity becomes vo/2. is under repair and the speed over this span is limited to 20 km
hr, find how late (minimum value) the train will be when it
eaches the other station, assuming the train otherwise runs at
full speed.
Solution. During acceleration, u =
0, v =
60 km hr-l, s = 1 km
Since, - u* = 2 as, we have

602
2 s
=0-02
2x1 1800km h-2
During retardation, u = 60 km hr, v = 0, s = 0.5 km

02 602
a
2,4
2 s 2x05 F-3600 km h-2
Consider a part of Journey of the train when it has to reduce its FIGURE 2.98

speed from 60 km hr' to 20 km hr', run for 1 km at this speed Solution. Compare u and u
and again increase the speed to 60 km hr-!,
H is same. So, u, and hence T are same.
v (km/h) = RIT is more for (2) as R is more.
u =u+uz is more for (2)
60

Compare u and ug3

20 - R (u sin 2 0)/g = g R /sin 2 0
1 km i s same for both (2) and (3). u is more for (2) as R is more.

2 (hr)
FIGURE 2.97 Compare u and u44
u=8 Rl sin 2 0. R is same for both (2) and (4.
60-20
From graph, 13600 hr For (2), sin 2 0= sin 90° = 1 and

for (4), sin 2 0 = sin 60° = v3/2

u is more for (4) as sin 2 0 is less.

442
r 60-20
1800
hr
45hr Hence. (4) has the largest initial speed.

ExAMPLE 15. A particle moves in XY plane with constant

Total time taken hr acceleration a and directed along the negative y-axis. The
=1+t2 t3 180 equation of motion of the particle has the form y = px - qr*,

Total distance covered in this time is where p and q are positive constants. Find the velocity of the
particle at the origin.
(60+20 +1+3 2
60+20 Solution. Compare the given equationy=px- qr with the equation
42 of trajectory y =
(tan 6)x-|2u
km
cos20|
45 On comparing, we get
lime taken to travel this distance at full speed if the track was not

p tan 6 and

under repair =7/3

2ucos 0 2u2 cos 0
60 180
1ence, the minimum time by which the train will
be late 20tan 8)= +p)
8
h r
180 180 180 180 x 3600*sec =L|160 sec a+p)
2
XAMPLE 14. Four cannon balls, (1) (2), (3),
and (4) are

fired at an angle 60° ExAMPLE 16. A truck starts from origin, accelerating with a
red from level ground. Cannon ball (1) is shown in fig. 2.98. ms in positive x-axis direction. After time t, a man standing
ve the horizontal and follows at anpath of 45° and (4) is
the
at the starting
annon balls (2) and (3) are fired angle point of the truck projected a ball at an angle 30°
the horizontal. Which
cannon ball with velociy v m s*. Find the relation
redat an angle of 30° above between a and v such that
the ball hits the truck. (Assume that truck is
has the moving on horizontal
largest initial speed?
Pane
level ofand the man projected the ball from the
truck).
same horizontal Solution.

Solution. The time of flight of the ball is u= 15 m/s

T 2VSin 30v a=10/3 m/s2

8
FIGURE 2.100
The horizontal distances moved by the ball and truck are equal We shall consider the motion of ball with respect to car.

The initial horizontal and vertical velocities of the ball are

sin 60a
2 T+1? respectively u, = 15 cos and 15 sin 0
8 u,

T="2x15sin
a=hs+8t Timeof flight is 8 10
The distances covered by the ball and car in this time are equal. So,
EXAMPLE 17. A particle is projected from the ground at
I= 0 so that on its way, it just clears two vertical walls of equal 4, T or 2 4= at
height on the ground. The particle was projected with initial
velocity u and at angle 0 with the horizontal. If the particle passes 2x15cos 9 =10/3x3 sin tan 1/3
just grazing top of the wall at timet =t and t =t, then calculate
(a) the height of the wall. 0 30° and T=3 sin 30° =15 sec.
(6) the time ' and t, in terms of height of the wall.
Solution. EXAMPLE 19. A stone is projected from the point on a ground
in such a direction so as to hit a bird on the top of a telegraph
post of height h and then attain the maximum height 2 h above
the ground. If at the instant of projection, the bird were to ly
away horizontally with a uniform speed, find the ratio between
the horizontal velocities of the bird and the stone, if the stone
still hits the bird while descending.
Solution. Let u, and u, be respectively the initial horizontal and
X
vertical velocities of the stone and v be the velocity of the bird. Ifr
FIGURE 2.99 is the time taken by stone to reach from A to B or C, then
Let h be the height of the wall.
h=u,- 8 and
2h 28
Then, h= usin 01-

g - 2 u sin 61 +2h =0. 2(u,-

28
st*) 2P-4u, gt + uj =0

The roots of this equation are 1 and t2

Product ofthe roots is t2 = 2 hlg
. 46-8 (2t2)
h 8h2
On solving the equation, we get
2h
2u sin 0t y2u sin 6)2-4x2gh
28

2 gh FIGURE 2.101

usin20
AB2-),
28 'Ac(2E)
ExAMPLE 18. A man is sitting in an
open car which is
travelling along aroad at a speed of 30 m s . The man stands
up and throws a ball in the direction of motion
of car at a speed 'Bc 'Ac AB(22)
28
of 15 m sl relative to himself at an angle 0 to the horizontal..
The moment the man throws the ball, the driver of the car begins Distance BC= vAC 4 'BC

to accelerate at a constant rate of 17.32 m s, in the

direction in
which it was initially travelling. If the man in the car catches
the ball,find the angle 0 and the time taken to catch the ball. 4 AC
ExAMPLE 20. Two inclined planes OA and OB
having d)Distance PQ =2+ y2 =Jao/3)2 + 102 = 20 m
inelination (with horizontal) 30° and 60° respectively, intersect w

other at O as shown in fig. 2.102.

cach u _u sin 60 (10-/3)-x(3/4) =|1.25 m
2 8 2x10

L X
B
Maximum height from O attained by particle
is

H+h = 11-25+5 =16-25 m

H O at an angle of
EXAMPLE 21. A particle is projected from
to have an angle of
projection a and after t seconds, it appears
Prove that the
h elevation ß as seen from the point of projection.

30° A60° initial velocity was g tcos

O
2sin (a -B)
Solution. Here, y =x tan p
FIGURE 2.102
A particle is projected from point P with velocity
u = 103 ms along a direction perpendicular to plane 0A. If
the particle strikes plane OB perpendicularly at Q, calculate
the
(a) time of flight.

6)speed with which particle strikes the plane OB.

