DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS

IN APPLIED
SOCIAL SCIENCES

GROUP 2
12 - DINAGYANG

C U LM I NATI N G ACTV I TY
Topics
01 Defining the Social Sciences

02 Defining the Applied Social Sciences

03 Counseling as a Discipline

04 Professionals and Practitioners in Counseling

Rights, Responsibilities, and Accountabilities of

05 Counselors
Defining the Social Sci
ences
 Social Sciences
Are the vast fields of scientific studies that
investigate human societies and the different forces
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 Branches of Social Sciences
economics
Studies of allocation of scarce
resources and production and
exchange of goods and services in
society. Economics endeavors to
understand and explain human
activities in relation to the production,
distribution, and consumption of
goods and services.
history
A systematic study of human past
Political science
events in order to understand the
meaning, dynamics, and the
relationship of the causes and effects
of event in the development of
societies. Derived from the greek
word historia, which means “inquiry”
or “investigation”
anthropology
Studies scientific study of human and
their cultures in the past and present
time. To understand the complexity of
cultures across all of human history,
anthropology draws and builds upon
knowledge drawn from the social and
biological sciences and the humanities
and physical sciences.
Studies human behavior in relation to
political systems, governments, laws, and
international relations, it examines the
relationship between people and policy at
all levels from the individual to the
national and international levels.
 Branches of Social Sciences
psychology
Studies how the human mind
works in consonance with the body
to produce thoughts that lead to
individual actions. Psychology
analyzes how people and groups
experience the world through
various emotions, ideas and in
different conscious state.
geography
Study of the interaction between
people and their environments.
Geography was derived from the
greek word geo means “earth” and
graphos means “charting”. It
explores the properties of earths
surface and their relationship to
human societies.
sociology
A systematic study of peoples
behavior in groups. It is derived
from the latin word socio which
means “people together” and greek
word logos which means ”the study
of”. Study of how people functions
in the society.
demography
Scientific study of human population
across time. It examines the changes
in population growth through the
analysis of statistics on birth, human
movement, and morbidity, agedness,
and mortality.
Defining the Applied S
ocial Sciences
 Applied Social Sciences
The applied social sciences was introduced as a reaction to
the highly segmented and compartmentalized division of the
social science disciplines that dominated western research
training during the late 1990s and until the end of the
twentieth century. Scholars from the social sciences argued
that there is a need for more cooperation within the different
disciplines of the social sciences. This means that the
different fields of the social sciences must effectively work
together in addressing issues. this multidisciplinary approach
of the study of different issues in society became the main
focus and beginnings of the applied social sciences.
Counseling as a Discip
line
 What is Counseling ?
Counseling is one of the fields of the applied social
sciences. As an application of the social sciences,
counseling provides guidance, help, and support to
individuals who are distraught by a diverse set of
problems in their lives. Through
counseling, professional guidance is given to an
individual and this is done by
applying psychological methods like collection of case,
history data, personal interviews, and aptitudes tests.
 What is Social Work ?
Social work is another professional activity of the
applied social sciences. Having been trained in the
social sciences to interact and understand social
realities, an applied social science practitioner has a
good theoretical and conceptual foundation for social
work practice. through social work, people enhance
their skills and ability so that they can use their own
resources and of the community to resolve social
problems.
 Goals of Counseling
The primary goal of counseling is to help people utilize their
prevailing social skills and problem solving skills more
functionally or to cultivate new surviving and coping skills.
Detailed and expansive counseling goals identified by Gibson
and Mitchell (2003).

1. DEVELOPMENT GOALS - assist in meeting or advancing the clients

human growth and development including social, personal, emotional,
2. cognitive, and physical wellness.

2. PREVENTIVE GOALS – helps the client avoid some undesired outcome.

3. ENHANCEMENT GOALS – enhance special skills and abilities.

4. REMEDIAL GOALS – assisting a client to overcome and treat an undesirable
development.

5. EXPLORATORY GOALS – examining options, testing skills, trying new and

different activities etc.

