REVIEWER IN DIASS!

 DEFINITION OF SOCIAL SCIENCE - Social sciences are disciplines concerned with the
systematic study of social phenomena.

 DISCILINE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE - The disciplines of social science taken together

provide a substantive insight to the understanding of society and of the relationship of
individual members and groups within the society.

 DEFINITION OF APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES - Applied social science, therefore, is a

broad field that draws on different social theories and perspectives and combines theory and
practice drawn from different social disciplines that highlight the complexity of social
issues.

 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOCIAL SCIENCES AND APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES

- social sciences are more specific and focused on a distinct facet of a social phenomenon.
While, applied social science focuses on a distinct issue but uses insights arising from
various social science disciplines.

 DEFINITION OF COUNSELING - The Collins Dictionary of Sociology defines counseling

as "the process of guiding a person during a stage of life when reassessments or decisions
have to be made about himself or herself and his or her life course."

 CONTEXT AND BASIC CONCEPTS OF COUNSELING - Counseling is affected by the

context and the surrounding factors. They are explored here as part of the basic concepts of
counseling that are very important to consider.

- ACRONYM – PMHA (Philippine Mental Health Association).

WHO (World Health Organization).
APA ( American Pychological Association).
- Peers as Context - Friends' attitudes, norms, and behaviors have a strong influence
on adolescents. Many personal issues are often introduced to the individual by their
peers.
- Neighborhood as Context - The interactions between the family and its
neighborhood as immediate context are also important to consider.
- Culture as Context - Culture proided meaning and coherence of life to any orderly
life such as community or organization.
- Counseling as Context - From the counseling context, other success factors such as
client factors, counselor factors, contextual factors, and process factors should be
managed well so as to contribute
 1. Client Factors - The client factors are everything that a client brings to the
counseling context.toward the success of the engagement.
2. Counselor Factors - The personality, skills, and personal qualities of a counselor
can significantly impact the outcomes of the counseling relationship.
3. Contextual Factors - The context in which counseling takes place can define the
outcomes. Counselors are therefore concerned with environment and atmosphere
where to conduct the sessions.
4. Process Factors - The process factors constitute the actual counseling undertaking.

- 6 STAGES WHICH TO APPLY TO ALL PROBLEM AREAS IN THE PROCESS

OF COUSELING:
1. Developing trust - This involves providing warmth, genuineness, and empathy.
2. Exploring problem areas - This involves providing a clear and deep analysis of what
the problem is, where it comes from, what triggers it, and why it may have developed.
3. Helping to set goals - This involves setting and managing goal-directed interventions.
4. Empowering into action - This means fostering action to achieve set goals.
5. Helping to maintain change - This means providing support and other techniques to
enable the client to maintain changes.
6. Agreeing when to end the helping relationship - This implies that assurances are
there that guarantee the process is being directed by the client and toward independence.

 GOALS AND SCOPE OF COUNSELING - The general goal is to lead an individual client
or group to self- emancipation in relation to a felt problem. The scope of counseling is wide.
Essentially, it involves application of some psychological theories and recognized
communication skills.

 PRINCIPLES OF COUNSELING - The principles of counseling can be found in the basic

process of counselling.

- Advice - Counseling may involve advice-giving as one of the several functions that
counselors perform.
- Reassurance - Counseling involves providing clients with reassurance, which is a
way of giving them courage to face a problem or confidence that they are pursuing a
suitable course of action.
- Release of emotional tension - The release of tensions helps remove mental blocks
by providing a solution to the problem.
- Clarified thinking - Clarified thinking tends to take place while the counselor and
counselee are talking and therefore becomes a logical emotional release.
 - Reorientation - Reorientation involves a change in the client's emotional self
through a change in basic goals and aspirations.
- Listening skills - Listening attentively to clients is the counselor's attempt to
understand both the content of the clients’ problem as they see it, and the emotions
they are experiencing related to the problem.
- Respect - In all circumstances, clients must be treated with respect no matter how
peculiar, strange, disturbed, weird, or utterly different they are from the counselor.
- Empathy and positive regard - Empathy requires the counselor to listen and
understand the feelings and perspective of the client and positive regard is an aspect
of respect.
- Clarification, confrontation, and interpretation - Clarification is an attempt by the
counselor to restate what the client is either saying or feeling, so the client may learn
something or understand the issue better. Confrontation and interpretation are other
more advanced principles used by counselors in their interventions.
- Transference and Countertransference - When clients are helped to understand
transference reactions, they are empowered to gain understanding of important
aspects of their emotional life. Countertransference helps both clients and counselors
to understand the emotional and perceptional reactions and how to effectively manage
them.
 ROLES OF GUIDANCE COUNSELORS - The role of providing guidance to them at
critical moments of their growth is a serious nation-building undertaking.
 FUNCTIONS OF GUIDANCE COUNSELORS - The guidance counselor's functions
include the use of an integrated approach to develop a well-functioning individual primarily
through:
1. helping a client develop potentials to the fullest;
2. helping a client plan to utilize his or her potentials to the fullest;
3. helping a client plan his or her future in accordance with his or her abilities, interests, and
needs; and
4. Sharing and applying knowledge related to counseling, such as administering to a wide range of human
development services.