(c) vertical height h of P from O. oB
X
(d distance PQ.
(e) maximum height from 0, attained by the particle. FIGURE 2.103
X = u cos a r
From O to P, along x-axis,
Solution. u=103 ms-l
and along y-axis, y = u sin cu -

Forthe path P-> 0,

u=u (cos 60° î + sin 60 ) = 5/3 +15 u sin at
= tan B
u cos dt
-+a= 51+15)+ (-10î)
= 53î+015-10)j
u cos a tan = u sin
a--8t
(a) Since 1v, 7.V=0 u (sin a - cos a tan B) =

( 5 5 i + 1 5 )-(5/3î+ (15-10) j) = 0
sin (-$) gt 4 gt cosB
75+15 (15 - 10) =0 : | t =2 sec cos 2 2 sin (a-B)
(b) =55i+05-10x2)i= 53f-5? EXAMPLE 22. A particle is projected with a velocity of
30 m/s at an angle 60° above the horizontal on a slope of
inclination 30°. Find its range, time of flight and angle of hit.
-s5)3+52 =10ms (Take g = 10 m/s*)

c)x=u, t 5V3 x 2 =10/3 m,

= Solution. Let X and Y axes be as shown in fig. 2.104.

y=u,g2 =15x2-x10x22 =10m

OPcos 30°+ 0Q cos 60° x
=

30
and oQ sin 60° -

OP sin 30° =
y
30
OP+=10/5103and 00-10 2
FIGURE 2.104

10 and OQ =
103 m
On solving, we get OP = m
X-axis u cos 30° -8 sin 30° R T
'h OP sin 30° = 10x 1/2 =5 m Y-axis u sin 30 8 Cos 30 0
Along Y-axis, 0 = u sin 30° T - &cos 30 T2

T=tan
8
30°
Y
Vyu sin 30° -g cos 30° T= 30 x 1/2 10 x v3/2 x 23
- 15 m/s

FIGURE 2.106
Along X-axis, R=u cos 30° T- g sin 30° 7T2

X-Axis u cos 6 8 sin 6

-30x25-x10xx(2/5 Y-Axis u sin 6 8 Cos 0 t

V,= u Cos 30° g sin 30° T The equations are r=ucos 0r+ 8 sin 9 .1)
-

30x3/2-10x1/2x 2/3 =53 m/s

0 -u sin 0t+ g cos 6 ...2)
If the angle of hit is C, then 2
From (2), t= tan
tana =Iv/v, I =| -15/5/3= V3 8
Substituting t in (1), we get

60°| 2u 2u
ri
ucos.tan0+gsin tan 8
EXAMPLE 23. A particle is projected horizontally with a speed
u from top of plane inclined at 8 with the horizontal. How far 2u
2u sin 8+ 2u sin 6 tan2e
from the point of projection, will the particle strike the plane?
8 8
=sin 9 (1+ tan9)
Solution. Consider path A B with A as the origin and X-axis and
Y-axis as shown in fig. 2.105. 242
sin sec tan sec

X
EXAMPLE 24. An inclined plane makes anangle = 30° with
the horizontal. A particle is projected from this plane with a
speed of 5 ms at an angle ofelevation B = 30° with the horizontal
r Sin 6 as shown in fig. 2.107. (Take g = 10 m/s*)

r cos 6

Y
FIGURE 2.105
FIGURE 2.107
V a S
(a) Find the range of the particle on the plane when it strikes
X-Axis r cos 6
the plane.
Y-Axis 0 r sin 6 b) Find the range of the particle for ß = 120°.
No. of unknown variables are two, i.e., r and 6 Solution.
Hence, two equations are required which are

r cos 6= ut and sin =g X

Eliminating t from both equations, we get
R
R sin 0
2u
rsin- Tcos = tan 6 sec 6

R cos 6
Alternate Solution
with X-axis and Y-axis as shown in fig. 2.106. FIGURE 2.108
Let A be the origin
 The equation of trajectory On substituting in eqn. (2), we get
(a)
-10 x (53)2 = 5 m.
y =x tan B -

2u cosB 2x (53)2
Here. B = 30°, u = 5 m/s, 6 30°
The coordinates of point P are (53m,-5 m)
x = Rcos 0 = v3 R/2, y = R sin = - R/2
are
(6) Time taken by the first and second shots respectively
Putting these values in the above equation, we get
53 = 2 sec and
10
Rtan 30° u cos 6 (53)x1/2
2x5x cos 30°
53 =I
R 5m -1 sec .

firings is
(b) For ß =
120°, The time interval between the two

10 I
'1-2 2-1 sec
=

R tan 120
d
2x5 x cos 120 120
ExAMPLE 26.
R-5/3 m
The negative value of R shows that the particle strikes up the plane.

ExAMPLE 25. Two guns, situated on the top of a tower, fire X

one shot each with the same speed 53 m sl at some interval
of time. The first gun fires upward at an angle of 60° with the
horizontal and the second gun fires horizontally. The shots collide
in air at point P. Find Px)
(a) the coordinates of point P.
FIGURE 2.110
b) the time interval between the firings.
Take the origin of the coordinate system at the point of the firing A gun situated on top of a hill fires tw each time with the

and trajectories in the r-y plane.

same speed u 5/3 m/s at some interval of time. It first fires
=

Solution. For the first shot, u =5V3 msand = 60° upwards at an angle of 0 60° with the horizontal and the second
=

time, it fires horizontally. The shots collide in air at a point P.

y = x tan 8 - - Find
2u cos0 (a) the time interval between the firings and
b) the coordinates of point P.
YA Take the origin of coordinate system at the the of the hil, y-axis
vertically downwards and both trajectories in the xy-plane. (Tak
X 8 10 m/s*)
Solution. Let t be the time taken by the first shot to reach point
P(x,) and b e the time interval belween the firings.

Here, u =53 m/s and = 60.

