COUNSELING

Nystul (2003) defined it as basically an art and a science wherein you endeavor to weigh the
objective and subjective facets of the counseling process
- As an art is the subjective dimension of counseling. It upholds a flexible and
creative process whereby the counselor modifies the approach to meet the
developing needs of the clients.
- As a science, on the other hand, is the objective dimension of the counseling
process.
- In practical terms, counseling happens when a person who is distressed
asks for help and permit another person to enter into a kind of connection
with him/her. It is indicative with formal of someone in search of counseling
requests for time and attention from person who will listen, who will allow
him/her to speak and who will not condemn and criticize him/her.
- Informal helping- is a kin with formal helping in some ways such as
presence of good listening skills, empathy, and caring capacity.
- Based on Guidance and Counseling Act of 2004, guidance and counseling
is the profession that implicates the application of “ an integrated approach to
the development of a well-functioning individual “ through the provision of
support that aids an individual to use his/her potential to the fullest in accord
with his/her interest , needs and abilities. (University of Queensland, 2015).
- At the American Counseling Association (ACA) Conference in Pittsburgh
in March 2010, the representatives come to an agreement on a mutual
definition of counseling. They agreed that counseling is a professional
relationship that empowers diverse individuals, families and group to
accomplish mental health, wellness, education, and career goals (Kaplan,
Tarvydas, and Gladding, 2014).
Goals of Counseling – the key component of individual, group, organizational and community
success
-Detailed and expansive counseling goals have been identified by Gibson and Mitchell (2003),
which are as follows:
1. Development Goals – assist in meeting or advancing the clients human growth and
development including social, personal, emotional, cognitive, and physical wellness.
2. Preventive Goals – helps the client avoid some undesired outcome.
3. Enhancement Goals- enhance special skills and abilities.
4. Remedial Goals – assisting a client to overcome and treat an undesirable development
5. Exploratory Goals- examining options, testing of skills, trying new and different activities, etc.
6. Reinforcement Goals- helps client in recognizing, that what they are doing, thinking, and
feeling is fine
7. Cognitive Goals-involves acquiring the basic foundation of learning and cognitive skills
8. Physiological Goals – involves acquiring the basic understanding and habits for good health
9. Psychological Goals – aids in developing good social interaction skills, learning emotional
control, and developing positive self – concept.

Goal Description
Insight Understanding of the origins and
development of emotional difficulties , leading
to an increased capacity to take rational
control over feelings and actions
Relating with others Becoming better able to form and maintain
meaningful and satisfying relationships with
other people : for example , within the family
or workplace
Self- awareness Becoming more aware of thoughts and
feelings that had been blocked off or denied,
or developing a more accurate sense of how
self is perceived by others.
Self- acceptance The development of a positive attitude toward
self, marked by an ability to acknowledge
areas of experience that had been the
subject of self- criticism and rejection
Self – actualization Moving in the direction of fulfilling potential or
achieving an integration of previously
conflicting parts of self.
Enlightenment Assisting the client to arrive at a higher state
of spiritual awakening
Problem- Solving Finding a solution to a specific problem that
the client had not been able to resolve alone.
Acquiring a general competence in problem –
solving
Psychological education Enabling the client to acquire ideas and
techniques with which to understand and
control behavior
Acquisition of Social Skills Learning and mastering social and
interpersonal skills such as maintenance of
eye contact , turn taking in conversations,
assertive, or anger control
Cognitive change The modification or replacement of irrational
beliefs or mal adaptive thought patterns
associated with self- destructive behavior
Behavior change The modification or replacement of
maladaptive or self- destructive patterns of
behavior.
Systematic change Introducing change into the way in that social
systems operate
Empowerment Working on skills , awareness, and
knowledge that will enable to client to take
control of his or her own life
Restitution Helping the client to make amends for
previous destructive behavior
Generality Inspiring in the person a desire and capacity
to care for others and pass on knowledge
and to contribute to the collective good
through political engagement

Scope of Counseling
The wide ranges of human problems create a widened scope and field of counseling.
Broadly, the scope of counseling includes individual counseling, marital and premarital
counseling, family counseling, and community counseling. A more focused subject
matter related to scope of counseling is the 4757-15 Scope of Practice foe Licensed
Professional Counselors. It contains the rights and responsibilities of licensed
counselors including the following:

