JMJ

ST. DOMINIC ACADEMY OF PULILAN, INC.

(PAASCU Accredited – Level II)
National Road, Poblacion, Pulilan, Bulacan

Handouts

I. Counseling

• Counseling – tends to focus on one specific issue and considered as a short-term treatment
• Psychotherapy – focused on an issue but considered as a long-term treatment
• Counseling comes from the Latin word “Consilium” meaning plan, council, wisdom and
advice.
• It facilitates the development of individuals, groups and families that are based on the
principle of empowerment that helps achieve personal, social, educational and career
development.
• Following are different type of people who used counseling in their work:
1. Counseling / Clinical Psychologists
2. Welfare Workers
3. Teachers
4. Nurses, Health visitors, and midwives
5. Occupational and speech therapists
6. Social workers
7. Physiotherapists
8. Ministers of Religion
9. Voluntary and Youth workers
• Goals of Counseling
- Facilitate change of behavior - Counseling has specific goals, this specific goal will help
both of the client and the counselor understand what specific change of behavior is
desired.
- Promote Decision Making - this enables individual make critical decisions
- Enhance coping skills and adjustment - It is the goal of counseling to empower individuals
that can enhance coping skills and adjustment to be able to adapt and survive in this
complex society we are living.
- Improve relationship skills - It is the goal of counseling to help the client improve the quality
of life by becoming more effective in teaching life skills and interpersonal skills to improve
relationships.
• Scope of Counseling
- Individual Counseling
- Marital and Pre-Marital Counseling
- Family Counseling
• Principles of Counseling
- Listening Skills - This is the number one skill that a counselor should always consider in the
counseling process. When listening attentively to the client to show that we are interested
and we respect him/her whatever situation he/she have right now.
- Resistance - It is important for counselors not to take client’s resistance personally since
some resistance to therapeutic change is natural.
- Respect - Counselors should have respect for his/her client no matter how weird, strange,
peculiar, different the customer is with you. A counselor should be neutral and must be
objective no matter what.
- Empathy - Requires listening and understanding client’s feeling and their perspective.
EMPATHY vs. SYMPATHY
- Clarification, confrontation, and interpretation - Clarification is an attempt by the therapist
to restate what the client is either saying or feeling so the client may learn something or
understand the issue better.
II. Social Work

• SOCIAL WORK - Social work defined as a profession which is primarily concerned with
organized social service activity that aimed at facilitating and strengthening basic social
relationships and the mutual adjustment between individuals and their social environment for
the good of the person and society by the use of social work methods.
• SOCIAL WELFARE - Social Welfare defined as a state of well-being of people in the society. It
has two views, namely: residual and institutional. (Melendez, 2018)
- The residual and institutional models are two different approaches in addressing social
welfare issues, such as poverty, hunger and health problems, with the government
providing funding and social work.
• SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT - Social development is about putting people at the center of
development. This means a commitment that development processes need to benefit
people, particularly but not only the poor, but also a recognition that people, and the way
they interact in groups and society, and the norms that facilitates such interaction, shape
development processes.
• Main goal Of Social Work - The main goal of social work is to improve society’s overall well-
being, especially for the most vulnerable populations.
• Core Values:
1. SERVICE - to provide help, resources, and benefits to help people achieve maximum
potential.
2. SOCIAL JUSTICE - to uphold equal rights, protection, opportunity, social benefits to
everyone.
3. DIGNITY AND WORTH - every person is unique and worthwhile.
4. IMPORTANCE OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS - to value the exchange between so worker and
client. Main client = Society
5. INTEGRITY - maintain trustworthiness.
6. COMPETENCE - practice and improve within the scope of known skills and abilities.

