LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO THE DISCIPLINES OF
SOCIAL SCIENCE
APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES
Social Science means inventing a certain brand of
human we can understand. —Nassim Nicholas Taleb
Social sciences are disciplines concerned with the
systematic study of social phenomena.
 Social Sciences is the study of human society;
 It’s also a branch of science that deals with
institutions, interpersonal relationships;
 And the most important thing: there are distinct
disciplines and branches dealing with a
particular phase or aspect of human society.
Branches of the Social Sciences
Economics studies the allocation of scarce resources
and the production and exchange of goods and services
in society.
Anthropology is the scientific study of humans and their
cultures in the past and present time.
History is systematic study of human past events in
order to understand the meaning, dynamics, and
relationship of the cause and effects of events in the
development of societies.
Political Science primarily studies human behavior in
relation to political systems, governments, laws, and
international relations.
Psychology studies how the human mind works in
consonance with the body to produce thoughts that
lead to individual actions.
Sociology a systematic study of people’s behavior in
groups
Geography is the study of interaction between people
and their environments.
Demography according to the Max Planck Institute for
Demographic Research (2016) demography is the
scientific study of human populations across time..
APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCE
-Is an integrated science cutting across and transcending
various social science in addressing a wide range of
issues in a contemporary, innovative, and dynamic way.
Relationship between Social Science and Applied Social
Science
1.
-More specific and focused on a distinct facet of
a social phenomenon.
2. APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCE
-Attempts to focus on a distinct issue but use
insights arising from various social science
disciplines.
Functions and Effects
1. Applied Social Science
 generates knowledge in an organic way
for evidence based actions and
soluitions to social problems.
 Generates practical solutions to
complex problems.
2. Social science
 They cause social science to do things
rather than just a source of factual
knowledge.
 Provision of knowledge of social science
becomes the moral basis.
Three main career tracks for applied social scientist:
1. Counselling is one of the fields of applied social
sciences as an application of the social sciences,
counselling provides guidance, help, and support to
individuals who are distraught by a diverse set of
problems in their lives.
Counselling can be done through the
following:
o Guidance counselling o Life coaching o
Career counselling o Personal growth counselling
2. Social work practitioners help individuals, families,
and groups, communities to improve their individual
and collective well-being.
3. Communication Studies- Applied social science
provide adequate training for careers in the field of
journalism and mass communication because of
multidisciplinary knowledge and skills that graduates
learn from social sciences.
LESSON 2: THE DISCIPLINE OF COUNSELING
Counseling is the process of guiding a person during a
stage of life when reassessments or decisions have to
be made about himself or herself in his or her life
course.
Counselors exist in a wide range areas of expertise:
marriage, family, youth, student and other life
transitions dealing with managing of issues of life and
death, retirement, divorce, parenting etc.
Counseling is widely considered the heart of the
guidance services in schools.
Principles of Counseling
1. ADVICE
Counselors makes judgments about a counselee’s
problems and lays out options for a course of action.
2. Reassurance
Counseling involves giving clients reassurance, which is
a way of giving them courage to face a problem or
confidence that they are pursuing a suitable course of
action.
3. Release of emotional tension
Counseling provides clients the opportunity to get
emotional release from their pent up frustrations and
other personal issues.
4. Clarified Thinking
Clarified thinking encourages a client to accept
responsibility for problems and to be more realistic in
solving them.
5. Reorientation
It involves a change in the client’s emotional self
through a change in basic goals and aspirations. This
requires a revision of the client’s level of aspiration to
bring it more in line with actual and realistic attainment.
6. Listening Skills
Listening attentively to clients is the counselor’s attempt
to understand both the content of the client’s problem
as they see it, and the emotions they are experiencing
related to the problem.
7. Respect
In all circumstances, clients must be treated with
respect, no matter how peculiar, strange, disturbed,
weird, or utterly different from the counselor.
8. Empathy
Empathy requires the counselor to listen and
understand the feelings and perspective of the client
and positive regard is an aspect of respect.
9. Clarification, confrontation, and interpretation
Clarification is an attempt by the counselor to restate
what the client is either saying or feeling; Confrontation
and interpretation are more advanced principles.
10. Transference and Countertransference
Transference is the redirection of feelings about a
specific person onto someone else (in therapy, this
refers to a client's projection of their feelings about
someone else onto their therapist).
Countertransference is the redirection of a therapist's
feelings toward the client.
Core Values of Counseling
1. Respect for human dignity
2. Partnership
3. Autonomy
4. Responsible caring
5. Personal Integrity
6. Social Justice
LESSON 3: The Professionals and Practitioners in
the Discipline of Counseling
ROLES OF GUIDANCE COUNSELORS
Given that the youth are the future of every nation, the
role of providing guidance to them at critical moments
of their growth is serious nation-building undertaking.