Licensed Professional Counselors may for a fee, salary, or other considerations

1. Afford counseling services to individuals, groups, organizations, or the general public
compromising of: application of clinical counseling principles, methods, or procedures
to assist individuals in realizing effective personal, social, educational, or career
development and adjustment.
2. “apply clinical counseling principles, methods , and procedures “, means an approach
to counseling that emphasizes the counselor’s role in systematically assisting clients
through all of the following: assessing and analyzing emotional conditions , exploring
possible solutions, and developing and providing treatment plan for mental and
emotional adjustment or development. It may include counseling, appraisal,
consulting, supervision, administration, and referral.
3. Engage in the diagnosis and treatment of mental and emotional disorders when under
the supervision of a professional clinical counselor, psychologist, psychiatrists,
independent marriage and family therapist, or independent social worker.
4. Provide training supervision for students and registered counselor trainees when
services are within their scope of practice, which does not include supervision of the
diagnosis and treatment of mental and emotional disorders.
Core Values- is a key component of an organization. It has significant influence on
other organizational components, more specifically, to its members. It serves as
standards that shape the members behavior in their interaction with their clients and
other people.
According to Mcleod (2003) ,the founders of humanistic psychology, including Maslows and
Rogers ,highlighted the importance of values.
Ethical Principles of counseling which are follows:

Ethical Principles These are the ideas that underpin both

personal and professional codes.
1. Autonomy of individuals
➢ Is based on the right to freedom
of action and freedom of choice
in so far as the pursuit of these
freedom does not interfere with
the freedom of others ;
counseling cannot happen
unless the client has made a
free choice to participate

2. Principle of Non maleficence

➢ This refers to instruction to all
helpers or healers that they
must ,above all, do no harm;
➢ Beneficence refers to the order
to promote human welfare

3. Principle of Justice
➢ Concerned with the fair
distribution of resources and
services , unless there is some
acceptable reason for treating
them differently
➢ For counseling , the principle
has particular relevance to the
question access

General Moral Theories ➢ The BACP Ethical Framework for

Good Practice , drawing on virtues
perspective also identified a set of
personal qualities that all practitioners
should possess: empathy, sincerity,
integrity, resilience, respect, humility,
competence, fairness, wisdom and
courage
CHAPTER 2 Discipline of Counseling
2. Professionals and Practitioners in Counseling

2.1 Roles, functions, and competencies of counselors

2.2 Areas of specialization where counselors work

2.3 Career opportunities of counselors

2.4 Rights, Responsibilities, Accountabilities, and Code of Ethics

Roles and Functions of Counselors

According to Gibson and Mitchell (2003) a helping profession is composed of members
“who are especially trained and licensed to perform a unique and service for fellow human
beings”.

Roles / Functions Description

Individual Assessment Seeks to identify the characteristics and
potential of every client ; promotes the client’s
self-understanding and assisting counselors
to understand the client better
Individual Counseling Considers as the core activity through which
other activities become meaningful. It is a
client –centered process that demand
confidentiality. Relationship is established
between counselor and client.
Group Counseling and Guidance Groups are means of providing organized
and planned assistance to individuals for an
array of needs. Counselor provides
assistance through group counseling and
group guidance.
Career Assistance Counselors are called on to provide career
planning and adjustment assistance to
clients.
Placements and Follow -Up A service of school counseling programs with
emphasis on educational placements in
course and programs.
Referral It is the practice of helping the clients find
needed expert assistance that the referring
counselor cannot provide.
Consultation It is the process of helping a client through a
third party or helping system improve its
service to its clientele.
Research It is necessary to advance the profession of
counseling; it can provide empirically based
data relevant to the ultimate goal of
implementing effective counseling.
Evaluation and Accountability Evaluation is a means of assessing the
effectiveness of counselor’s activities.
Accountability is an outgrowth of demand that
schools and other tax-supported institutions
be held accountable for their actions.
 Prevention This includes promotion of mental health
through primary prevention using a social –
psychological perspective.