FIGURE 2.109

If the coordinates of point P are (x, y), then

.(1)
x = (u cos 0) r = u ( t - t ) and

For the second 5y3 ms and 6 = 0°

shot,
sin 8)
=
u
y =(-u t +
st-4,P
242 2 ..(2)
2u

(a) From equations (1) and (2), we have

and y =-53 - 5
(-
On solving, we 2 sec,
get =
2u2 2x53) 53 = m.
3g 3 x10
'o1 sec x=53 m and y 5 m
 EXAMPLE 27. a =,we have 55=S0/ V3)
A projectile is launched at an angle a from a .

r 96-2 m
cliff of height H above the sea level. If it falls into the sea at a Since,
distance D from the base of the cliff, show that its maximum
ExAMPLE 29. A particle, thrown over a triangle from on
height above the sea level is
end of a horizontal base falls on the other end of the base after
grazing the vertex. If e and o are the base angles and a the angle
H+ D tana ofprojection, show that tan a = tan + tan .
4 (H +D tan a)
Solution.
Solution. Let u be the velocity of projection. Then,
Y
- sin a
h= ..(1)
28
and from equation of trajectory,

- H = Dtan d 8 D
2u cos d

8D h cot hcot
2 cos a (H +D tan o) R
FIGURE 2.113

1. From the figure, we have

R = hcot 6+h cot o = h (cot 6+ cot ¢)

Using the equation oftrajectory, y= x tan a1-

between points O and A, we get
D
FIGURE 2.111
h =
(hcot 6)tano1
h cot
On h (cot 8 + cot o)
putting this in eqn. (1), we get

sin a 8D2 D2 tan a l= cot Btan o

cot
X
28 2 cos 4 cot 6+cot o
a (H +D tan ) (H +D tan a)
cot 6+cot o
maxH +h = H+-
D tan2a tana= tan a = tan 8 + tan o
cot cot o
4 (H + D tan a)

EXAMPLE 30. A gun kept on a horizontal road, is used to hit

EXAMPLE 28. A particle is projected from the ground at an
angle 60° with horizontal such that speed u = 50 m/s. Find the
a car
travelling along the same road away from the gun with a
speed of 72 km/hr. The car is at a distance of 500 m from the
radius of curvature of the path of the particle, when its velocity gun, when the gun is fired at angle of 45° with the horizontal.
makes an angle of 30° with horizontal. (g = 10 m/s) Find (Take g = 10 m/s*)
Solution. Since, the horizontal velocity at points O and P remain a) the distance of the car from the gun when shell hits it.
the same, we have u cos = v cos a
(6) the speed of projection of the shell from the gun.
50 cos 60° = v cos 30 V= 50/3 m/s Solution. Here, Initial point is A for shell
YA and B for car
Final point is C for both
P a= 30°
sin

ag cos d
u 20m/s
=45
60°
X
A
S 500m B
x
FIGURE 2.112
Acceleration perpendicular to the velocity at point P is given by R

a = g cos a = 10 x cos 30° = 53 m/s2 FIGURE 2.114

 the equations can be directly written :
Hence,
Sin9
u - sin 20
R= cos = | cos0+
(Horizontal range) .(1)
sin6
5 cos9 = 2 cos 0+ sin^ 9 3 cos 0 =
T =:
2usin (Time of flight)
8
.(2)
60°
tan 3 or tan 9 3
R- S= u' T (Distance covered by car) .(3)
with the
thrown at an angle 0
u ExAMPL.E 32. A body is
From (1). R= 10 ..(4) times the
horizontal such that it attains speed equal to v2/3
a
and (3), its maximum
From (2)
speed of projection when the body is at half to

R-S =ux
2u sin 69 20x2ux/2) 22 height. Find the angle
10 Solution.
YA
R= 2 2 u+ 500 .(5)
or

From (4) and (5),

H
= 2 2 u + 500 or u - 202u - 5000 = 0 HI2
10 Ke X
FIGURE 2.116
202 800+ 20000
+2013 H=4 sin e
(1gnore -ve value) u = 86-25 m/s
2 8

From (4). R 744 m At height H/2,

10
u cos 6 and v (usin 6)+2-8) H/2
ExAMPLE 31. The speed of the particle when it is at greatest
sin^ 9
u2 sin2 A- Sin _ u
when it is at half of its greatest u - sin 0 -gH
=

height is V2/5 times the speed

height. Find the angle of projection.
u sin- 6
Solution. ucos 0+
v =

It is given that V = V2/3 u

H Sin 6
HI2 u =u cos0-
X
FIGURE 2.115 = cos 6Sin0 1-Sins0
2 2
u sin 69
H
28 sin v2/3
At height H/2,

U cos 6 and v= (u sin 6) +2(-8) HI2 EXAMPLE 33. A man is riding on an open car travelling with
a constant velocity of 10 m/s. He wishes to throw a ball through
u sin G u sin0 a stationary hoop 5 m above the height of his hands in such a
=u sin* 6- manner that the ball will move horizontally as it passes through
= u z sin e gH 2 2
the hoop. He throws the ball with a velocity of 12.5 m/s with
respect to himself.
6+ 4 sin (Take g = 10 ms)
u cos 2
(a) What must be the vertical component of the velocity of the
u cos 6 ball ?
height H, speed is
=
At v,
6) How many seconds after he releases the ball will it pass
It is given that V,=2/5v
through the hoop ?
Sin*e (c) At what horizontal distance in front of the
hoop must the
u cos 6 = eose 2 ball be released ?
 Similarly, during backward motion of platform,

S= (u cos e- V) <uSin8
5m 2)
Hoop

FIGURE 2.117 4u V sin e

(R-S)2 8 4v2
Solution. tan 6
R+S 4u sin 9 cos 8
Y

tan9 8 (R-S)2
5m 4V2 (R+ S)

4 X 9 tan 1 8 R-S
4 2 (R+S)
FIGURE 2.118
Consider path A B and let X and Yaxes be as shown.
ExAMPLE 35. Two shells are projected simultaneously
from
Velocity of man. v = 10 m/s the same point with the same initial speed so as to move in the
same vertical plane, their initial directions of motion beinga
Velocity of ball w.r.t. man. u = 12-5 m/s
and Brespectively with the horizontal. Prove that the shells move
The horizontal and vertical
components of the ball w.r.t. ground are in such a manner so that the line joining them makes the same
respectively constant angle (a + B/2 with the
vertical
u,=V+ u cos e Solution. Let the speed of projection of two shells be u.
and
Let the coordinates of the two shell after time t be
(x, y) and (x,
y2) with X axis along horizontal and Y axis vertically upwards.
(a) H = 2 gH =2x10x5 =|10 ms- Consider the motion of shell 2 in the frame of shell 1.
4 u (cos - c o s a), u4, = u (sin ß - sin a)
(b) Along Y ax1s. O = u,- 8t
sY2-y1
*2-X1 = u (cos - cos o)t
aa 0

I =
u, lg = 10/10 =
1 sec and 2 - 1 u (sin B - sin a)r
(c) Along X-axis, x= (v+ u cos 8) r The slope of the line joining the shells is
Now, u =u sin 6 = 10 12-5 sin = 10
sin 6 = 0-8 cos = 0-6 = 2 1 -sin - sin a
2 sin
cos P
cos -cos a -2sin CinB+a
x =
(10 + 125 x 0-6) x1 =|175 m 2 2
ExAMPLE 34. A gun is fired from a moving platform and the
ranges of the shot are observed to be R and S when the platform =-cot + B )tan 90+
is moving forward or backward respectively with velocity V. 2