 Egan (2002) called them the three-stage theory of counseling and marked out three broad
competencies for a counselor that include:
Stage I: What’s going on? This involves helping clients clarify the key issues calling for change.
Stage II: What solutions make sense for me? This involves helping clients determine outcomes.
Stage III: What do I have to do to get what I need or want? This involves helping clients develop
strategies for accomplishing goals.

 Culley and Bond (2004) described all these as foundation skills:

 1. Attending and listening - Attending and listening skills refer to active listening, which means
listening with purpose and responding in such a way that clients are aware that they have both been heard
and understood. (Culley and Bond 2004).
2. Reflective skills - These skills are concerned with the other person's frame of reference.
3. Probing skills - These skills facilitate going deeper, asking more directed or leading questions
("leading," in the sense, that they move the conversation in a particular direction).

 4 COMMON SKILLS OF COUNSELORS:

1. Communication skills - These include the ability to actively listen, demonstrate understanding, ask
appropriate questions, and provide information as needed.
2. Motivational skills - These skills are the ones that influence a helpee to take action after the helping
session or consultation.
3. Problem-solving skills - These include differentiating between symptoms and the problem,
pinpointing probable causes and triggers for the problem, and then generating a range of possible
solutions to the actual problem.
4. Conflict resolution skills - These involve learning about styles of conflict resolution. It also includes
recognizing the signs of it and learning the process of conflict resolution.

 AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION WHERE COUNSELOR’S WORK - Counselors are practically

found in all spheres of human development, transitions, and caregiving. Peterson and Nesenholz
(1987) identified 11 major areas:
1. Child development and counselling - Child development and counseling as an area of specialization
includes parent education, preschool counseling, early childhood education, elementary school
counseling, child counseling in mental health agencies, and counseling with battered and abused children
and their families.
2. Adolescent development and counselling - Adolescent development and counseling as an area of
specialization covers middle and high school counselling.
3. Gerontology - Gerontological counseling (the aged) as an area of specialization is considered the
fastest- growing field and essentially involves counseling of older citizens.
4. Marital Relationship counselling - Marital or relationship counseling includes premarital counseling,
marriage counseling, family counseling, sex education, sexual dysfunction counseling, and divorce
mediation.
5. Health - Health as an area of specialization offers the possibility for nutrition counseling.
6. Career / Lifestyle - career and lifestyle counseling includes guidance on choices and decision-making
pertaining to career or lifestyle
7. College and university - College and university as an area of specialization offer the following
opportunities: college student counseling, student activities, student personnel work, residential hall or
dormitory counseling, and education counseling.
8. Drugs - Drugs as area of specialization has several options such as substance abuse counseling, alcohol
counseling, drug counseling, stop smoking program management, and crisis intervention counseling.
9. Consultation - Consultation as an area of specialization covers agency and corporate consulting and
work as a organizational development director, industrial psychology specialist, and training manager.nd
crisis intervention counseling.
10. Business and industry - Business and industry areas of specialization include work as training and
development personnel, quality and work-life or quality circles manager, employee assistance programs
manager, employee career development officer, affirmative action, or equal opportunity specialist.
11. Other specialist - Other specialties may include phobia counseling such as agoraphobia, self-
management, intra-personal management, interpersonal relationships management, and grief counseling.

 CAREER OPPORTUNITIES FOR COUNSELORS - Career opportunities for counselors cover the
corporate environment in human resources departments

1. Educational and school counselors - They offer personal, educational, social, and academic
counselling services.
2. Vocational or career counselors - These professionals facilitate career decision-making. They
aid individuals or groups in determining jobs that are best suited to their needs, skills, and interests.
3. Marriage and family counselors - These professionals offer a wide range of couples and
families.
4. Addiction and behavioral counselors - These professionals work with people suffering from
addictions. These may range from drugs, alcohol, sex, eating disorder, to gambling.
5. Mental health counselors - These professionals work with people suffering from mental or
psychological distress such as anxiety, phobias, depression, grief, esteem issues, trauma, substance
abuse, and related issues.
6. Rehabilitation counselors - These professionals are engaged with individuals suffering from
physical or emotional disabilities.
7. Genetic counselors - These professionals operate in a very specialized context of dealing with
genetic information for individuals and the decisions that come with it.