Competencies of Counselors
Seven distinct competence areas of counselors. There might be other areas but we will focus on
the input of McLeod (2003).
1. Interpersonal Skills –counselors who are competent display ability to listen, communicate ;
empathize ; be present ; aware of nonverbal communication; sensitive to voice quality ,
responsive to expressions of emotion, turn taking, structure of time and use of language .
2. Personal beliefs and Attitude- counselors have the capacity to accept others, belief in
potential of change, awareness of ethical and moral choices and sensitive to values held by
client and self.
3. Conceptual ability – counselors have the ability to understand and assess client’s problem; to
anticipate future problems; make sense of immediate process in terms of wider conceptual
scheme to remember information about the client.
4. Personal Soundness – counselors must have no irrational beliefs that are destructive to
counseling relationships, self-confidence ,capacity to tolerate strong of uncomfortable feelings in
relation to the clients, secure personal boundaries, ability to be a client ; must carry no social
prejudice, ethnocentrism and authoritarianism.
5. Mastery of Techniques – counselors must have a knowledge of when and how to carry out
specific interventions, ability to assess effectiveness of the interventions, understanding the
rationale behind techniques, possession of wide repertoire of intervention
6. Ability to understand and work within social system – this would be compromise of awareness
of family and work relationships of client the impact of agency on the clients, the capacity to use
support networks and supervision ; sensitivity to client from different gender, ethnicity , sexual
orientation, or age group.
7. Openness to learning and inquiry – counselors must have the capacity to be curious about
client’s backgrounds and problems; being open to new knowledge
Career Opportunities and Areas of Specialization of Counselors
1. Marriage and Family Counseling – refers to the efforts to establish an encouraging
relationship with couple or family and appreciate the complications in the family system.
2. Child and Adolescent Counseling – is a developing area of expertise in counseling
profession. The counseling strategies focus on helping children and adolescents acquire coping
skills through promotion of resiliency, positive attachment relationship, emotional and intellectual
intelligence, and other qualities that promote optional development.
3. Group Counseling – is the dynamic field in the counseling profession. Group counseling as
a practice can be located in most counseling programs and became the essential part of
counselor’s system. Group counseling offers the following : opportunities to members to learn
from observing other group members ; can functions as helpers and helps ; opportunities to
discover that you others have similar concerns ; members are encouraged to offer help to
others ;opportunities to enhance interpersonal skills; the therapeutic climate created similar as
the client’s family origin.
4. Career Counseling –is an evolving and challenging counseling field. This type of counseling
aids individual on decisions and planning concerning their career. The counseling approach
includes integrating theory and practice. Adopted Savickas ( 1996 )as cited Nystul ( 20003 )
adopted the model of Wagner ( 1971) on structural analysis of personality to the realm of
vocational psychology. The model consist of vocational career services, occupational placement
, vocational guidance , career counseling , career education , career therapy, and position
coaching.
5. School Counseling- refers to the process of reaching out students with concerns on drugs,
family and peers or gang involvement. The job requires sensitivity to individual differences and
considers diversity in enhancing educational perspective. The job requires skills on consultation,
counseling’s exceptional students and with the ability to handle problems such as drug abuse,
teenage pregnancy, divorced or single parents, dropping out of school.
6. Mental Health Counseling - is manifested in the challenges posed by its clientele with
mental disorders. Mental disorders include serious depression, schizophrenia, and substance
abuse. Mental health counselors have to be inventive, and creative to address these problems.
The job requires patience, humility, kindness and compassion.
Rights and Responsibilities, and Accountabilities of Counselors ( MIDTERM)
Code of ethics help counselors to remind them of their rights, responsibilities and
accountabilities in the counseling profession. The rights, responsibilities and accountabilities of
the counselors are based on the counselors associations of Code of Conduct.
The code of ethics of the counselors is divided into seven sections, namely , (a) counseling
relationship, (b) confidentiality (c) professional responsibility (d) relationships with other
professionals , (e) evaluation, assessment, and interpretation, (f) teaching ,training and
supervision (g) research and publication.( Gladding , 2000 ). We shall only presenting in details
three of the seven areas, namely, counseling relationships, confidentiality, and professional
responsibility. The following three tables below provide a sample code of ethics of the
American Counseling Association.
 Areas
The Counseling Relationships
1. Client welfare
2. Respecting Diversity
3. Client Rights
4. Clients Served by others
5. Personal Needs and values
Description
Counselor’s primary
responsibility is to respect the
dignity and promote the welfare
of clients. They are also
expected to encourage client’s
growth. Counselors and clients
are expected to work together in
crafting individual counseling
plans consistent with the client’s
circumstances.
Counselors do not engage in
discrimination based on age,
color, culture, disability, ethnic
group, gender, race, religion,
sexual orientation, marital status
and socio economic status.
Counselors shall respect
differences and understand the
diverse cultural backgrounds of
their clients.
Counselors shall disclose the
purposes, goals, techniques,
procedures, limitations, potential
risks, benefits of the services to
be performed and other pertinent
information to the client
throughout the counseling
process. Counselors offer clients
the freedom to choose whether
to enter into a counseling
relationship and determine which
professional will provide
counseling, except when the
client is unable to give consent.
In cases where the client is
receiving services from another
mental health professional, with
clients consent, inform the
professional person already
involved to develop an
agreement.
Maintain the clients and avoid
actions that seek to meet their
personal needs at the expense
of the clients. Counselors shall
be aware of their values,
attitudes, beliefs, and behavior
and how these apply in a diverse