The angle made by this line with vertical is

Prove that the elevation of the gun is tan|
g (R S ) (B/2|
4v2(R+S) EXAMPLE 36. Two bodies are projected from the same point
Solution. Let u = velocity of bullet w.r.t. platform with equal speeds in such directions that
they both strike the
6= elevation same point on a plane whose inclination is B. If a be the angle of
of gun. projection of the first, show that the ratio of their times of flight
Let X-axis be along the forward motion of platform and Y-axis be
issin (a B): cos a.
upwards.
Solution. Range on an inclined plane is given by
During forward motion of platform,
2u sin
4 = u Cos 6 + V R (a)= (a-B) cos a
8cos B
and u Sin 6 The second will have the
body same range if projected at an angle
T= 2 u,/g = (2 u sin 6)/g such hat
2u sin 69 a+a- ß =90°
and R=u, T = (u cos 6 + V) ..(1)
8 or a - B = 90° a
Time of flight is given by used to hit
EXAMPLE 38. A gun, kept on a horizontal road, is a
2 u sin (d-B) a car travelling along the same road away
from the gun with
500 mn
T=- distance of
& cos B uniform speed of 72 km/h. The c a r is at a
thee 45° with
from the gun, when the gun is fired at an angle of
T (0)2u sin (oB) sin (-B) horizontal. Find (Take g = 10 ms)
= sin(-B
T () 2u sin (o -B) sin (90°- a) COS O (a) the speed of projection of the shell from the gun.
shell hits it
(6) the distance of the car from the gun when the
EXAMPLE 37. A boy stands 4m from a vertical wall and throws Solution.
a ball. The ball leaves the boy's hand at 2 m above the ground

with speed 202 ms

at an angle of 45 with the
horizontal V 72 km/h
When the ball hits the wall, its horizontal component of velocity
is reversed and its vertical component remains unchanged. 0-45°
Where does the ball hit the ground?
500 m vl
(Take g = 10 ms2)
FIGURE 2.121

(a) Here, v = 72 km/h =20 m/s, 0 45°.

Time of flight, T = Zu Sin 6

2u sin 45° 24
10 10

2m u2 u
90°=
Range, R =sin 20=sin
0 10
4 m
2
5 0 0 + vT =
FIGURE 2.119
10
Solution.
20x Y2 44
500+ 10 10
YA
u-20W2 u 5000 =0
-

u
202800 + 20000 10/2 + 2013 =

2
X
21m
Ignoring negative value, we get u =
| 86.3 m/s

Ck R m (6) The distance of the car from the gun when the shell hits is

FIGURE 2.120
R 744 m
Consider X and Y axes as shown in fig. 2.120. 10 10

At point A, AX=U cos 45° = 10 ms-,

EXAMPLE 39. A body falls freely from some altitude H. At
AY=U Ccos 45° = 10 ms- the moment the first body starts falling, another body is thrown
from the ground which collides with the first at an altitude
Along path A > B, time taken is
h H/2. The horizontal distance covered by the second body is .
'AB 4/VAX = 4/10 =04 s
Find the initial velocity and the angle at which it was thrown.
h=VAy 'AB -05 8AB

= 10x 04 0 5 x 10 x 0.42 = 3:2 m

Atpoint B, By VAy 8t = 10- 10 x 0-4 =6 ms-

SBC-(h + 2) = - 5-2 m,
Along path B> C,
H
=-
10 ms, VB = 6 ms,
Bx-VAx
SBC VBy 'Bc -05 gtgc

- 5 2 =6 #pC-5 Bc
On solving, we get iBC =1:78 S

R = l VBx I'Bc -4 =10 x1-78-4 |138 = m

FIGURE 2.122
 walls is
Solution. Let r be the time after which the bodies collide. Therefore, the time of passing between the
2a
For the first body. H - - g ? 212ag cos
For the second body, ExAMPLE 41. An object is projected so that it must clear two
obstacles each 80 m high which are situated 120 m from each
H_v sina and l =(vcos a) I = vcos a H other. If the time of passing between the obstacle is 6 sec.
28 calculate the complete range of projection and the initial velocity
of projection. (g = 10 m/s)
v sin a = ygH and v cos a = ygl2IH Solution. Let u = velocity of projection, = angle of projection

=
(sin a + cos a) =
gH + gl4IH
H
and tan a =

80m 80m

and tan- H| O
X
120m
FIGURE 2.124

EXAMPLE 40. A particle is projected with a velocity 2ag Then, along y-axis, y = (usin 8)r -g:2
so that it just clears two walls of equal height a which are at a
distance 2a apart. Show that the time of passing between the
At both points, A B
and y = 80 m

walls is 2 lalg 80 =u sin t - i2 101? x 5 ?- (u sin 0)r+ 80 =0

Solution. Let the angle of Let and t be the roots of this equation.
projection be 6. If t is the time taken by
the particle to reach from A to B or C, then It is given that i2 - 11 = 6

Now, ( +2)-(2 - = 4 '1 2

a
=2 ag sin t-g2
2
(u sin 8 62 4x =
u sin 6 50 ..(1)
gt2-(4ag sin 6) 1+2a =0. 5
Also, it is given that distance AB = 120 m

u=2.Jag B
So, the horizontal velocity, u cos = *AB 120
20 ..(2)
a 6
AB

2a From (1) and (2), u = V50 +202

u 53-85 m/s
FIGURE 2.123
Let the roots of this equation be 1, and t2
Range R-4Sine
(u sin ) (u cos ) =x 50 x 20
8 10

a g sin 6 R 200m|
Then,+2 =

8
and

EXAMPLE 42. A particle is

projected so as to just clear a wall
Also, 2 a =u, (l2 -'1) 2a of height h at a horizontal distance a
2 2lag cos and to have a range b from
the point of projection. Find the
velocity of projection.
Now, ( +2)-(t2-1) =4 t/2 Solution.
Y
4-ag sin 2a
= 4x0
8 2 ag cos 8

a 8a
16-sin 0
8Cos 0
16cos 0 (1- cos* 0) - 1 = 8 cos0 X
16 cost 0-8 cos 0+ 1 = 0
(4 cos - 1) = 0 c o s 6 = 1/2 FIGURE 2.125
 a vertical
Using the equation of trajectory, y = xtan e 1 DXAMPLE 44. A bullet is fired with a velocity u at
Dbetween points wall whose distance from the point of projection is x. Prove the
O and A, we get at which
greatest height above the level of the point of projection

h =
a tan 1 tan =
bh ""-g°x
the bullet can hit the wall is
a (b- a) 2 gu

Using the equation y= x tan 0-. 8 Solution.