FUNCTIONS OF GUIDANCE COUNSELORS
The Philippine Republic Act No. 9258 (Sec. 2-3) defines a
guidance counselor as a natural person who has been
professionally registered and licensed by a legitimate
state entity and by virtue of specializing training to
perform the functions of guidance counseling.
Functions of Guidance Counselors
 1. Helping a client develop potentials to the
fullest;
2. Helping a client plan to utilize his or her
potentials to the fullest;
3. Helping a client plan his or her future in
accordance with his or her abilities, interests
and needs;
4. Sharing and applying knowledge related to
counseling theories, tools and techniques and;
the client is saying and play it back to them-but
in the counselor’s own word. “Did you mean to
say…?”
3. Probing Skills – these skills facilitate going
deeper, asking more directed or leading
questions (leading in the sense that they move
the conversation in a particular direction.)
There are four common skills that require studying
the curriculum of accumulated scientific knowledge
across disciplines:

5. Administering a wide range of human 1. Communication skills

development services. 2. Motivational skills
3. Problem-solving skills
Competencies of Guidance Counselors 4. Conflict resolution skills
Guidance counselors have the ability to administer and AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION WHERE COUNSELORS
maintain career guidance and counseling programs. WORK
Egan (2002) calls the three-stage theory of counseling Peterson and Nesenholz identified 11 major areas:
and marks out three broad competencies for a
counselor that includes: 1. Child Development and Counseling
2. Adolescent Development and Counseling
Three Stage Theory 3. Gerontological Counseling
STAGE I: What’s going on? This involves helping clients 4. Marital Relationship Counseling
to clarify the key issues calling for change. 5. Health
6. Career/Lifestyle
STAGE II: What solution makes sense for me? This 7. College and University
involves helping clients determine outcomes. 8. Drugs
STAGE III: What do I have to do to get what I need or 9. Consultation
want? This involves helping clients develop strategies 10. Business and Industry
for accomplishing goals. 11. Phobia Counseling

Culley & Bond 2004; Smith 2008 also use a three-stage
model that looks at this working relationship as having a
beginning, middle and end.
Alistair Ross (2003) provides a similar model; starting
out, moving on and letting go.
Culley and Bond 2004
They have grouped this foundation skills around three
headings:
1. Attending and Listening – refer to active
listening, which means listening with purpose
and responding in such way that clients are
aware that they have both been heard and
understood.
2. Reflective Skills – concerned with the other
person’s frame of reference. It ‘capture’ what
CAREER OPORTUNITIES FOR COUNSELORS
 Educational and School Counselors
 Vocational or Career Counselors
 Marriage and Family Counselors
 Addictions and Behavioral Counselors
 Mental Health Counselors
 Rehabilitation Counselors
 Genetics Counselors
RIGHTS, RESPONSIBILITIES AND ACCOUNTABILITIES OF
COUNSELORS
 They are responsible for the practice of their
profession in accordance with their mandates
and professional guidelines and ethics.
 They are accountable to their clients, the
professional body, and the government.
  It is critical that the counselor and the client
fully understand the nature of the concerns,
which leads to a contract to take action on a
mutually agreed upon problem.
A CODE OF ETHICS is a guide of principles designed to
help professionals conduct business honestly and with
integrity. A code of ethics document may outline the
mission and values of the business or organization, how
professionals are supposed to approach problems, the
ethical principles based on the organization's core
values, and the standards to which the professional is
held.
CODE OF ETHICS OF COUNSELORS
Principle 1: Respect for the right and dignity of the
client.
Principle 2: Competence
Principle 3: Responsibility
Principle 4: Integrity
LESSON 4: THE CLIENTELE AND AUDIENCES
WHO IS CLIENTELE AND AUDIENCES OF COUNSELING?
Individuals and groups of people who receive service
from various counseling professions constitute the
clientele and audience.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CLIENTELE AND AUDIENCES
OF COUNSELING
1. The clientele and audiences of counseling are
normal people. They are not in need of clinical
or mental help.
2. They may be the youth in need of guidance at
critical moments of their growth, anyone in
need of assistance in realizing in change of
behavior or attitude, or simple seeking to
achieve a goal.
3. What the audience normally calls for in
counseling is application for development of
social skills etc.
NEEDS OF VARIOUS TYPES OF CLIENTELE AND
AUDIENCES OF COUNSELING
1. As school guidance and counselors, these
professionals provide the need for personal
guidance by helping students seek more options
and find better and more appropriate ones in
dealing with situations of stress or simply
decision-making.