6. Dual Relationships
7. Sexual Intimacies with Clients
8. Multiple Clients
9. Group Work
10. Fees
society and avoid imposing their
values on clients.
Counselors are aware of their
influential position over their
clients avoid the exploiting the
trust and dependency of the
clients. Counselors should not
accept as superiors or
subordinates clients’.
Counselors should not have any
type of sexual intimacies with
clients and do not counsel
persons with whom they have
sexual relationship. Counselors
should not also engage with
sexual intimacies with their
former clients within a minimum
of two years.
In cases where counselors
agree to provide counseling
services to two or more persons
who have a relationship,
counselors clarify at the outset
which person or persons are
clients and the nature of
relationship they will have with
each other involved person.
Counselors screen prospective
group counseling / therapy
participants to determine those
with compatible needs. In group
setting, counselors take
reasonable precautions to
protect clients from physical or
psychological trauma.
Prior to entering the counseling
relationship, the counselors
clearly explain the clients all
financial arrangements related to
professional fees.
Areas
Confidentiality
1.Right to Privacy
2. Group and Families
3. Minor Incompetent client
4. Records
➢ Counselors respect a client’s right to
privacy and avoid illegal and
unwarranted disclosures of unwarranted
information.
➢ The right to privacy may be waived by
the clients or their legally recognized
representative.
➢ The general requirement that the
counselors keep the information
confidential does not apply when
disclosure is required to prevent clear
and imminent danger to the client or
others or when legal requirements
demand that confidential information is
be revealed.
➢ Counselors who received information
confirming that a client has a disease
known to be communicable and fatal is
justified in disclosing information to an
identifiable third party, who by his/her
relationship with the client is at high risk
of contracting the disease.
➢ When court orders the counselors to
release confidential information without
client’s permit, counselors request to
the court that the disclosure should not
be required due to potential harm to
client or counseling relationship.
➢ In group work, counselors clearly define
confidentiality and parameters for the
specific group being entered, explain its
importance, and discuss difficulties
related to confidentiality involved in
group work.
➢ In family counseling, information about
one family cannot be disclosed to
another member without permission.
➢ When counseling clients who are
minors or individuals who are unable to
give voluntary, informed consent,
parents or guardians may be included in
the counseling process as appropriate.
➢ Counselors maintain necessary records
for rendering professional services to
their clients and as required by laws,
regulations, or agency or institution
procedures.

5. Research and Training
6. Consultation
Areas
Professional Responsibility
1. Standards Knowledge
2. Professional Competence
➢ Counselors are responsible for securing
safety and confidentiality of any
counseling record they create, maintain,
transfer, or destroy whether the records
are written, taped, computerized, or
stored in any other medium.
➢ Counselors recognized that counseling
records are kept for the benefits of the
clients therefore provide access to
record and copies of record when
requested by competent clients unless it
contains information that may be
misleading or detrimental to the clients.
➢ Counselors obtain written permission
from clients to disclose or transfer
records to legitimate third parties unless
exception to confidentiality exists.
➢ Use of data derived from counseling
relationships for purposes of training
,research , or publication is confined to
content that is disguised to ensure the
anonymity of the individuals involved.
Identification of the client involved is
permissible only when the client has
reviewed the material and has agreed
to its presentation or publication.
➢ Information obtained in consulting
relationship is discussed for
professional purposes only with persons
clearly concerned with the case. Before
sharing information, counselors make
efforts to ensure that there defined
policies that effectively protect the
confidentiality of information with other
agencies serving the counselors clients.
Description
➢ Counselors have a responsibility to
read, understand, and follow the Code
of Ethics and Standards of Practice
➢ Counselors practice only within the
boundaries of their competence based
on their education, training, supervised
experience, state and national
professional credentials and
appropriate professional experience.
Counselors will demonstrate a
commitment to gain knowledge,
 personal awareness, sensitivity, and
skills pertinent to working with diverse
client population.
➢ Counselors practice specialty areas
new with to them only after appropriate
education, training, and supervised
experience. While developing skills in
new specialty area, counselors take
step to ensure the competence of their
work and to protect other from possible
harm.
➢ Counselors accept employment only
for positions which they are qualified by
education, training, supervise
experience, state and national
professional credentials, and
appropriate professional experience.
➢ Counselors continually monitor their
effectiveness as professionals and take
steps to improve their skills and
knowledge.
➢ Counselors refrain from offering or
accepting professional services when
their physical, mental, or emotional
problems are like to harm clients or
others.