2u cos0 , we get
Y
h=a tan 6- 2u2 (1+ tan 0) Wall

bh b2h2
h = a a (b-a)
X
FIGURE 2.126

ga2 a2 b- a+bh2 ha The equation of trajectory is

2u2 a (b-a)2 b - a

y=(tan ) x- 1+ an 0) x*
2u2
u=
a (b-a +b?h2 (gx*) tan 0 (2 ) tan 0+ (2 yu + gr) = 0

2ha
2ha(b-a) Since tan 0 is real, Discriminant 2 0
( 2 u x-4 (ex*) (2 yu + gr) 20
ExAMPLE 43. A particle projected at a definite angle to the y s - s 2 2

horizontal passes through points (a, b) and (b, a), referred to 28yu2 st - gx 2g u
horizontal and vertical axes through the point of projection. Show Therefore, the maximum height at which the bullet can hit the wall is
that

a) the horizontal range, R =4t ab +

b2
max
ut -g2
a+b 8 u

(b)the angle of projection 0 is given by tan EXAMPLE 45. An aeroplane flies horizontally at a height h at
a speed v. An anti-air craft gun fires a shell at the plane when it
Solution. The equation of trajectory is is vertically above the gun. Show that the minimum muzzle

velocity required to hit the plane is y»2+ 2gh at an angle

y =x tan | 1 -

As the particle rasses through (a, b) and (b, a), we have tan 2gh
b=a tan e1 .(1) Solution. For the shell to hit the plane, their horizontal velocities
must be same, i.e., v = u cos0

(a)
a
=b tan ol-
On dividing equation (1) by equation (2), we get
..(2)
cos 6=
V
and tan :

8
b_a (R -a) b (R - b) = a (R - a)
The equation of trajectory is = (tan8) x - -
2u cos- 6
a b (R - b)

R (a-b)=d-b3 R
a +b +ab
a +b

b) On substituting the value of R in equation (), we get

a (a +b)|= ab tan
b= atan 24b+ +b+
abl ab
a2 +b+ ab tani|4 +b+ab X
tan 6=- ab
ab
FIGURE 2.127
 ExaMPLE 47. A particle is projected froma point on the
Putting y = h, tan G=- and cos= - , we get ground and its height is h when at horizontal distancesa
V
from its point of projection. Find the velocity of projecti
on.
Solution. The equation of trajectory is
h=
=
(tan 9) x-

cos
g2-(2vu? - v2) x+ 2h v2 - 0
Here, y h andx = a, 2 a
Since x is real, Discriminant 20
4 (u? - ) - 8 gh 2 0
2 -(tan 9) x+h =0
- v2 u 2 yv+2 gh
2ucose
2 gh
a+ 2a =
tan x 2u2 cos29
Also, tan=- 2 gh
Therefore, the minimum muzzle velocity required to hit the plane is
and ax 2a hx 2u cose
min +2 gh
and the angle at which the shell must be fired is 3 ag =ut sin 20 and 2 ag = hu (1 + cos 2

tan-I y2 gh sin 2 0= and cos20=2a*g 1

hu
EXAMPLE 46. At what angle a above the horizon should a
stone be thrown from a steep bank for it to fall into the water as - 1
far as possible from the bank? The height of the bank h = 20 m
and the initial velocity of the stone » 9 g2+4 a s2-4 a ghu? = 0
u = 15 ms. (Takeg =10 ms)
Solution. 24a'g +9 gh2
=

4h

AK-1O --

+Y
ExAMPLE 48. A body is projected at an angle a to the horizon
tal so as to clear two walls of equal height 'a' at a distance 2 a'
from each other. Show that the range is
equal to 2a cot (a2.
Solution.
Y
R B
FIGURE 2.128
For the path A > B, from equation oftrajectory we have

-h = (tan a) R- +tan?a) R2
2u 2a
8 R tan a - 2 u R tan a +(8 R2 -2 hu2) = 0 2
FIGURE 2.129
For tan a to have real roots, Discriminant 2 0
For path O>A and 0>B
( 2 Ru2 -4 g R (gR? - 2 hu) 20
y =
(tan a) I-|
- R + 2 ghu220 Rsu+2 gh 2u cos2a
Putting y =a, we get
gx- (2 u tan a cos* a)r+2ua cos a =0
15xVis+2x10x 20 =|375 m This equation has two roots
, and x2 such that
10 x X2d
-
Now, + - 2 - X 1 = 4 X X2
gR +2 hu2 3
ß =1x3
=
=
tan oa tan

(2u tan a cos2 a -

(2a)2 = 4x2ua cos a

&R2

8
h
gR 10x20|
202
10 m
u (tana cos* a)-u (2 ga cos2 ox) - a? g? =0 u

(c) cos oa =1/2. cos B = 1/W10

2 ga cos at y4gfa cos* a + 4gat tan2a cos a the two shells respectively
2 tan a cos* a Let and t be the time taken by
20 20 =2 s
2 ga cos at2ga cos a Then,
u cos 20x 1/2
2 sin a cos a
20 20 = V10 s
ga (1+ cos a) and 2 20x1//10
Ignoring-ve value, we get u u cos B
sin a cos a is
The time interval between
two firings
2
Hence, Range, R = - xsin 2a a (1+ cos a) 2 sin a cos a

8 Sin a COS a - 1 0 - 2 =|175 s

2a (1+cos a) 2ax2 cos a/2 at the top of
fired from a gun
Two shots
sin a
=2a cot a/2
2 sin a/2 cos a/2
EXAMPLE 50.
u, at angles
are

of projection a
and

cliff with the s a m e speedstrike the horizontal through the foot

respectively. If the shots of the cliff.
determine the height
ExAMPLE 49. Two identical shells are fired from a point on of the cliff at the s a m e point,
muzze velocity at angles of elevation a 45° =

the ground with same Solution.

3 towards top of a cliff, 20 m away from point of
and B tan calculate Y
firing. If both the shells reach the top simultaneously,
(Take g = 10 ms)
(a) muzzle velocity

(b) height of the cliff and

c) time interval between two firings h|
Solution.
R B
Y FIGURE 2.131

havee
B, from equation of trajectory,
we
B
For the path A >

-h =R tan - (1+ tan 0) R2

2u
=0
h
gR tan- -2 u R tan + (gR - 2 hu
6.
This a quadratic equation in tan

Its roots are tan and tan B.