6. REINFORCEMENT GOALS – helps client in recognizing that what they are

doing, thinking, and feeling is fine.

7. COGNITIVE GOALS – involves acquiring basic foundation of learning and

cognitive skills

8. PSYSIOLOGICAL GOALS – involves acquiring the basic understanding and

habits for good health.

9. PSYCHOLOGICAL GOALS – aids in developing social interaction skills,

learning emotional control, and developing positive self concept.
 The above goals indicate that counseling aims to empower the client by helping
him/her make critical decisions in life, develop ability to cope, enhance
effectiveness, and improve quality of life. Other than the goals discussed above,
McLeod (2003).
GOAL DESCRIPTION
INSIGHT Understanding the origins and development of
emotional difficulties, leading to an increased
capacity to take rational control over feelings and
actions.
RELATING WITH OTHERS Becoming better able to form and maintain
meaningful and satisfying relationships with other
people.
SELF-AWARENESS Becoming more aware of thoughts and feelings
that had been blocked off or denied, or
developing a more accurate sense of how self is
perceived by others.
SELF-ACCEPTANCE The development of a positive attitude
toward self, marked by an ability to
knowledge areas of experience that has
been the subject of rejection.
SELF-ACTUALIZATION Moving in the direction of fulfilling potential
or achieving an integration of previously
conflicting parts of self.

ENLIGHTENMENT Assisting the client to arrive at a higher

state of spiritual awakening.

PROBLEM-SOLVING Finding a solution to a specific problem

that the client had not been able to resolve
alone and acquiring a general competence
in problem-solving.
PSYCHOLOGICAL EDUCATION Enabling the client to acquire ideas and
techniques with which to understand and
control behavior.
ACQUISITION OF SOCIAL SKILLS
COGNITIVE CHANGE
BEHAVIOR CHANGE
SYSTEMATIC CHANGE
EMPOWERMENT
Learning and mastering social and
interpersonal skills such as maintenance of
eye contact, turn-taking in conversations,
assertiveness, or anger control.
The modification or replacement of
irrational beliefs or maladaptive thought
patterns associated with self-destructive
behavior.
The modification or replacement of
maladaptive or self-destructive patterns of
behavior.
Introducing change into the way in that
social systems operate.
Working on skills, awareness, and
knowledge that will enable the clients to
take control of his or her own life.
RESTITUTION Helping the client to make amends for
previous destructive behavior.

GENERATIVITY Inspiring in the person a desire and

capacity to care for others and pass on
knowledge and to contribute to the
collective good through political
engagement and community work.
 SCOPE OF COUNSELING
Counseling is necessary in almost every aspect of a persons life. On
individual counseling, many issues are covered such as depression,
sexual abuse, anxiety, gender, relationships, spirituality, ideology,
adolescent issues, loss, anxiety, anger, stress, vocation, studies and
others. in terms of family counseling , issues including divorce, family
dynamics, transitions in life, miscommunication, jealousy, money
matters, parenting, remarriage, and others.
A more focused subject matter to scope of counseling is the 4757-15
scope of practice for licensed professional counselors. It contains the
rights and responsibilities of licensed counselors including the
following:
Licensed Professional Counselors may for a fee, salary, or other considerations

1. Afford counseling services to individuals , groups, organizations, or the

general public comprising of: application of clinical counseling principles,
methods, or procedures to assist individuals in realizing effective personal,
social, educational, or career development and adjustment.

2. “apply clinical counseling principles, methods, and procedures”, means an

approach to counseling that emphasizes the counselors role in
systematically assisting clients.

3. engage in the diagnosis and treatment of mental and emotional disorders

when under the supervision of a professional clinical counselor, psychologist,
psychiatrist, independent marriage and family therapist, or independent
social worker.

