FORMULAS AND CONSTANTS

Fluids
m F
= ; P= ; P = gh ; Pabs = Patm + gh
V A
F1 F2 Fb  f
= ; Acircle = 14 d 2 ; Fb =  f V f g ; Fb = Wo − Wa ; =
A1 A2 Wo  o

Heat
 F = C * 1.8 + 32 ; K = C + 273 ; L = L0 T ; V = V0 T ;  = 3
Q = mcT ; Q = mL

Electricity
qq F q W
F = ke 1 2 2 ; E= = ke 2 ; PEe = − qEd ; V = = − Ed
r q r q
q V 2
I= ; V = IR ; P = IV = I 2 R =
t R
1 1 1 1
Req = R1 + R2 + R3 .... or = + + ....
Req R1 R2 R3

Oscillations, Waves, Sound and Optics

cycles 1 m L 
f = ; T = ; F = − kx ; T = 2 ; T = 2 ; v= = f
time f k g T
I  v  vo 
v = 330 + 0.6T ; I (dB) = 10 log ; f ' =   f
I0  v  v s 

sin  i c n2
n= ; n= ; sin  c =
sin  r v n1

Constants and conversion factors

g = 9.8 m/s 2
; Patm = 1.013  10 5 Pa ;  water = 1,000 kg m 3 ; qe− = 1.6  10 −19 C
k e = 9  10 9 N  m 2 C 2 ; I 0 = 1  10 −12 W m 2 ; c = 3  10 8 m s

1m 3 = 1  10 6 cm 3 ; 1m 2 = 1  10 4 cm 2 ; 1cm3 = 1 mL
1m3 = 1000 L ; 1cal = 4.186 J