X
20 m
uR
= tan a + tan ...(1)
FIGURE 2.130 &R2

tan a 1, tan B = 3 gR-2hu2 (2)

(a,b) Here, =

for both shells, and

= tan a tanß
A>B, from equation of trajectory, 8R
For the path
we have 2u
From (1), R
h Rtan6- tan? tan 6)R 8 (tan a+ tanB)
2
(gR + 2 hu') = 0
From (2), h= gR (l- tan a tan ß)
=gR tan -2 u R tan +
2u2
in tan 6.
This a quadratic equation
Its roots are tan a and tan B. 2u
tan atan B) 8 (tan o+tan B)
2u
2u'R 1+3 4
tan a+ tan ß
=
=

gR2
h=
2u (1-tan a tan B)
u=
2 gR = V2x 10x20 =|20ms 8 (tan a + tan B)
 EXAMPLE 51. A particle is moving in a circle of radius r in
such a way that at any instant, the total acceleration nmakes an is same, i.e., g downwarde
As the acceleration of both particles
angle of 45" with radius. Initial of particle is vo. Find the
speed at all instants.
their y coordinate is same

time taken to complete the first revolution. is

The distance between the particles
Soution. Since, the total acceleration makes on angle of 45° with
radius, it means that 24,!-(-u2 t) =(4, t u2) 4,u,/g
tangential acceleration, (a,) = radial acceleration (a,)
- (3+4) 3x 4/10 = 242 m
ExAMPLE 53. Two swimmers start a race. One who reaches
wins the race. A makes his
strokes
point C first on the other bank
in a direction of 37° to the river flow with velocity 5 km/hr relative
direction 127° to the river flow
to water. B makes his strokes in a
with same relative velocity. River is flowing
with speed of 2 km
hr and is 100 m wide. Who will win the race? Compute the time
taken by A and B to reach the point C if the speeds of A and B on
the ground are 8 km/hr and 6 km/hr respectively.

Solution.
C
FIGURE 2.132 2 km/hr
AA B 100 m
V 37
27
o
300 m 125 m
d FIGURE 2.134
dt
Let t and 'g be respectively the times taken be A and B to cross the
river. The velocity of A in horizontal direction is
2Tr=-rlog (r- vo T) 2Tr =log
r-T 5 cos 37 +2 = 6 km/hr
T-Vo T = re2 and in vertical direction is 5 sin 37° = 3 km/hr

The velocity of B in horizontal direction is

T=1- 5 cos 53°-2 I km/hr
and in vertical direction is 5 sin 53° = 4 km/hr
ExAMPLE 52. Two particles move in a uniform gravitational
field with an acceleration g. At the initial moment of time, the
particles were located at one point and moved with velocities
hr 30 120 and h r 90s
3 ms and 4 ms- horizontally in opposite directions. Find the The horizontal distances covered by A and B in these times are
distance between them at the moment when their velocity vectors
respectively
become mutually perpendicular.
6x 1/30 = 02 km = 200 m and 1x 1/40 = 0-025 km = 25 m
Solution. Let A be the origin with X and Y axes as shown.
The balance distances that A and B will walk after reaching the
u2=4m/s u = 3m/s other side are respectively
---X
Particle 2 Particle 1 SA 300 200 100 m and SB= 125 -25 = 100m
The time taken by them to walk
B are respectively
Vix
V2x ' 0l hr=45s and
h 6r 60 =60s
V2y Vly The total time taken to reach point C by A is
FIGURE 2.133

For thepath A >Bfor particle I. =u+8=3î+gt?

At120+45=|165 s
and by B is
+ =90 +60 |150 s|
For the path A > C for particle 2, V =u + 8i= -u, î+gt
Therefore, B will win the race.
Since v and v, are mutually perpendicular, we have ExAMPLE 54. A man in a boat crosses a river from point A
(shown in the fig. 2.135). If he rows perpendicular to the banks,
then, 10 min after he starts, he will reach point C situated at a
 ance S, 120 m down stream from point B. If the man heads a velocity
relative to water with
distan
to the EXAMPLE 55. A boat
ata certain angle a AB (AB is straight line moves

to the banks) against the current, he will reach perpendicular

point B after which is less than the river flow u. At what angle to
velocity
drifting
boat to minimize
thestream direction must the
move
12:5 min. Find

width of the river d ' Solution.

(a) the
t h e velocity of boat u relative to the water

speed of the current v and angle

c the a.

S120m v sin 6 u-v sin e

B
c d
V Cos
u

d FIGURE 2.138

Let d be the width of the river and x be the drift.

If t is the time taken to cross the river, then

A
d
FIGURE 2.135 t=-
v cos 6
_=-
u - v sin 0
x= (u sec9 - tan )
V

A ssume the velocity of the boat relative to the water to be constant The drift is minimum when drlde = 00

and of sanme magnitude in both the cases. dx

sec tan 0- sec*0) =
v 0
Let speed of boat w.r.t. current, v speed of current Hence, for minimum drift, (u
Solution. u = =

de
Case I u tan 6 = v sec 6 or sin 6= v/u
BIE120,

and stream direction is

Therefore, the angle between boat motion
V
90°+ | 90+ sin (v/u)|
river from A to B
EXAMPLE 56. A man wants to swim in a
d line AB (See fig. 2.139).
and back from B to A always following
The distance between points A and B
is d. The velocity of the
with the direction of
river is v and the line AB makes an angle a
with velocity u at
current. During both trips, the man
m o v e s
A the
to the line AB. Find the time taken to complete
FIGURE 2.136 angle B
journey.
120 B
Time, = 10 min, S = m

V= 120
S v, 12 m/min
d =ut = 10 u (1)
A
Ka
Case II FIGURE 2.139
B
Solution.
B

V2
d

a
FIGURE 2.137
Ka
Time, t 12.5 min
cos a
...(2) FIGURE 2.140
d= (u cos a) i2 = 12.5 u

12:5 u cos a or cos a = 4/5 or a 37°| When the man swims from A to B, his velocity along AB is
rom (1) and (2), 10u =

vlu = sin a V u cos B + v cos a

u = v cosec a = 12 x (5/3) =
|20 m/mi When he swims from B to A, his velocity along BA is
20 200 m V2u cos - v cos a
From (1), d= 10 u = 10 x =
Therefore, the time taken to complete the journey is

