SOCIAL SCIENCES vast fields of scientific study which DEVELOPMENT GOALS assist in meeting or advancing

investigate human societies and the different forces within the clients human growth and development including social,
them. personal, emotional, cognitive and physical wellness.
BRANCHES OF SOCIAL SCIENCES PREVENTIVE GOALS helps client avoid some
ECONOMICS studies the allocation of scarce resources undesired outcome.
and the production and exchange of goods and services ENHANCEMENT GOALS enhance special skills and
within society. abilities.
ANTHROPOLOGY scientific study of human beings and REMEDIAL GOALS assisting a client to overcome.; and
their cultures in the past and present. treat an undesirable development.
HISTORY study of past human events in order to EXPLORATORY GOALS examining options, testing
understand the meaning, dynamics, and relationship of the skills and trying new and different activities.
causes and effects of events in the development of societies. REINFORCEMENT GOALS helps client in recognizing,
POLITICAL SCIENCE focuses on human actions in that what they’re doing, thinking and feeling fine.
relation to political processes, states, rules, and COGNITIVE GOALS involves acquiring the basic
international affairs. foundation of learning and cognitive skills.
PSYCHOLOGY analyzes how individuals and PHYSIOLOGICAL GOALS involves acquiring the basic
communities view the world through various feelings¸ understanding and habits for good health.
thoughts, and states of consciousness. PSYCHOLOGICAL GOALS aids in developing good
GEOGRAPHY examines both physical features on the social interaction skills, learning emotional control and
Earth’s surface and its interaction with human societies. developing positive self-concept.
DEMOGRAPHY statistical study of human populations
GOALS OF COUNSELING 2
over time.
INSIGHT understanding of the origins and development of
APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES concentrate on the use emotional difficulties, leading to an increased capacity to
and application of various ideas, theoretical models and take rational control over feelings and actions.
hypothesis of social science disciplines to better explain RELATING WITH OTHERS Because better able to form
society and the various challenges and issues it faces. and maintain meaningful and satisfying relationships with
COUNSELING provides guidance¸ assistance, and other people.
support to individuals who are distracted by a range of SELF-AWARENESS Becoming more aware of thoughts
problems in their lives. and feelings that have been blocked off or denied, or
SCHOOL WORK professionals are supporting people, developing a more accurate sense of how self is perceived
families, associations and neighborhoods to strengthen their by others.
individual and mutual well-being. SELF-ACCPETANCE the development of a positive
COMMUNICATION STUDIES practitioners are attitude towards self, marked by an ability to knowledge
equipped with communication theories and principles that areas of experience that had been the subject of self-
allow them to understand and educate the public about criticism and rejection.
social, political, cultural, and economic realities. SELF-ACTUALIZATION Moving in a direction of
fulfilling potential or achieving an integration of previously
DISCIPLINE OF COUNSELING conflicting part or self.
COUNSELING collaborative effort between the ENLIGHTMENT assisting the client to arrive at a higher
counselor and client. Counselors help client identify goals state of spiritual awakening.
and potential solutions to problems which causes emotional PROBLEM-SOLVING Finding a solution to a specific
turmoil; seek to improve communication and copy skills; problem that the client had not been able to resolve alone.
strengthen self-esteem and promote behavior change and Acquiring a general competence in problem solving.
emotional and mental health. PSYCHOLOGICAL EDUCATION Enabling the client to
— It upholds a flexible and creative process whereby the acquire ideas and techniques with which to understand
counselor modifies the approach to meet the developing and control behavior.
needs of the client. ACQUISITION OF SOCIAL SKILLS Learning and
— Happens when a person who’s distressed ask for help mastering social and interpersonal skills such as
and permit another person to enter into a kind of connection maintenance of eye contact, turn taking.
with them. COGNITIVE CHANGE modification or replacement of
— Indicative with formal of someone in search of irrational beliefs or mal adaptive through patterns associated
counseling request for time and attention from a person with self-destruction behavior.
who’ll listen, who’ll allow them to speak and who won’t GENERALLY inspiring in the person a desire an capacity
condemn or criticize them. to care for others and pass on knowledge and contribute to
the collective good through political engagements.