2. As job-hunting coaches, counselor provide
avenues for people to find necessary
information and get employment that is
suitable to them.
3. As conflict management providers, these
professionals provide the need for principles
and theory-based approaches to deal with the
conflict and deescalate it, if not revolve it
positively.
4. As human resource personnel, these
professionals provide the needs common to all
workplaces and they are employed in almost all
workplaces to deal with various needs that
cover aspects of remunerations, social services,
compensations, conflict resolution and
discipline
5. As marriage counselors, these professionals
provide the need for conflict-resolution skills to
parties, couples and children to deal with
various stresses and issues that threaten their
unities or peaceful coexistence.
6. As drug abuse and rehabilitation counselors,
these professionals meet the need to help
people overcome their problems or mitigate
some of the most negative effects of drug
abuse.
7. As bereavement counselors, these professional
respond to the need to be helped to go through
loss, such as death in family, in a way that will
help prevent depression and other unhealthy
ways of dealing or coping with loss such as
committing suicide or giving up in life
8. As abused children caretakers and
rehabilitation in government and NGO settings,
counselors meet the need to facilitate
processing and restoration of abused children
through recognition and implementation of
existing laws and recovery procedures in
coordination with relevant units.
TYPES OF COUNSELING
 THE INDIVIDUAL AS CLIENT OF COUNSELING
 THE GROUP AND ORGANIZATION AS CLIENT OF
COUNSELING
 THE COMMUNITY AS CLIENT OF COUNSELING
 LESSON 5: Settings, Processes, Methods and
Tools in Counseling
CLASSICAL APPROACHES IN COUNSELING
 Psychoanalysis by Sigmund Freud
 Behaviorism by B.F. Skinner
 Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow and George Kelly
(Humanistic Perspective)
Psychoanalysis by Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalysis draw attention to the darker forces
of the unconscious and the influence that this has
on how we feel about ourselves.
Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow and George Kelly
(Humanistic Perspective)
Humanistic perspective attempted to understand
the conscious mind, free will, human dignity, and
the capacity for self-reflection and growth.
THE BASIC COUNSELLING APPROACHES
Psychoanalytic Therapy by Sigmund Freud
 Psychoanalysis is based on Freud’s
explanation that human beings are basically
determined by psychic energy and early
experiences.

 The goal of a therapist is to help a client
become conscious of this energy and early
experiences and thereby become
empowered and harness both positively.
Adlerian Therapy by Alfred Adler (1870-1937)
 Developed by Alfred Adler. He believe that the
first six years of life influence an individual.
Humans are motivated by social urges.
Existential Therapy by Viktor Frankl, Abraham Maslow
& Rollo May
 It focuses on human capacity to define and
shape his/her own life, give meaning to
personal circumstance through reflection,
decision-making and self-awareness.
Person-centered Therapy by Carl Rogers (1902-1987)
 Non-directive counselors focus on the client’s
self-discovery rather than their input.
 The process includes the counselor use of active
listening, reflection of feelings, clarification and
just “being there” for counselee in a non
interventionist way.
Gestalt Therapy by Frederick S. Perls
 Gestalt therapy techniques include
confrontation, dialog with parties, role-
playing, reliving and re-experiencing
unfinished business in the form of
resentment and guilt.
 Counselors push for doing and experiencing
rather than just talk about one’s feelings as
client.
Transactional Analysis by Erick Berne
 This approach believes that the client has the
potential for choice and so, the contract made
by the client clearly states the directions and
goals of the therapeutic process.
Behavior Therapy
 Associated with many theorists among them are
Arnold Lazarus, Albert Bandura, B.F. Skinner,
M.J. Mahoney, David L. Watson and A.E. Kazdin.
 In this approach, the counselor is active and
directive, and functions as a teacher or trainer
in helping clients to work on improving
behavior.
Rationale-emotive Therapy by Albert Ellis
 This approach focuses on helping clients accept
themselves as people who would continue to
make mistakes, yet at the same time learn to
live with themselves at be at peace with
themselves.
Reality Therapy by William Glasser
 This therapy is a short-term approach that
focuses on the present and highlights a client’s
strength.
 What a client needs from a counselor
isencouragement to a ssess the current style of
living then leave them to employ a process of
honest self-examination, leading and resulting
to improvement of one’s quality of life.
Government Setting
 Counseling professionals in government setting
work with the various government agencies
that have counseling services such as social
welfare, correctional department, the court
system, child and women affairs services,
 schools, military, police, hospitals, mental and
Foster Homes, And Rehabilitation Centers.