4. provide training supervision for students and registered counselor trainees

when services are within their scope of practice, which does not include
supervision of the diagnosis and treatment of mental and emotional disorders.
CORE VALUES AND ETHICAL PRINCIPLE
S OF COUNSELING
The way we perceive or view things, people, events, and our
environment, is influenced by our values. Our analysis and position on
certain issues are based on our values. Our do’s and don'ts and our
bottom lines are the result of what our values dictate. In other words,
values indicate what we believe in – what are important to us. We
behave in certain ways because this is what are values tells us.
According to McLeod (2003) the founders of humanistic psychology
including Maslows and Rogers, highlighted the importance of value,
which are follows:
ETHICAL PRINCIPLES 1. AUTONOMY OF INDIVIDUALS
is based on the right to freedom of action and freedom of
choice in so far as the pursuit of these freedom does not
interfere with the freedom of others.
2. PRINCIPLE OF NONMALEFICENCE
this refers to instruction to all helpers or healers that they
must, above all, do no harm, promote human welfare.
3. PRINCIPLE OF JUSTICE
concerned with the fair distribution of resources and
services, unless there is some acceptable reason for
treating them differently.
4. PRINCIPLE OF INFIDELITY
shares the presence of loyalty, reliability, dependability
and action in good faith.

GENERAL MORAL the Ethical for Good Practice, drawing on virtues perspectives
THEORIES also identified a set of personal qualities that all practitioners
should possess: empathy, sincerity, integrity, resilience,
respect, humility, competence, fairness, wisdom and courage.
Counseling as a Professi
on
 ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF
COUNSELORS
“Counseling is a helping profession”

This statement inspired counselors in what they do.

Statement defines their roles and functions. According to
Gibson and Mitchell (2003), a helping profession is composed
of members “who are specially trained and licensed to
perform a unique and service for fellow human beings.”
 ROLES / FUNCTIONS DESCRIPTION

INDIVIDUAL ASSESSMENT Seeks to identify the characteristics and

potential of every client assisting counselor
to understand the client better.

INDIVIDUAL COUNSELING Considers as the core activity through

which other activities become meaningful.
It is a client-centered process that demand
confidentiality.

GROUP COUNSELING AND GUIDANCE Groups that are means of providing

organized and planned assistance to
individuals for a array of needs.

CAREER ASSISTANCE Counselors are called on to provide career

planning and adjustment assistance to
clients.
PLACEMENT AND FOLLOW-UP A service of school counseling program
with emphasis on educational placements
in course and programs.
REFERRAL It is the practice of helping clients find
needed expert assistance that the referring
counselor cannot provide.
CONSULTATION It is a process of helping a client through a
third party or helping system improve its
services to its clientele.

RESEARCH It is necessary to advance the profession

EVALUATION AND ACCOUNTABILITY
of counseling; it can provide empirically
based data relevant to the ultimate goal of
implementing effective counseling.
Evaluation is a means of assessing the
effectiveness of counselors activities.
Accountability is an outgrowth of demand .
PREVENTION This includes promotion of mental health
through primary prevention using a
social-psychological perspective.

COMPETENCIES OF COUNSELORS
1. INTERPERSONAL SKILLS – counselors who are competent display ability to
listen, communicate; empathize; be present; aware of nonverbal communication;
sensitive to voice quality; responsive to expressions of emotion, turn taking,
structure of time and use of language.

2. PERSONAL BELIEFS AND ATTITUDES – counselors have the capacity to accept

others, belief in potential for change, awareness of ethical and moral choices and
sensitive to values held by the client and self.
3. CONCEPTUAL ABILITY – counselors have the ability to understand and sense the
clients problems; to anticipate future problems; to make sense of immediate process
in which terms of wider conceptual scheme; to remember information about the client.

4. PERSONAL SOUNDNESS – counselors must have no irrational beliefs that are

destructive to counseling relationships, self-confidence, capacity to tolerate strong or
uncomfortable feelings.

5. MASTERY OF TECHNIQUES – counselors must have a knowledge of when and

how to carry out specific interventions, ability to assess effectiveness of interventions,
understanding of rationale behind techniques.