4,d-a 1 u cos - v cos o

u cos+ Vcos

2 (u cos B) d
Vrb
ucosB-y cos*a FIGURE 2.142

ExAMPLE 57. A man wants to cross a river in a boat such

that the distance that the boat is carried downstream is
minimised. If the speed (v,) of river flow is greater than the
6 tan tan
of the boat in still water, at what angle to the river
speed (v) de
bank, must the man row the boat?
dt
Solution.
ExAMPLE 59. A man wants to cross a river 0-5 km wide. His
rowing speed (relative to water) is 3 km/h. The river flows at a
speed of 2 km/h. The man's wallking speed on the shore is 5 km/h.
(a) Find the path (combined rowing and walking) he should take
d
to get to the point directly opposite his starting point in the
b shortest time.
(6) How long does it take?
FIGURE 2.141 Solution.
Let d be width of the river. The velocity of boat along the river flow
is v cos 6 and perpendicular to river flow is v, sin .
The time taken to cross the riveris

T
VSin 6 d=0-5 km
The distance that the boat is carried downstream is
Vm mr

x=
(,-V, cos) T =
( , cosec 6-v, cot8) Ke >X
FIGURE 2.143
For this distance to be minimum, drld6 = 0
Suppose the man starts at A, tries to go at an angle 6 upstream. He
-v, cosec cot+ v ,cosec 0) = 0 reaches point B and then finally walks distance BC to reach point C.
Here, , = 2 km/h, m= 3 km/h

v, cot 6= V, cosec or cos 6 = v/v, His velocity along X-axis,

3 cos 0-2 or 2-3 cos towards negative X axis.

cos v/ Vy3 sine

05
ExAMPLE 58. During a rainy day, rain is falling vertically (a) Time taken to reach point B,
3 sin 0
with a velocity 2 ms, A boy at rest starts his motion with a
constant acceleration of 2 ms along a straight road. Find the
rate at which the angle of the axis of umbrella with vertical should Distance, BC =(2-3 cos ) - 0-5 (2-3cos
3 sin 0
8)
be changed so that the rain always falls parallel to the axis of the
umbrella. Time taken to walk distance BC,
Solution.
1 (2-3 cos)
- 3 sin

tan 0 Total time taken,

05 0-1 (2-3 cos )
and t=t2 sin 6 sin

where, , 2 ms
and V 2 rms-
I
=cosec -01 cot 0
 For minimum time, dt/de = 0
(b) The particle strilkes the plane horizontally
shown in fig. 2.145.
0.7 Now, let the X-axis and Y-axis be as
cosec
3
cot +0-1l cosec 0 =0
cos = 3/7
YA
0 =cos 3/7

cosec = 7
(b) 40
r sin B

and cot

X
0-7 3 A rcos
4
mmin -01x V40 340 0211hrs FIGURE 2.145

ExAMPLE 60. A particle is projected up an inclined plane of X-Axis U Cos d 0 rcos B

inclination B at an elevation a to the horizon. Show that r sin B
Y-Axis u sin 0 - 8

(a) tan a = cot ß + 2 tan 8, if the particle strikes the plane at The equations are
right angle, r cos ß = (u cos a) t
...(3)
) tan a= 2 tan B if particle strikes the plane horizontally. 0 = u sin a - gt
...(4)

Solution. r sin B = u sin au - g ..(5)

(a) The particle strikes the plane at right angles Dividing equation (5) by (3), we get

8
tan Bt a n a -

2u cos Oa
value of gt from (4), we have
Substituting
u sin a tan a
tan = tan a tan a = 2 tan B|
2u cos a 2

EXAMPLE 61. A particle is projected under gravity with

velocity ga2 from a point at a height h above the level plane.
for the maximum range on
FIGURE 2.144 Show that the angle of projection
Consider path A > B with A as the origin and X-axis and Y-axis
the plane is given by tan 0 = and that the maximum
as shown in fig. 2.144.

a S
range is 2 Ja (a + h).
X-Axis u cos (a - B) 0 -8 sin B
Solution.
Y-Axis u sin (O- S) -

8 cos B
The equations are
sin ) ..(1) u=N2ga
0=ucos (a-B) -

(g r

( g sin B)r = u cos (a - B)

0 =u sin (o -B)r g cos B) 2

( g cos B) I = 2 u sin (a - B) ..(2)
Dividing equation (1) by (2), we get
P
tan
2 tan (a-B) R

2
tan o-tan B = cot B FIGURE 2.146
1+ tan a tan pJ Using equation of trajectory,
2 tan a - 2 tan B = cot ß + tan a

y= (tan 8)x-|
tan a= cot B+2 tan B| cos? ee
2u cos?
 between points O and P, we have
(b) When the ball reaches the hoop, its horizontal and vertio
components of velocity (v, and v,) are given by
- h = (tan 8) R - 8
2(2 ga)cos 0 Vo cos and v -(Vo sin 0) 2(-g) h
=

- 4 ah 4 a tan 0 R- g (1 + tan 0) R
(R) tan 0-(4 a R) tan 0 + (R- 4 ah) = 0 ...(1) ,6sin0-2gh
Since, tan 6 is real, Discriminant 2 0

v6sin - 2gh
( 4 a R)2 - 4 (R) R2 - 4 ah) 20
tan a
a =-
4 a 2R- 4 ah RS2a(a +h o cos

Hence, the maximum range, 2 ata +h 2 gh

max
tan9--
2 gh - tan2
On substituting this value of R in equation (1). we get cos20 gL
2 (tan - hl L)
4a(a + h)an20-8 a a(a + h) tan + 4a2 = 0

a(a +h)tan20-2a a(a +h) +a2 =0 tan

tan-4h
(Vata +h tan-a =0 t a n +h

EXAMPLE 62. A basketball player throws the ball with initial tan2- L tan +2 tan 6
velocity vo at an angle 0 with the horizontal to the hoop which is
located at a horizontal distance L and at a height h above the
point of release, as shown in fig. 2.147. tan a = -tan
(a) Show that the initial speed required is given by

gL ExAMPLE 63. A rubber ball is to be thrown from ground

2 cos 0 (tan - h/L) over a vertical wall (of height h) from a distance S. At what
(6) Show that the angle a to the horizontal at which it reaches minimum initial velocity u is this possible?
At what angle a to the horizon should the velocity be directed in
the hoop is given by tana =
. tan. this case.
Solution.
B

Y
e U

R h

A- S

FIGURE 2.148
FIGURE 2.147
Consider path A B with A as the origin and X-axis and Y-axis as
Solution. shown in fig. 2.148.
a) Using the equation of trajectory u