In The Private Sector
 counselors range from independent providers
of services or work for NGOs, or specialized for
profit centers and organizations that render a
variety of counseling.
Civil Society
 is generally charities or non-profit and issue-
based centers or organizations such as for
abused women, abandoned children and
elderly, veterans, teachers, professionals or
religious groups.
School Setting
 The role of counselor is more complex since the
needs of students can vary widely.
 The roles of guidance here “were similar to
modern career counseling with a focus on the
transition from school to work, emphasizing an
appropriate client-occupational placement
match.
Common Concerns that May Interfere with Student
Learning
 Suicide
 Violence
 Divorce
 Child Abuse
 Unwanted Pregnancy
 Drug Addiction
 Truancy
Multiple Roles of School Counselors
 Apart from their counseling roles, school
counselors are also assigned non-counseling
roles.
 Non-counseling tasks can range from part-time
teaching, secretarial responsibilities,
substituting for teachers when they are not
available, lunch duty, etc.
 A ratio of 250 students for every counselor is
recommended by ASCA.
 Commission on Higher Education for the
Philippines recommends 1:500 or in a worse
situation, 1:1000.
The Role of Elementary School Counselor(K-6)
 Developmentally, the social emotional needs of
humans at this stage can be marked
distinctively.
 However, there are several factors that may be
responsible for behavior differences such as
home environment, family size, economic
status, intellectual ability and so on.
The Role of the Senior High School Counselor (Grades
11-12)
 The primary role of senior high school
counselors is to provide guidance and
counseling pertaining to educational and career
decisions as well as college placement
counseling.
The Role of the College Level Counselor (College to
Post-graduate Level)
 On the collegiate level, the role of school
counselors include counseling, appraisal and
assessment, information, placement, research
and evaluation, follow-up, and student
activities.
The Role of the College Level Counselor (College to
Post-graduate Level)
 On the collegiate level, the role of school
counselors include counseling, appraisal and
assessment, information, placement, research
and evaluation, follow-up, and student
activities.
Lesson 6: The Counseling Services, Processes and
Methods
The Counseling Process
Needs Assessment – it is the systematic observation of
symptoms of the client to determine the specific felt
needs.
Intervention / Program Design – it is the process of
planning the counseling methods and tools to be used
for the client based on what is needed.
Implementation – it is the process that involves acting
on the plan for an effective counseling.
Monitoring – it is the process of documenting the entire
process of counseling while it is going on.
Evaluation – it is the process of examining the results of
counseling to find out if the intended results were met
or unmet.
Stage 1Relationship Building
Stage 2 Assessment And Diagnosis
Stage 3 Formulation of Goals
Stage 4 Intervention
Stage 5 Termination and Follow up
Stage 6 Research And Evaluation
DIASS
Lesson 7: The Discipline of Social Work
►The Discipline of Social Work is closely associated
with government welfare and social programs aimed at
achieving "Social justice, Fairness, and attainment of
social equilibrium."
►The social work profession promotes social change,
problem solving in human relationships and the
empowerment and liberation of people to enhance
wellbeing.
►They aim to protect vulnerable people from abuse,
neglect, or self-harm and to help enhance their well-
being and quality of life. Drawing upon a rich knowledge
base and theoretical perspective derived from the social
and psychological sciences, social workers aim to
promote positive individual and social change.
Social care to Social Work. (Hartman 2015).
Social care
► Community, friends, parents, relatives.
►They provide personal care, supporting individuals
with daily living and supporting people to engage with
their communities and involve more direct contact with
people.
►Personal relationship
►No qualifications or professional license needed to
conduct social care.
► Requirements to practice are "Special training and
license."
►The UK and the Philippines social workers are
considered qualified and registered professions with
protected title.
Definition of Social Work
"The social work profession promotes social change,
problem solving in human relationships and the
empowerment and liberation of people to enhance
well-being."
Context and the Basic Concepts of Social Work
The aim of social work is to help individuals fit better
into their environment and change the environment so
that it works better for them. Segal, Cerdes, and Steiner
2005).
►They connect it to the history of Charity Organization
Societies founded in 1877 that aims to discover the
causes of poverty among individuals, eliminate the
causes and eliminate poverty from society.
►The next movement that emerged was called
Settlement Movement began in 1887. This movement
operated on the assumption that an individual's well
being was directly related to his/her surroundings
therefore, to help a person involved changing the
environment wherein that person lives. These includes
advocating for better neighbourhood services, public
health programs and employment conditions. These
two (2) movements plays role in solving poverty of
individuals by helping them fit better into their
environment and changing that environment and this
serves as today's basic concept of Social Work.