III. Communications

• Communications - is the process of sending and receiving messages through verbal and/or
nonverbal means—speech (oral communication), writing (written communication), signs,
signals, and behavior.
• Goal of Communications - Communication goal is also referred to as communication
objective. Communication goals can include motivating, educating, raising awareness
amongst, and influencing decision making in target goals.
1. To change behavior
2. To get action
3. To ensure understanding
4. To persuade
5. To get and give information
• Scope of Communications
1. Communications in Personal Life
2. Communications in Social Life
3. Communications in Business
4. Communications in Management
• 7 Cs of Communications
1. COMPLETENESS - The message must be complete and geared to the receiver’s perception
of the world. The message must be based on facts and a complex message needs
additional information and/ or explanation.
2. CONCRETENESS - Concrete business communication is also about a clear message. This is
often supported by factual material such as research data and figures. The words used as
well as the sentence structure can be interpreted unit-vocally.
3. COURTESY - In addition to considering the feelings and points of view of the target group, it
is also important to approach the audience in a friendly and courteous manner. Use
ofterms that show respect for the receiver contribute towards effective communication.
 4. CORRECTNESS - A correct use of language has the preference. In written business
communication, grammatical errors must be minimized and stylistic lapses or a wrong use
of verbs are not sufficient either in verbal communication.
5. CLARITY - Clear or plain language is characterized by explicitness, short sentences and
concrete words. Fuzzy language is absolutely forbidden, as are formal language and
cliché expressions.
6. CONSIDERATION - Communicating with the target group (Consideration). In order to
communicate well, it is important to relate to the target group and be involved. By taking
the audience into account, the message can be geared towards them.
7. CONCISENESS - Communicating with the target group (Consideration). In order to
communicate well, it is important to relate to the target group and be involved. By taking
the audience into account, the message can be geared towards them.

• Five Levels of Communications

1. VERBAL LEVEL - Although this is perhaps the most apparent level of human communication,
people can spend a lifetime trying to master it.
2. PHYSICAL LEVEL - Visual cues like eye contact, gestures, movements, stances, breathing,
posture, and facial expressions influence how we feel and communicate.
3. AUDITORY LEVEL - The sound of our voice, including the tone, range, volume, and speed
affects how our messages are received and interpreted by others.
4. EMOTIONAL LEVEL - Few people appreciate how our emotional states affect what we
communicate and how the message is interpreted by the recipient. In rhetoric, Aristotle’s
“pathos” represents an appeal to the audience’s emotions.
5. ENERGETIC LEVEL - Also called the psychic level, this level of communication encompasses
a vast range of unseen factors including a person’s level of consciousness, the frequency
or harmonics of the message, and other subtle energies.
• Roles of Communicators and Journalists
- 1. To make available information and evidence to inform the public about issues that
matter to them in the most neutral way possible;
- 2. To provide facts for the public to form judgement and decisions;
- 3. To facilitate accurate processing and analysis of such facts in a professional and ethical
way
• Functions of Communicators and Journalists
- 1. To collect and document information, facts and opinions, and present them for public
analysis and deepening to the root of reality;
- 2. To deliver truths and facts;
- 3. To present where the news is happening and having the ability to record what is
happening accurately with the new technology.
• Competencies of Communicators and Journalists
1. LISTENING - it is the ability to receive and interpret messages in the communication
process.
2. SPEAKING - the action of conveying information or expressing one’s thoughts and feelings
in spoken language.
3. WRITING - the activity or skill of making coherent words on paper and composing text
4. READING - the act or skill of reading written or printed matter silently or aloud.

IV. Journalism
• Journalism - The core purpose of journalist is to research, document, write, and present the
news in an honest, ethical, and unbiased way. Although the method for reporting the news
may be changing, the need for talented, qualified and educated journalists isn’t.
• History of Journalism
- The earliest known journalistic product was a news sheet circulated in ancient Rome: the
Acta Diurna. The Acta Diurna recorded important daily events such as public speeches. It
was published daily and hung in prominent places.
- The significant changes happened in the Industrial Revolution where the printing press is
inventend. But the most evident problem of journalism before is its credibility and realism.
• Job Opportunities
1. Broadcast Journalism - When you think of broadcast journalism, you may think of the
famous TV news anchors, Broadcast Journalism however, has many different facets, both in
front and behind the camera. There are local news anchor jobs, traffic and weather
reporters, and production crew.
2. Investigative Journalism - Investigative journalism is finding, reporting, and presenting news
which other people try to hide. It is very similar to standard news reporting, except that the
people at the center of the story will usually not help you and may even try to stop you
from doing their job.
3. Photo Journalism - Photojournalism is telling stories with photographs. But on top of that, the
stories created must follow the rules of journalism. They must be true stories and the
journalist must try to tell the story in the most fair, balanced and unbiased way possible.
4. Sports Journalism - Sports journalist jobs vary across media, roles and content. Some sports
journalists stick with one employer, and does one form of media, while others freelance
covering various sports and writing and reporting for print, broadcast and/or online milieus.

“Padayon Humanista!”