Counseling and Its Clientele and Audience

The clientele and audiences of the counseling profession come from different settings.
Counselors deal with a mixture of people with different concerns and issues.
- People who abuse drugs – drug abuse is not just harmful to our physical
health but to our mental health as well. It cannot be denied that the drug
addiction create more social problems and contribute to social disintegration.
Consequently, more youth victims cry for help and seek for counselors’
attention.
- People who use Tobacco – slowly our population recognizes the bad effects
of tobacco to our health. However, many people still use and continue use
tobacco even if it is deadly. Users find it difficult to stop smoking. Hence,
smokers who desire to quit tobacco were added to the list of the counselor’s
audiences.
- People who abuse alcohol – alcoholism is seen as a disease alcoholics find
it difficult to stop drinking on their own. This requires help from a professional
as it requires appropriate treatment. However, an equally important paradigm
is to look at alcoholism as a weakness of self – control and self –discipline
.therefore this requires intervention other than treatment.
 - Women – most men still have less participation in household responsibilities
and child care. In this case, women’s advancement is constrained. What
complicates this situation is the women’s perception about themselves and
the society’s expectations. Counselors are responsible in helping women
appreciate their own values, abilities, aptitudes, and interests and to utilize
these to develop their full potential. ( Gibson and Mitchel ,2003 )
- Older Adults – a transition from a busy life to retirement stage must be
instituted. This is a challenge to the counseling profession. other issues that
require attention of counseling include loss of a partner ,decline of mental
capacity and mobility, increased loneliness ,decline in financial security etc.
- People with AIDS –acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has been
labeled as the most feared disease due to its incurability. Victims of this
disease are seeking help to improve their quality of life and to handle their
emotional stress and low self-esteem. Counseling’s approach requires
sensitivity and appreciation of the intricacies of the disease. Counselors may
also help in assisting and educating the victims’ support system.
- Victims of Abuse – this population represents victims of domestic violence
characterized by spouse and child abuses. Spouse abuse is often associated
with poverty, drug abuse and career disappointments. The abuse has also
become rampant and has caused psychological damage to the victims. The
counselors are increasingly utilized to help the victims.
- Gay Men and Lesbian Women- they are usually the victims of harassment,
violence, discrimination, and isolation. Gays and lesbians, like other sectors
of the society, suffer from peer denial, family clash, health uncertainties and
prejudgment. Counseling will focus on self-awareness, self- acceptance and
understanding.

Counseling and Its Work settings

- Counselors in Schools – has grown rapidly. According to Gibson and
Mitchell (2003), counselors are recognized especially in the preventive
interventions and developmental stage. There are elementary school
counselors, junior high school counselors, secondary school counselors,
counselors in vocational schools, counselors in higher education, and
counselors in community and junior colleges. The counseling service in the
schools is usually located under the student affairs program. It is under the
supervision of the Dean of Students Affairs.
- Counselors in the Community Setting – refers to employment in
community, agency, and other non-school professional situations.
Counselors can be found in community and mental health agencies,
employment and rehabilitation agencies, correctional settings, and marriage
and family practice. ( Gibson and Mitchell , 2003 )
- Counselors in the Private Sector – refers to counselors who decided to do
full time work as private practitioners or engage in part – time private practice
 while employed by community agencies. This is feasible if the counselors
expertise and specialization matches or relevant to an adequate client
population in the geographic area. ( Gibson and Mitchell , 2003 )
- Counselors in the Government - counselors are also present in various
agencies of government or institutions supported by the government that are
into social welfare, health, and education. Relevant agencies or institutions
include public schools, public social welfare agencies such as that for the
youth, children, and the aging.