GOALS OF COUNSELING
SYSTEMATIC CHANGE introducing change into the
way in that the social system operate.
EMPOWERMENT working on skills, awareness and — Aims to bring structure to an activity which could
knowledge that will enable the client to take control of their be “random or chaotic”.
own life. 3 PARTS OF THE STAGE MODEL:
RESTITUTION Helping the client to make amends for 1. Beginning
previous destructive behavior.
2. Middle
ROLES, FUNCTIONS AND 3. End
COMPETENCIES OF COUNSELORS ALISTAIR ROSS’ 3 STAGE MODEL OF COUNSELING
GUIDANCE COUNSELOR natural person who has been 1. Starting out
professionally registered and licensed by a legitimate state 2. Moving on
entity and by specialized training to perform the functions 3. Letting go
of guidance and counseling.
FOUNDATION SKILLS IN FOSTERING
— Trained professionals who undergone training to provide
CONVERSATION AND EXPLORATION IN
necessary assistance to their clients.
COUNSELING (CULLEY AND BOND)
ROLES OF COUNSELORS
ATTENDING AND LISTENING active listening,
1. Assist the people in realizing a change in listening with purpose and responding in such a way that
behavior or attitude. clients are aware that they have been both heard and
2. Assist client to seek achievement of goals. understood.
3. Assist clients to find help. Active listening— listening to words, gestures, body
FUNCTIONS OF GUIDANCE COUNSELORS languages.; Listening to what’s said and what’s not said. To
1. Help a client develop potentials to the fullest. content— its meaning and emotions behind it.
2. Help client to plan and utilize their potentials to REFLECTIVE SKILLS concerned with other people’s
the fullest. frame or reference. Capture what the client’s saying and
3. Help client to plan and utilize their future in plays it back to them but in counselors’ own words.
PROBING SKILLS facilitate going deeper, asking more
accordance with their abilities, interest and needs.
directed or leading questions.
4. Share and apply knowledge related to counseling
such as counseling theories, tools and techniques. COMMON SKILLS THAT REQUIRE STUDYING
5. Administer wide range human development CURRICULUM OF ACCUMULATED SCIENTIFIC
KNOWLEDGE ACROSS DISCIPLINES
service.
COMMUNICATION SKILLS include the ability to
COMPETENCIES OF GUIDANCE COUNSELORS
actively listen, demonstrate understanding, ask appropriate
1. Administer and maintain career guidance and questions and provide information as needed.
counseling program. — Effective communication means the message you want
2. Administer career advocacy activities. to communicate is received as you intended to be received.
3. Capable career advocates.
4. Facilitate conduct of career advocacy in
MOTIVATIONAL SKILLS ones that influence a client
to act after the helping session or consultation.
collaboration with career advocates and peer
facilitators. PROBLEM SOLVING SKILLS includes differentiating
between symptoms and the problem pinpointing probable
* Counselors employ different approaches in assisting
causes and triggers for the problem and then generating a
and helping a client solve their own problems by
range of possible solutions to the actual problem.
using some models presented by known personalities
CONFLICT RESOLUTION SKILLS involves learning
that suit the needs of client. about style of resolution and recognizing the signs of it and
EGAN’S SKILLED HELPER MODEL framework for learning the process of conflict resolution.
conceptualizing the helping process and is used in AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION WHERE
working on issues in the recent past and present. COUNSELORS WORK
Egan’s model aims to aid the client, addressing 3 main
COUNSELORS practically found in all spheres of human
questions: development, transitions and caregiving.
1. What’s going on? PETERSON AND NESENHOLZ (1987) identified 11
2. What solution makes sense for me? major areas namely:
1. MARTIAL RELATIONSHIP COUNSELING
3. What do I have to do to get what I need or want?
CULLEY AND BOND’S THREE STAGE MODEL OF - Pre-marital counseling - Sex education
COUNSELING significance since person-centered - Marriage counseling - Sexual dysfunction
counseling
approach was developed in counseling.