8 X-Axis u cos a S
y =xtan 6- 2
2 cos 0 Y-Axis u sin a -8 h
No. of variable are three i.e., a, u and .
we get h= Ltan - Hence, three equations
Cos22 are
required. Two equations are
S=u cos ar ...(1)

2
=cos6 Ltan -

h h =
u sin ot-gr4
2 ..(2)
Third equation comes from the condition that u is minimum.
du
2 cos e(L tan - h) 2 2cos? (tan 6-h/L) L.e., = 0 ...(3)
da
 from (1) and (29 Climinating i, we get
Now, Solution. Here, u = 200 m/s.
the bomb is zero. Its horizontal
The acceleration of shell
h= u $in a
S
S w.r.t. to
and vertical velocities with respect to bomb are respectivey
u COS

u (1 + cos )

a 8 S< and y usine

h = S tan
Sec a
or .(4) (a) If shell destroys the bomb at time t, then

Differentiating the equation (4) w.r.t. a, we get t =- v3 km 1 km

u (1+ cos ) u sin 9
0= Ssec2a- 8 sec2 a + x 2sec2 a
tan a 3 sin2 e = (l + cos 0)
3 (1+ cos 0) (1 - cos 0) = (1 + cos 6)
Putting =0, we get
= 3(1 - cos 0) = l + cos 09
doa
cos 0= 1/2 60
S s e c a tan oa = S sec a
(b) If e = 53°, then 2 0 0 (1 + 0-6) 320 m/s =

and v 200 x 0-8) 160 m/s

=

8 S tan a
"min .(5)
2
From (4) and (5), we have h = S tan a 8 sec-a
2g S tan 2 km
2 h tan a = 2 S tan a - S(1+ tan a) = 0o

Stan a -2h tan a -S=0

tan=
2h+ 4h2+4$2
Ignore -ve value)
a30
2S
FIGURE 2.150

-h+
h+s
tan a = -
S

cos a
From (5), min

ExAMPLE 64. An aircraft is flying horizontally with a constant and sin a 5

velocity u 200 m/s, at a height 1 km above the ground. At the
= =
The motion of shell w.r.t. the bomb is along AD.
moment shown, a bomb is released from the aircraft and the
The minimum distance between the bomb and the shell is
cannon-gun below fires a shell with initial speed of 200 m/s, at
some angle 0. (Take sin 53° = 4/5) BD = AB sin ß = 2 sin (30° - a)

(a) For what value of 8" will the projectile shell destroy the
2 [sin 30° cos a - cos 30° sin a)
bomb in mid-air?
(b) If the value of 0 is 53", find the minimum distance between
the bomb and the shell as they fly past each other. 3km 120 m
ExAMPLE 65. A cat initially at the origin runs with a constant
velocity u along the y-axis. A dog initially at (-d, 0) chases the
cat with a constant speed v in such a manner that its velocity at
all instants is towards the cat. If both cat and the dog start
running at the same moment and the speed of dog is greater
than the speed of cat, then
km
(a) How much time will it take for the dog to catch the cat?
(b) What are the distances travelled by the cat and the
dog?
Solution. Let the time taken to catch the cat be T. Let at
any instant,
3km
the velocity of dog makes angle e with the y-axis. Then, at this
an
instant, the velocity of dog along y-axis is v cos and the
cat along the line joining
velocity of
FIGURE 2.149 dog and cat is u cos 6.
 AY
2v62
Vo 8

/u
Along Y-axis, -y
=v,t- g
Dog
-y= -Vo
d
lcat
(a) The displacement of
FIGURE 2.151

dog and cat

aVo 2
dt
along y-axis is equal.
dy
uT = | vcos 0 dt cos di ="L
...(1) 2v-8
The displacement of dog w.r.t. cat along the line joining them is
d In (2v-32
(v-u cos 0) dt = d = vT-u (cos dt) = d ..(2)
0 In 2-8 -gt
From equations (1) and (2), we have 26 2
vd 1-8=-8/2v,
vT-u»
T - u
2
(b) The distance travelled by cat is T= 2 2
uT=uvd

y2 8
-gtl2o)
The distance travelled by dog is
T vd
EXAMPLE 67. A cable attached to the car at A passes over the
small fixed pulley at B and around the drum at C. If the vehicle
ExAMPLE 66. A balloon moves up vertically such that if a moves with a constant speed vo» determine
stone is thrown from it with a horizontal velocity vo relative to (a) an expression for the acceleration of a point P on the cable
between B and C in terms of .
it, the stone always hits the ground at a fixed point 2v/g (6) Express d /dt in terms of .
horizontally away from it. Find the height of the balloon as a
function of time.
Solution. BX
Y
y P
Vo Vo

FIGURE 2.153
Solution.
2 vog X
(a) Clearly the acceleration of point P is given by
FIGURE 2.152
a = dr
Consider path A > B. When the balloon is at height y, the horizontal d2
and vertical velocities of the stone at point A are respectively
and y dyldr where =+b
VVo
dr dr
Since the stone falls at a horizontal distance 2v6/s. the time taken

it during the path is

dt
P+b d +b2
by
 x2 Solution.
2+b2
2+b2 dx
dr2
+b2 dt

3/2 h1
b2 b

(2+b23/2 b
2 +62
a-cose 2 h2

r = b tan 6
(b) d

b sec29 d6 FIGURE 2.155

dt 2.155. Since A
Let the distances h1, h2 and d be as shown in fig.
value whereas
and B are fixed points, these quantities have a fixed
cos cos2 e and a2 are variables depending upon the path
taken.
dt b
From the figure, we have

h tan
d +
h2 tan d2 =d
= 0 (-sin 20) =(-sin
dt
20) cos0 On differentiating the equation w.r.t. a1, we get

d2 0
h sec a +h sec a
d=
d2 - sin 20 cos
a d2_ Sec d1 ..(1)
do h sec a2
ExAMPLE 68. From a point A on a bank of channel with still Time taken to reach point B is
waters, a man must get to a point B on the opposite side of
sec a
channel. The man uses a boat to travel across the channel and 4Sec G, h
then walks on the land to reach point B. His rowing and walking V2
speeds are "1 and v2 respectively. Prove that the fastest way for The time taken will be minimum if dtldo, = 0
the man to get from A to B is to select a and o2 in such a
0- dd2
manner that 1 V
sec a, tan o +sec2 tan 2
do
sin 2 2

4
da2h 2 sec tan a ...(2)
do h sec d, tan C

From equations (1) and (2), we get

h sec ah2. sec o, tan o

h, sec a2 h sec a, tan a2
B
sin d
FIGURE 2.154
2sina