III. Discussion
There are six stages of the counseling process, namely, relationship building, assessment and
diagnosis, formulation of the counseling goals, intervention and problem solving, termination
and follow –up, and research and evaluation.
1. Stage One: Relationship Building
▪ This is the heart of counselling process because it provides the force and foundation
for the counselling to succeed.
▪ This stage involves establishing rapport,
▪ promote acceptance of the client as a person with worth,
▪ establishing genuine interaction,
▪ promote direct mutual communication
▪ helping clients understand themselves,
▪ helping client focus and
▪ Slowly promote counselling relevant communication, from the client.
2. Stage Two: Assessment and Diagnosis
▪ One of the most crucial stages.
▪ This serves as the window for the counsellor to have a thorough appreciation of the
client’s condition.
▪ It entails analysis of the root causes of problems.
▪ The data that will be gathered in diagnosis will be utilized in the formulation of goals.
3. Stage Three: Formulation of Counseling Goals
▪ Goals are important as it sets the direction of the counselling process.
▪ It shall serve as the parameter of work and the client-counsellor relationship.
▪ Counselling goals may be treated as a process goal or outcome goal.
▪ The client and counsellor must agree on the counselling goals.
 4. Stage Four: Intervention and Problem Solving
▪ Guidelines:
▪ A. The counselor has to provide a mapping of the different approaches offered.
▪ B. Describe the role of the counselor and client for each procedure.
▪ C. Identify possible risks and benefits that may come.
▪ D. Estimate the time and cost of each procedure.
▪ Kafner and Busemeyer identified the six-stage model for problem solving
▪ Problem detection
▪ Problem definition
▪ Identification of alternative solutions
▪ Decision-making
▪ Execution
▪ Verification
5. Stage Five: Termination and Follow –up
▪ The essential goal in counselling is to witness a client progress on his/her own without
the assistance of the counselor.
▪ There are four components of termination which were identified by Quintan and
Holahan:
▪ 1. Discussion of the end of counselling
▪ 2. Review of the course of counselling
▪ 3. Closure of the counsellor-client relationship
▪ 4. Discussion of the client’s future and post-counselling plan
6. Stage Six: Research and Evaluation
▪ This stage can be undertaken at any point in the counselling stage.
▪ Research and evaluation are fundamental part of the evaluation.
▪ Results of the research provide a scientific appreciation of the counselling situation.
Lesson 5 Counseling and Its Methods
II. Discussion
Methods in Counseling
▪ 1. CLASSIC THEORIES -The psychological theories developed by Sigmund Freud, Alfred
Adler, and Carl Jung are considered as the classic schools for the reason that they
primed the underpinning of clinical practice.
▪ a. FREUD’S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY -The approach of Freud in counselling and
psychotherapy is popularly known as psychoanalysis which is an analysis of the mind.
Its objective is to restructure the personality by resolution of intrapsychic conflict, which
focuses in the internal forces such as unconscious processes .It focuses on personal
adjustment through reorganization of internal forces within the person to help him/her become
aware of the unconscious aspect of his/her personality. It focuses on personal adjustment
through reorganization of internal forces within the person to help him/her become aware of the
unconscious aspect of his/her personality.

▪ Psychoanalysis has three goals:

1. to help clients gain insights about themselves
2. to help clients work unstuck issues
3. to help clients cope with the stresses of the society.
▪ The following techniques may be used:
1. FREE ASSOCIATION- a method to encourage the patient to discuss whatever comes
to his mind in order to release suppressed emotions.
2. DREAM ANALYSIS- a method to explore unconscious process using dreams.
3. CONFRONTATION AND CLARIFICATION- a form of feedback procedure for patients
to become aware of what is happening to him/her and to determine areas for further
analysis.
4. INTERPRETATION- a process of giving insights to patients about their inner conflicts
which can be reflected in resistance, transference, and other processes.