6. ABILITY TO UNDERSTAND AND WORK WITHIN SOCIAL SYSTEMS – awareness

of family and work relationships of the client.

7. OPENNESS TO LEARNING AND INQUIRY - counselors must have the capacity to

be curious about clients background and problems.
CAREER OPPORTUNITIES AND AREAS
OF SPECIALIZATION OF COUNSELORS
The various counseling needs that arise in different settings define the
career opportunities and specialization of counselors. The following
outline and describes the counselors area of specialization
(Nystul, 2003).

1. MARRIAGE AND FAMILY COUNSELING – refers to the efforts to

establish an encouraging relationship with a couple or a family and
appreciate the complications in the family system.

2. CHILD AND ADOLESCENT COUNSELING – focuses on helping

children coping skills and promote optional development.
3. GROUP COUNSELING – function as helpers and helps; opportunities to
disc over that you others have similar concerns; members are encouraged
to offer help to others.

4. CAREER COUNSELING – aids individuals on decisions and planning

concerning their career and vocational guidance.

5. SCHOOL COUNSELING – process of reaching out to students with

concerns ton drugs, family and peers, or gang involvement.

6. MENTAL HEALTH COUNSELING – manifested in the challenges posed by its

clientele with mental disorders. Must have a support system to be
able to work effectively, apply give-and-take approach in establishing
support system and communication skills.
Rights, Responsibilities,
and Accountabilities of
Counselors
 Most of the time, we rely on our own values. Code of ethics help
counselors to remind them of their rights, responsibilities, and
accountabilities of the counselors associations of Code of Conduct.
The following table below provide a sample code of ethics which are
incorporated in the code of ethics of the American Counseling Association.

AREAS DESCRIPTION
THE COUNSELING RELATIONSHIPS
1. CLIENT WELFARE Counselors primary responsibility is to
respect the dignity and to promote the
welfare of clients. They are also expected
to encourage clients growth.
2. RESPECTING DIVERSITY Counselors do not engage in discrimination
based on age, color, culture, disability,
ethnic group, gender race, religion and
economic status.
3. CLIENT RIGHTS
4. CLIENTS SERVED BY OTHERS
5. PERSONAL NEEDS AND VALUES
6. DUAL RELATIONSHIPS
Counselors shall disclose the purposes,
goals, techniques, procedures, limitations,
potential risks, benefits of the services.
In cases where the client is receiving
services from another mental health
professional, with clients consent, inform
the professional person already involved to
develop an agreement.
Maintain respect for clients and avoid
actions that seek to meet their personal
needs at the expense of the clients.
Counselors are aware of their influential
position over their clients and avoid
exploiting the trust and dependency of the
clients. Counselors should not accept as
superiors or subordinate clients.
7. SEXUAL INTIMACIES WITH CLIENTS Counselors should not have any type of
sexual intimacies with clients and do not
counsel person with whom they have
sexual relationship.
8. MULTIPLE CLIENTS In cases where counselors agree to
provide counseling services to two or more
persons who have relationship, counselors
clarify at the outset which persons are
clients and the nature of relationship they
will have with each involved person.
9. GROUP WORK Counselors screen prospective group
counseling/therapy participants to
determine those with compatible needs.
10. FEES Prior to entering the counseling
relationship, the counselors clearly explain
the clients all financial arrangements
related to professional fees.
The Discipline of Social
Work
 SOCIAL WORK
- aims to improve individual and community's quality of life.

- the method of helping and humanitarian assistance has been in exi

stence since civilization came and it gradually developed through tim
e as it strives to find meaning and relevance.

-the social work profession promotes social change, problem solving.

In human relationships and the empowerment and liberation of peopl
e to enhance well being.
 PRINCIPLE OF SOCIAL WORK
1. ACCEPTANCE- understands the meaning and causes of clients behavior.

2. CLIENT'S PARTICIPATION IN PROBLEM SOLVING - client is made to understand that h3 is

expected to paeticipate in the entire process

3.SELF DETERMINATION - client who are in nees have the right to determine their needa and
how they should met.

