7

 
1 ∂U
cV =
N ∂T V

 
1 ∂H
cP =
N ∂T P

H = U + PV

U = 3N RT /2 P V = N RT

5
H = N RT.
2

3 5
cV = R cP = R.
2 2

cP 5
γ≡ = .
cV 3

124
 7
cP − cV = R.

cP cV R

cV

cP

P V = N RT

P dV = N RdT.

P dV = dW
¯
 
∂W
= N R.
∂T P

125
∗

= + + .


Z= g exp (−β) ,


g = g g g .


Z = g g g exp [−β ( +  + )]

= g g g exp (−β ) exp (−β ) exp (−β )
  
= g exp (−β ) g exp (−β ) g exp (−β )
      
Z Z Z

Z=Z Z Z

126
 7

∂
U = N kB T 2 ln Z
∂T
∂
= N kB T 2 (ln Z + ln Z + ln Z )
∂T
= U +U +U .

127
 3
U = N RT.
2

L2
 = ,
2I

L I
L2
2 l(l + 1) l∈N l

2 l(l + 1)
 = ≡ l .
2I

l 2l + 1

128
 7
m = −l, −l − 1, . . . , l + 1, l .
  
2l+1

l

gl = 2l + 1.

gl
Pl = exp(−βl )
Z
(2l + 1) 2
= exp − l(l + 1)
Z 2IkB T

2
Θr ≡ ,
2IkB

(2l + 1) Θr
Pl = exp −l(l + 1) ,
Z T

 Θr
Z = (2l + 1) exp −l(l + 1) .
T
l

298

Pl l

129
 Θr Θv

130
 T  Θr 7

3
U = N RT + U .
2

∂
U = N RT 2 ln Z ,
∂T

N RΘr  Θr
U = l(l + 1)(2l + 1) exp −l(l + 1)
Z T
l

T  Θr

3R/2

l = 0 → l = 0 → U =0
U = 3N RT /2
 
1 ∂U 3
cV = = R, T  Θr .
N ∂T V 2

Θr
T  Θr

131
 l+1 − l
kB T

l1
2l + 1 ≈ 2l l(l + 1) ≈ l2
∞  
Θr
Z = dl 2l exp −l2 .
0 T
y = l2
∞  
Θr T
Z = dy exp −y = , T  Θr .
0 T Θr

∂
U = N RT 2 ln Z = N RT
∂T

3 5
U = N RT + N RT = N RT, T  Θr .
2 2

132
 7
 
1 ∂U 5
cV = = R, T  Θr ,
N ∂T V 2

 
1
 = n+ ω ≡ n .
2
n∈N n
gn = 1

gn
Pn = exp(−βn )
Z
 
1 1 ω
= exp − n +
Z 2 kB T

ω
Θv ≡ ,
kB

 
1 1 Θv
Pn = exp − n + ,
Z 2 T

  
1 Θv
Z = exp − n +
n
2 T
   
Θv Θv
= exp − exp −n .
2T n
T

133
 exp − ΘTv <
1
exp − Θ
2T
v
Z = .
1 − exp − ΘTv

   
Θv Θv
Pn = exp −n 1 − exp − .
T T

Θv

Pn n
T  Θv

134
 Pn 7
n

∂
U = N RT 2 ln Z
∂T

 
1 Θv
U = N RΘv coth .
2 2T

 
3 1 Θv
U = N RT + U + N RΘv coth
2 2 2T

Θv = 70Θr
Θv /Θr ∼ 70
0 < T  Θv

Θv (= 70Θr )

7R/2 T  Θv

7
U = N RT, T  Θv ,
2

7R/2

135
 Θv = 70Θr

+
R
R
+ +

u ≡ U/N

3
u = kB T.
2

136
 7

1
E ≡ kB T.
2

u = 2E = kB T,

T  Θr

p2 mω 2 x2
 = + ,
2m 2

u = 2E = kB T,

T  Θv

kB T

137
 kB T /2
kB T

3+f
u = (3 + f )E = kB T,
2

3+f 3+f
U = Nu = N kB T = N RT
2 2

3+f
cV = R.
2

cP = cV + R

5+f
cP = R.
2

γ = cP /cV

5+f
γ= .
3+f

f
f

138
 7
T  Θr < Θv
f =0
γ = 5/3 = 1,666 . . .

Θr  T  Θv

f =2

3 5
cV = R, cP = R
2 2

139
 cP 5
cP − cV = R γ≡ = .
cV 3

U =U +U +U .

3
U = N RT,
2
∂
U = N RT 2 N RT 2 ln Z ,
∂T

 Θr
Z = (2l + 1) exp −l(l + 1) ,
T
l

 
1 Θv
U = N RΘv coth ,
2 2T
Θr Θv

RT /2
RT

3+f 5+f 5+f

cV = R, cP = R γ= ,
2 2 3+f
f

140
 7

P V = N RT

cP − cV = R

cP − cV

 
γ S
P V ∝ exp .
N cV

141
 PV γ =

P1 , V1 , T1
P2 , V2 , T2
NR
W = (T2 − T1 )
1−γ

P1 V1γ =
P2 V2γ

γ = 1,4

P V

142
 7

l=0
l=1 Θr 2Θr

2
Θv /2T
cV, =R .
(Θv /2T )

cV,
T  Θv T  Θv

γ = 1,659 γ 2 =
1,404

143
 f
γ

<
>

144