▪ b. ADLER’S INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY

The approach of Adler in counseling and psychotherapy focuses on the role of cognition
is psychological functioning.
Its objective is to gain an understanding of the clients and assess why clients behave
and think in certain ways.
▪ Adlerian counseling focuses on four goals:
1. establishment and maintenance of egalitarian relationship
2. analysis of client’s lifestyle
3. interpretation of client’s lifestyle in a way that promotes insight
4. reorientation and reeducation of the client with accompanying behavior change.
▪ Adlerian techniques can be explained in four phases of Adlerian Psychotherapy.
First Phase: ESTABLISHING THE RELATIONSHIP
-Use of listening skills
-Winning respect and offering hope
-Encouragement
▪ Second Phase: PERFORMING ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT
-Lifestyle Analysis
-Dream analysis may be used to conduct lifestyle analysis
▪ Third Phase: PROMOTING INSIGHT
-Insight Process
▪ Fourth Phase: REORIENTATION
-Spitting in the Client’s Soup
- The push-button techniques
-Catching oneself
-Acting as-if
-Task setting and commitment
▪ c. JUNG’S ANALYTIC PSYCHOLOGY
The counseling and psychology approach of Jung is referred to as psychotherapy.
Jung’s approach highlights the task of the unconscious processes in “psychological functioning”
The approach applies dreams and other procedures to determine the unconscious processes to
utilize the result to boost the functioning of personality and to enhance mental health and wellness.
▪ 2. EXPERIENTIAL THEORIES
It falls under the affective theories which are concerned about generating impact on the emotions
of clients to effect change.
The well-known experiential theorists include Rogers and Perls
a. Roger’s Person-Centered Counseling
It has been described as the “if-then” approach.
▪ The following conditions were formulated by Rogers:
1. Counselor Congruence
2. Empathic Understanding
3. Unconditional Positive Regard
▪ b. Pearl’s Gestalt Therapy
It focuses on the here and now.
It refers to the dialogue between the therapist and the client wherein the client experiences from
the inside what the therapist observes from the outside.
The goal of the approach is awareness on the environment, of responsibility for choices, of
self, and self-acceptance.
▪ Gestalt’s technique include the following:
ASSUMING RESPONSIBILITY- rephrase the statement and add “I take responsibility for it”.
USING PERSONAL PRONOUNS- take personal responsibility by saying “I or me “instead of “us
or us”
NOW I AM AWARE- assists the clients to get in touch with himself/herself.
THE EMPTY CHAIR TECHNIQUE- helps client work through conflicting parts of personality.
▪ 3.COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THEORIES
a. ELLIS RATIONAL EMOTIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY
REBT highlights the role of cognitions on emotions with assertion that persons can be best
appreciated in terms of internal cognitive dialogue or self-talk.
REBT views the emotional disorder is associated with cognitive processes that are not rational.
▪ REBT TECHNIQUES:
COGNITIVE- reforming ideas that are reasonable and irrational. Focus on “defeating cognitions”.
EMOTIVE TECHNIQUES- focus on the client’s “affective or emotional domain”
▪ BEHAVIORAL TECHNIQUES- Focus on the full array of behavioural methods such as
assertiveness training, relaxation therapy, self-management, self-monitoring, and homework
assignments.
▪ b. BECK’S COGNITIVE THERAPY
▪ TECHNIQUES:
DECATASTROPHIZING- referred to as “what if”.
 REDEFINING- rearticulating an obstacle to something that may be useful.
▪ DECENTERING- This will help the client apprehend that they are not the “center of attention”.
BEHAVIORAL TECHNIQUES – this method applies a broad selection of methods to assist clients
obtaining ‘essential skills, relaxing preparing for difficult situations, and exposing them to feared,
preparing for difficult situations, and exposing them to feared situations”.
▪ c. BERNE’S TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS
Refers to examining and dissecting transactions between people.
It includes evaluating the “three ego state of parent, adult, and child of each person”.
The fundamental goal is for the client to be “autonomous, self-aware, spontaneous and have the
capacity for intimacy.”
▪ TECHNIQUES:
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS- assists clients to be conscious of their “three ego”.
TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS- assists clients to “learn to communicate with complementary
transactions.”
SCRIPT ANALYSIS- looks into the “type of life script the client has developed and how it can be
re-written.”
ANALYSIS OF GAMES- comprise of determining “what games the clients play and how the games
interfere with interpersonal functioning.”