- Family counseling - Divorce meditation
2. CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND COUNSELING
- Parent education - Preschool counseling - Training and development personnel
- Early childhood education - Employee career dev’t officer - Affirmative action
- Elementary school counseling - Equal opportunity specialist
- Child counseling in mental health agencies - Quality and work-life/quality circles manager
- Counseling with battered and abused children and their 10. CONSULTATION
families - Agency and corporate consulting – Training
3. ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT AND manager
COUNSELING - Organizational development
- Middle and high school counseling - Industrial psychology specialist
- Psychological education 11. OTHER SPECIALTIES
- Career development specialist - Phobia counseling - Agoraphobia
- Adolescent counseling in mental health agencies - Self-management - Grief counseling
- Youth work in a residential facility - Intrapersonal management
- Youth probation officer - Interpersonal relationship management
4. GERONTOLOGY
In all specialties, counselor is self-employed as a practi-
- Pre-retirement counseling - Community centers
tioner or employed by the government or NGO.
- Counseling - Nursing home counseling - Hospice work
5. HEALTH In any specialty area additional education and trainings
- Nutrition counseling - Nurse-counselor beyond graduate and post-graduation education are
- Exercise and health education - Rehabilitation required.
counseling SETTING, PROCESSES, METHODS &
- Stress management counseling - Genetic counseling
TOOLS IN COUNSELING
- Holistic health counseling – Anorexia/bulimia
COUNSELING professional guidance of the individual
counseling
by utilizing psychological methods in collecting case history
6. CAREER/LIFESTYLE
data, using various techniques of the personal interview, and
- Guidance on choices and decision-making pertaining to
testing interests and aptitudes.
career or lifestyle.
- Guidance on career development.
INDIVIDUAL COUNSELING a personal opportunity to
- Provision of educational and occupational info to clients.
receive support and experience growth during challenging
- Career and lifestyle trends education.
times in life.
- Provision of various forms of vocational assessment
— Can help one deal with topics in life such as anger,
appropriate to a setting.
depression, anxiety, substance abuse, marriage and
- Addressing career and life dev't needs of special
relationship challenges, parenting problems, school
population.
difficulties, career changes, etc.
- Appropriate career services in given settings.
GROUP COUNSELING form of therapy, which posits
- Facilitation of work-related activities.
that people benefit from shared experiences. Focused on
- Information dissemination of current career.
issues like obsessive compulsive disorder or anger
- Giving assistance to clients on developing skills necessary
management.
to plan, organize, implement, administer, and evaluate
— Therapist manages the group but contributions from the
clients own career and development Vocational education.
members are valuable since all in the group share similar
- Occupational and labor market information.
issues.
- Facilitating understanding of the interrelationships among
COMMUNITY COUNSELING term for any professional
work.
counseling that treats dysfunction within a group of related
- Orientation on life roles such as diversity and gender.
people.
- Identification of characteristics and behaviors that influ-
— Term describes a preventive system of counseling that
ence careers.
works to combat psychological impairment through
- Provision of needed skills in managing or going through
improvement and development of community support.
job interviews.
COMMUNITY group of interacting individuals who share
7. COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY
a commonality. This commonality can be the location of
- College student counseling – Counselor educator
residence to career interest, but a community counselor will
- Student activities – Student personnel work
use this common characteristic to counsel groups of people.
- Residential hall or dormitory counselor.
SETTINGS:
8. DRUGS
* Counseling settings vary widely but the processes,
- Substance abuse counseling - Alcohol counseling
methods, and tools used by counselors are very similar.
