2021 PhysicsBowl Exam Equations

1 2
x = v 0 t + at v = v 0 + at v 2 = v 02 + 2ax
2
  m1 m 2
 F = ma F fric   FN Fg = G
r2
  𝒗𝟐
Fg = mg p = mv 𝑎=
𝒓

v t = r a t = r  = RF sin  = R⊥ F = RF⊥
  1
 = I KE =
2
mv 2 PE g = mgy

1 𝑊
W = Fd cos  = F|| d = Fd || PE s = kx 2 𝑃=
2 ∆𝑡
  m L
F = − kx T = 2 T = 2
k g
𝑚 1 1
𝜌= Fbuoy = gV P1 +  v12 + gy1 = P2 +  v 22 + gy 2
𝑉 2 2
𝐹
𝑃= PV = nRT = Nk B T U = Q + Won system
𝐴
Q
Q = mcT Q =  mL S =
T
 v  v obs  𝑐
v = f f o = f s  snd  𝑛=
𝑣
 v snd  v src 
1 1 1
n1 sin  1 = n 2 sin  2 m = d sin  = +
f do di

di q1 q 2  F
m=− Fe = k E=
do r2 q
kq 𝑊
V = 𝑉= V = − Ed cos  = − E|| d = − Ed ||
r 𝑞
kq q 1
PE e = 1 2 Q = CV PE = CV 2
r 2
V = RI P = IV F = qvB sin  = qvB ⊥
 I
B= 0 B =  0 nI F = ILB sin  = ILB ⊥
2 r
𝐵∆𝐴
𝜀 = 𝑣𝐵𝐿 = ( )
𝑡

Continued on next page…

 h
E =  m0 c 2 = mc 2 E = hf p=

ℎ𝑓 = 𝐾𝐸𝑒 + 𝑊0 𝑄 = 𝑒𝜎𝑇 4 𝐴𝑡

𝑚𝑣 𝑚𝑐 2
𝑝= 2
𝐸= 2
√1−𝑣2 √1−𝑣2
𝑐 𝑐

Moments of Inertia:
1
Solid disk or cylinder for a perpendicular axis through its center: 𝐼 = 2 𝑀𝑅 2
1
Thin rod about the center, perpendicular to rod: 𝐼 = 12 𝑀𝑅 2
2
Solid sphere about a diameter: 𝐼 = 5 𝑀𝑅 2
 2021 PhysicsBowl Exam Constants
Use the following values in determining the answers on this exam. If you use other values in
calculating answers, you may obtain values that do not exactly match answer selections found on this
exam. You will then need to choose the answer on the test closest to your value.
acceleration due to gravity g = 10 m s 2
gravitational constant G = 6.7  10 −11 N  m 2 kg 2
mass of the Earth ME = 6.0  10 24 kg
radius of the Earth RE = 6.4  10 6 m
atomic mass unit 1u = 1.7  10 −27 kg = 9.3  10 2 MeV c 2
electron volt 1 eV = 1.6  10 −19 J
rest mass of electron me = 9.1  10 −31 kg
rest mass of proton mp = 1.7  10 −27 kg
elementary charge e = 1.6  10 −19 C
Coulomb's constant k = 9.0  10 9 N  m 2 C 2
permittivity constant 0 = 8.9  10 −12 C 2 N  m 2
permeability constant 0 = 4  10 −7 T  m A
speed of sound in air ( 20  C ) v s = 340 m s
speed of light in vacuum c = 3.0  10 8 m s
Planck's constant h = 6.6  10 −34 J  s = 4.14  10 −15 eV  s
Boltzmann constant kB = 1.38  10 −23 J K
L  atm J
Universal Gas Constant R = 8.21  10 − 2 = 8.31
mol  K mol  K
Avogadro’s Number NA = 6.02  10 23 mol −1
Atmospheric Pressure 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 1.013  10 5 Pa

Water Properties:
Latent Heat of Vaporization Lv = 540 kcal kg = 2.3  10 6 J kg
Latent Heat of Fusion Lf = 80 kcal kg = 3.3  10 5 J kg

Density w = 1.0  10 3 kg m 3
Specific heat cw = 1.0 kcal kg  K = 4.2  10 3 J kg  K
Specific heat (ice) ci = 0.50 kcal kg  K = 2.1  10 3 J kg  K
Specific heat (vapor) cv = 0.48 kcal kg  K = 2.0  10 3 J kg  K