4.INDIVIDUALIZATION - understanding the client's own unique characteristics and using diff
erent principles and methoda for each client.

5.CONFIDENTIALITY - client should be accorded with appropriate protection, within the limit
s of the law from any harm.
6. WORKER SELF-AWARENESS - social worker is conscious about his/her in
making use of her/his in making use of her/his professional relatioship with the
client in a way that will enhance the client's development

7. CLIENT WORKER RELATIONSHIP - help th client in some area of his social

functioning in which present experiencing some difficulty.
 TOOLS OF SOCIAL WORK
1.INTERVIEW : involves face to face interaction meeting between two or more persons, di
rected towards a purpose like to obtain an information and facts to give instructions and to
help.

2. COMMUNICATION : from the latin word 'communis' means to make common and the w
ord 'communare' means 'to share or import'. A two way process which usually starts with t
he source and the receiver respond.

3. RECORDS : to keep track and monitor the progress of the clients and serve as the basi
s of evaluation and decision making.
Discipline of Communic
ation
 WHAT IS COMMUNICATION?

- process by which the messaged is pass or transmitted from

one point to another.
 ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
1. SENDER/ SOURCE - create or produce the message and also refered as encod
er
2. MESSAGE - ideas or meanings that is transmitted from the souce to receiver.
3. CHANNEL - use to transmit the message.
4. RECEIVER - to whom the message is intended and also refered as decoder.
5. ENCODING AND DECODING - refers to the way communication source creates
message into a form that can be understoond by the receiver.
6. NOISE - prevent or interfer the message from accurately understood by the rece
iver.
7. CONTEXT - the situation in which the communication takes place.
8. FEEDBACK - the respons or rea tion of the receiver or audience.
9. EFFECT - refers to the result or consequence for that communication.
According to Harold Loswell (1948)
: there is only 4 elements.

• A source senda a message

• Through a channel or medium
• To a receiver
• Producing some effect
According to Wilbur Schramm

: there is only three elements. This are

also have common and if not there will
have difficulty to communication.

• source
• message
• destination
 FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
1. SURVEILLANCE - the news and information role of communication media such a
s the news media.
2. INTERPRETATION - analysis and context are found in the message.
3. SOCIALIZATION - refers to the transmission of values and culture within
a society and also in the education functions of communication and the me
dia.
4. ENTERTAINMENT - refers to function rwlated to relaxation, reward, diver
sion and reduction of tension.
5. MOBILIZATION - refers to communication and media's the ability to gene
rate public action about a social issue, instances, in relief efforts after disast
er.
Communication Media
Channels Mass Media
 PRINT MEDIA : NEWSPAPER
- contains news stories or stories which are news worthy tha
t is interesting enough to audience.
- News worthiness is have a many way but most journalism a
gree thay the following makea a story newsworthy:
• The exceptional or out of ordinary.
• Proximity: it involves a person or group who os linked in o
ne community or it happens i that community
• Impact:it affects many people like 'typhoons'
• Prominence: involves someone famous.
 • Conflicts: involves war ,political campaign and etc.
•Human Interest: involves the human condition and emotio
n.
BROADCAST MEDIA: RADIO AND TELEVI
SION

- in many countries, radio is the most available and w

idely used medium of mass communication followed
by the television.
 RADIO

• Cost Effective - hardware produce cheaper tha the other media.

• Low Demand on Literacy Skill - a person does not have to literate t
o listen on the radio.
• Portability - radio can lugged anywhere
• A Background Medium - Radio listening can combined with other ta
sks.
• Accesibility to the visually challenged because it sound of medium.
 TELEVISION

- its capacity to transmit pictures and sound and to do so live

television's main strength as a mass media.
OTHER MASS MEDIA: FILM AND RECOR
D MUSIC

-Film is a true mass mediumin the sense that it rea hes a

large part of population, even in rural areas.

- Even lesser attention has been devoted to record musi

c it recognized a mass medium because we can commu
nicate through music.
 u !
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