- Drug counseling - Crisis intervention
GOVERNMENT SETTING
counseling
- Social welfare - The court system services
- Stop smoking program manager
- Schools - Police homes
9. BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY
- Rehabilitation centers - Military
- Correctional department - Mental and foster
- Child and women affairs
PRIVATE SECTORS SETTING from independent
providers of services or work for NGOs or specialized for
profit centers and organization that render a variety of
counseling services.
CIVIL SOCIETY SETTING charities or non-profit and
issue-based centers or organizations such as:
- For abused women - Veterans
- Abandoned children and elderly - Teachers
- Professionals - Religious groups
SCHOOL SETTING role of the school counselor is more
complex since the needs of students can vary widely.
— This gives rise to the more dynamic and complex role of
being a school counselor.
— It depends on a school’s local circumstances as well as
the dynamism within the profession itself.
— School counselors assume nay different responsibilities
and tasks based on the needs of students in the school
context.
“Guidance process occurs in an individual in a
developmental sequence to the age of maturity.” (Coy 1999)
* GUIDANCE TENDS TO BE MORE CENTERED ON
THE DEVELOPMENTAL NEEDS OF THE
INDIVIDUALS
CHANGES IN SCHOOL COUNSELOR TRAINING
SCHOOL counselors are now educated and experienced in
knowledge and skill-based programs that stress counseling,
guidance, consultation, coordination, and referrals. (Coy
1999)
CONCERNS THAT INTERFERE WITH LEARNING
SCHOOL COUNSELORS counselors are now educated
and experienced in knowledge and skill-based programs that
stress counseling, guidance, consultation, coordination, and
referrals. (Coy 199)
* It’s very important that school counselors “define their
role better by recognizing that they cannot do their work
alone and they need to collaborate with other stakeholders.”
(Sears and Granello 2002)
MULTIPLE ROLES OF SCHOOL COUNSELORS
apart from their counseling roles, school counselors are also
assigned non-counseling roles.
- Part-time teaching- Secretarial responsibilities
- Substituting teachers when not available
ROLE OF THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
COUNSELOR (K-6) include:
- Development & implementation or facilitation of
classroom guidance activities.
- Individual and group counseling
- Parent education
- Parent-teacher consultation
- Referrals to professionals and public agencies
- Crisis intervention and management
ROLE OF THE JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
COUNSELORS (7-10)
— Provide guidance and counseling in dealing with peer
relationships and social interactions, and as such, includes
work with students, teachers, and parents in the attempt to
help each understand the other. [Ward and Worsham 1998]
ROLE OF THE SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
COUNSELOR (11-12)
— Provided guidance and counseling pertaining to
educational and career decisions as well as college
placement counseling. [Ward and Worsham 1998]
ROLE OF THE COLLEGE COUNSELOR
- Provide counseling - Appraisal and assessment
- Information - Follow up and students’
activities
- Research and evaluation - Placement
METHODS OF COUNSELING
PSYCHODYNAMIC focused on how past experiences
affect current problems. Concerned with unconscious
drives and conflicting aspects of personality. Traditionally,
the therapist takes the expert role.
INTERPERSONAL COUNSELING [diagnosis-focused]
concerned with interpersonal relationships. The therapist
functions as a client’s ally.
CLIENT-CENTERED THERAPY [humanistic approach]
focused on realizing human potential. Supports client
discovery. Counselor is empathetic nonjudgmental and
nondirective.
EXISTENTIAL THERAPY [non-symptom focused] what
it’s meant to be alive.
COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THERAPY [evidence-
based] how both thoughts and behaviors affect outcomes.
Effective and highly versatile.
MINDFULNESS-BASED COUNSELING feelings and
thoughts in the moment, and without judgment. Includes
CBT with a Buddhist-based mindfulness component. Highly
versatile.
RATIONAL EMOTIVE THERAPY faulty thinking
relates to distress. The therapist is active and directive.
REALITY THERAPY [non-symptom] present-day.
Promotes individual responsibility and taking control of
one’s life. Counselor is positive and nonjudgmental.
CONSTRUCTIONIST THERAPY [Client-driven] how
cultural influences and interpretations shape meaning.