 RIGHTS, RESPONSIBILITIES, AND ACCOUNTABILITIES OF COUNSELORS - They are

responsible for the practice of their profession in accordance with their mandates and professional
guidelines and ethics. They are accountable to their clients, the professional body, and the
government.
 4 OVERALL ETHICAL PRINCIPLES ACCORDING TO THE INTITUTE OF GUIDANCE
COUNSELOR’S CODE :
Principle 1: Respect for the rights and dignity of the client - Guidance counselors honor and promote the
fundamental rights, moral and cultural values, dignity, and worth of clients.
Principle 2: Competence - Guidance counselors maintain and update their professional skills.
Principle 3: Responsibility - Guidance counselors are aware of their professional responsibility to act in a
trustworthy, reputable, and accountable manner toward clients, colleagues, and the community in which
they work and live.
Principle 4: Integrity - Guidance counselors seek to promote integrity in their practice. They represent
themselves accurately and treat others with honesty, straightforwardness, and fairness.

 THE COMMUNITY AS CLIENTELE OF COUNSELING - When people experience something

collectively, which may be socially troubling and constitute the danger of blocking their collective
capacity to move on, counseling is necessary to be undertaken on a community level.
 The late 1950s saw three schools of thought in psychology that became very dominant:
psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and the humanistic perspective.
 Sigmund Freud (1856 – 1939) - psychoanalysis draws attention to darker forces of the unconscious
and the influence that it has on how we feel about ourselves.
 B.F. Skinner (1904 – 1990) - Behaviorism focuses on the effects of reinforcement on observable
behavior.
 Carl Rogers (1902 – 1987), Abraham Maslow (1908 – 1970), and George Kelly (1905 – 1966) -
the humanistic perspective attempts to understand the conscious mind, free will, human dignity, and
the capacity for self-reflection and growth.

 Psychoanalytic Therapy: is an approach developed by Sigmund Freud. Psychoanalysis is based on

Freud’s explanation that human beings are basically determined by psychic energy and early
experiences.

 Adlerian Therapy: is an approach similar to Freudian. It was developed by Alfred Adler (1870 –
1937) who believed that the first six years of life influence an individual.

 Existential Therapy: has no single founder, but Viktor Frankl (1905 – 1997), Abraham Maslow
(1908 – 1970), and Rollo May (1909 – 1994) are considered key figures. Existential therapy focuses
on the human capacity to define and shape his/her own life, give meaning to personal circumstance
through reflection, decision-making, and self-awareness.

 Person – Centered Therapy: originated from Carl Rogers (1902 – 1987). This therapy is based on
how people are basically good and have a natural tendency towards growth.

- Originally wanted to become a farmer.

- High achiever in school, was able to skip kindergarden and first grade.
- Believed that psychotherapy cannot be completely non-directive.
- A fully functioning person should be open to experience and is guided by inner locus of
control.
 IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGIES
- Congruence
- Unconditional positive regard
- Accurate empathetic understanding
- Self-actualization
- Conditions of growth
 - Organismic valuing process
- Self-concept
 ROGER’S 3 PARTS OF SELF-CONCEPT
1. Ideal self (not always accurate)
2. Self-image
3. Self-esteem

 Gestalt Therapy: developed and introduced by Frederick S. Perls and Laura Perls (1893 – 1970).
“Gestalt,” is commonly translated as “pattern” or “form” and the Gestalt psychology states that the
whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
- Focuses on the “here and now”
- Existential approach
- Focuses on the present rather than the past.
 CAN HELP A PERSON WITH BIPOLAR DISORDER
- BIPOLAR I – (Mania Episodes)
- BIPOLAR II – (Depressive episodes) (Duration 2 weeks).

 Transactional Analysis: was developed by Eric Berne (1910 – 1970). Its main uniqueness is its
emphasis on decisions and contracts that must be made by the client.
- Social interactions “transactions”
 THE 3 EGO STATES
1. The parent Ego state (nurturing & critical parent) – differs from negligent.
- growth
2. The adult Ego state (logical, problem solving, & effective Communication)
3. The child Ego state ( adaptive & rebellions).

 Behavior Therapy: (B.F. SKINNER, IVAN PAULOU, JOHN B. WATSON).

- Eliminate unwanted/undesirable behaviors.
 Rational – Emotive Therapy ( REBT) : was developed by Albert Ellis (1913 – 2007).
- People are fallible
- Cognition, emotions and behaviors connected
- Rational thinking.
 Reality Therapy, based on Choice Theory: was founded and promoted by William Glasser (1925
– 2013).
- Controversial in therapy world because of diagnosis of mental disorder.
 FATHER OF PSYCHOLOGY (WITHEM WUNDT).