Strong interest in language.
SYSTEMIC THERAPY Focused n how systems (e.g.,
school, work, family) affect underlying issues.
NARRATIVE THERAPY Stories we tell ourselves about
who we are. Counselor works collaboratively to create
alternate stories.
CREATIVE THERAPY Use of artistic expression as a
cathartic release of positive feelings. High versatile—music
and various art mediums may be used.
THE COUNSELING PROCESS
COUNSELING PROCESS is a planned, structured
dialogue between a counselor and a client. Cooperative
process in which a trained professional helps the client
identify sources of difficulties that they are experiencing.
STEP 1: RELATIONSHIP BUILDING building a
relationship and focuses on engaging clients to explore
issue that directly affect them.
STEP 2: PROBLEM ASSESSMENT collection and
classification of information about the client’s life
situation.
STEP 3: GOAL SETTING results or outcomes that the
client wants to achieve at the end of counseling.
WHAT IS SMART GOAL: Specific, measurable,
attainable, realistic, time-bound
STEP 4: INTERVENTION concerning what a counselor
should do with clients depending on the theoretical positions
that the counselor subscribes to.
STEP 5: EVALUATION, FOLLOW-UP,
TERMINATION OR REFERRAL Terminating the
counseling process will have to be conducted with
sensitivity with the client knowing that it will have to end
DISCIPLINES OF SOCIAL WORK
PROFESSIONALS AND PRACTITIONERS IN
SOCIAL WORK
SOCIAL WORK academic discipline and profession that
concerns itself with individuals, families, group, and
communities in an effort to enhance social functioning and
overall well-being.
— Defined the social work profession as a promotion of
“social change, problem solving in human relationships, and
the empowerment and liberation of people to enhance well-
being.”
— Practical profession designed at helping people
addressed their problems and matching them with the
resources they need to lead healthy and productive lives.
[Australian Association of Social Workers]
HOW IS SOCIAL WORK PERCEIVED AS A
PROFESSION? [Smith 2002] considers social work as a
very practical job and since it’s about “protecting people
and changing their lives” and not about being able to give
a fluent and theoretical explanation of why they got into
difficulties in the first place.
GOALS OF SOCIAL WORK
CARING heart of social work. Focuses on the well-being
of the welfare of an individual and the community. [Ex.
enhancement of quality life in prisons, upgrading and
humanizing services in nursing homes]
CURING aspect of treating people with problems in
social functioning. [Ex. Popular counseling approaches
(family therapy, behavior modification, gestalt therapy)]
CHANGING active participation of the social workers in
social reforms. Goal comes from the perspective that there’s
a persistence of poverty, environmental destruction and
social disintegration. [Ex. community organization
activities, Community services/planning]
SCOPE OF SOCIAL WORK
A. SOCIAL WORK AS PRIMARY DISCIPLINE
1. Adoption and services to unmarried parents.
2. FOSTER CARE removing children from homes and
placing them to foster homes temporarily.
3. RESIDENTIAL CARE these are for children exhibiting
anti-social behaviors that require intensive treatment.
4. SUPPORT IN OWN HOME counseling, family
consulta-tions.
5. PROTECTIVE SERVICES protecting the child from
abuse, mistreatment, and exploitation by parents.
6. FAMILY SERVICES
a. FAMILY COUNSELING involves family case work,
family group work, and family therapy.
b. FAMILY LIFE EDUCATION strengthens family
relationships through educational activities to prevent
family breakdown.
c. FAMILY PLANNING involves planning the number,
spacing, and timing of child births to fit with their needs.
7. INCOME MAINTENANCE
a. SOCIAL INSURANCE social provisions that’re
funded by employers and employees through contribution to
a specific program.
b. PUBLIC ASSISTANCE financial aid to the poor.
Includes cash grants (4Ps), food stamps, general assistance
(medical care), and supplemental security income.
B. SOCIAL WORK AS AN EQUAL PARTNER
1. Support for people in their own homes program.
2. Support for people in the long-term care facilities.
3. Community Services
C. SOCIAL WORK AS SECONDARY DISCIPLINE
1. CORRECTIONAL FACILITIES provide counseling
and link them to the outside world, provide support upon
release.
2. INDUSTRY support to both employer and employees.
3. MEDICAL and HEALTH CARE SERVICES attend to
social and psychological actors contributing to the medical
condition of the patients.
4. SCHOOLS consult with teachers for creating a free and
motivating environment for children by interpreting social
and cultural influences.
PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL WORK
1. ACCEPTANCE social work principle that implies a
sincere understanding of clients.
— Conveyed in the relationship through the expression of
genuine concern, receptive listening, intentional responses
that acknowledge the other person’s point of view, and the
creation of a climate of mutual respect.
2. AFFIRMING INDIVIDUALITY recognize and
appreciate the unique qualities of that client. “Begin
where the client is”. Clients expect personalized
understanding and undivided attention from professionals.
— Individualization requires freedom from bias and
prejudice, avoidance of labeling and stereotyping, a
recognition and appreciate of diversity, and knowledge of
human behavior.
3. PURPOSEFUL EXPRESSION OF FEELING clients
need to have opportunities to express their feelings freely
to the social worker. As social workers, we must go beyond
“just the facts” to uncover the underlying feelings.
4. NON-JUDGMENTALISM essential to developing a
relationship with any client. Implies a non-blaming
attitude and behavior. Social workers judge others as mission, their profession’s values and their ethical
neither good or bad nor as worthy or unworthy. standards.
5. OBJECTIVITY related to non-judgmentalism; SOCIAL WORKERS
objectivity is the principle of examining situations without — Advocate — Counselor
bias. — Broker — Researcher
— To be objective in their observations and understanding. — Mediator — Educator
Social workers must avoid injecting personal feelings and — Enabler — Community Change Agent
prejudices in relationships with clients. RIGHTS, RESPONSIBIL
6. CONTROLLED EMOTIONAL INVOLVEMENT
Three components to a controlled emotional response to
a client’s situation:
- Sensitivity to (un)expressed feelings.
- Understanding based on knowledge of human behavior
- Response guided by knowledge and purpose.
* Social workers should not respond in a way that conveys
coldness or lack of interest and cannot over identify with the
client.
7. SELF-DETERMINATION based on the recognition of
the right and need of clients to freedom in making their
own choices and decisions.
— Social workers have a responsibility to create a working
relationship in which choice can be exercised.
8. ACCESS TO RESOURCES social workers are
implored to assure that everyone has the necessary
resources, services, and opportunities; to pay attention to
expanding choices, and opportunities for the oppressed and
disadvantages; and to advocate for policy and legislative
changes that improve social conditions and promote social
justice.
9. CONFIDENTIALITY right to privacy implies that
clients must give expressed consent before information.
Such as their identity, the content discussions held with
them, one’s professional opinion about them, or their record
is disclosed.
CORE VALUES OF SOCIAL WORK
1. SERVICE public service helping needy people address,
manage, and resolve various social problems. Elevate public
service about self-interest and personal gain. Use their skills
and knowledge to help clients social problems, such as drug
dependency, child abuse, residential instability, and criminal
behaviors.
2. SOCIAL JUSTICE advocate for social justice and fight
against social injustice. Offer support and resources for
vulnerable individuals and oppressed groups. Social change
efforts are focused on poverty, education, housing,
unemployment, and discrimination.
3. VALUES value the dignity and worth of each person.
Treat each client in a compassionate and respectful way
that is mindful of individual differences, cultural norms, and
ethnic diversity. Promote clients’ socially responsible self-
determination based on values.
4. HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS recognize the importance
of human relationship. Understands that relationships are
important vehicles for change, advocacy and equity. Must
be patient and communication.
5. INTEGRITY must act in trustworthy ways. Must
maintain a continual awareness of their organization’s