► Social work is a place that requires professionals to
direct their service on the needs and empowerment of
people who experiences some forms of vulnerability,
oppression and living in poverty. These are the goals
and scope of social works as highlighted by DuBois and
Miley (2008).
Goals and Scope of Social Work
These are the goals and scope of social works as
highlighted by DuBois and Miley (2008).
►Empower people individually and collectively in order
to utilize their own problem solving and coping
capabilities more effectively.
► Support a proactive position with regard to social
and economic policy development to prevent problems
for individuals and society form occurring. Uphold the
integrity of the profession in all aspects of social work
practice.
► Establish linkages between people and societal
resources to further social functioning and enhance
quality of life.
► Develop cooperative networks within the
institutional resources system.
► Facilitate the responsiveness of the institutional
resource systems to meet health and human service
needs.
►Promotes social justice and equality of all people with
the regard to full participation in society.
► Contribute to the development of knowledge for
social work profession through research and evaluation.
►Encourage exchange of information in those
institutional systems in which both problems and
resources opportunities are produced.
► Enhance communication through an appreciation of
diversity and through ethnically sensitive, non-sexist
social work practice.
►Employ educational strategies for the prevention and
resolution of problems.
►Embrace a world view of human issues and solutions
to problems
Principles of Social Work
1. Upholding and promoting human dignity and well
being
2. Respecting the right to self determination
3. Promoting the right to participation
4. Creating each person as a whole
5. Identifying and developing strengths
Principles Relative to Social Justice
1. Challenging discrimination
2. Recognizing diversity
3. Distributing resources
4. Challenging unjust policies and practices
5. Working in solidarity
Principles Relative to Professional Integrity
1. Upholding the values and reputation of the
profession
2. Being trustworthy
3. Maintaining professional boundaries
4. Making considered professional judgments
5. Being professionally accountable
Core Values of Social Work
1. Compassion
2. Service
3. Dignity and worth of the person
4. Importance of human relationships
5. Integrity
6. Competence
Improving client's family life
LESSON 8: THE PROFESSIONALS AND PRACTITIONERS
OF SOCIAL WORK
ROLES OF SOCIAL WORK
►For individuals and families, their role is that of an
enabler-helping people find solutions.
► For formal groups and organizations, their role is that
of facilitator-in aid of organizational development.
►For community and society, there is that of a planner-
facilitating research and planning.
FUNCTIONS OF SOCIAL WORK
► Consultancy refers to the professional activities
through which social workers and their clients plan,
initiate and pursue actions toward desired change.
► Resource management refers to the act of
coordinating, systematizing and integrating resources
and services needed to support social functioning,
meeting needs and resolving problem.
► Education refers to the provision of knowledge and
critical information necessary for empowerment
practice that facilitates informed decision making,
increased abilities and gain access to opportunities and
resources for a client.
AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION OF SOCIAL WORK
Professional social work requires full professional
training with college degree and in a number of cases,
requires a person to have a master's or doctor's degree
in social work.
1.) Family and child welfare
 Physical or mental illness
 Unemployment
 Divorce
  Adoption
 Daycare o Foster child care
 Care for children with disabilities
 Aiding physically and emotionally abused
children
 Improving client's family life
2.) Health
 Social workers help patients and their families
in clinics, hospitals and other health-care
facilities.
 Help patients and their families deal with the
impact illness and death and counsel patients
who have discharged to help them return to
everyday life.
 Provide counseling in maternal and child care.
 Care for dying patients and victims of certain
disease like HIV or cancer.
3.) Mental health
 Social workers provide aid to people suffering
from mental and emotional stress and many
other services similar to the ones offered by
medical social workers. Many have training in
psychotherapy, the treatment of mental and
emotional disorders using. psychological
methods.
4.) Corrections
 Social workers in corrections areinvolved with
programs concerned with the prevention of
crime and the rehabilitation of criminals and
provide counsel to people who are on
probation or parole.
5.) Schools
 Social workers in school is part of the program
on all levels, from preschool through college. It
includes services to students in special schools
with emotional disturbances or physical
disabilities. Social workers in schools provide
vocational counseling, school adjustment
counseling, and help with behavioral
management and personal problems. They also
assist students who have learning difficulties
and help them work to their potential.
RIGHTS, RESPONSIBILITIES AND ACCOUNTABILITIES OF
SOCIAL WORK
 Social work foremost rights include the right to
fulfill its professional mandates and to live by
its values.
 Its responsibilities covers those that pertain to
the dispensation of its basic functions, roles,
professional standards, and adherence to its
local and international code of ethics.
 Social work is accountable to the clients, the
general public and its society.
CODE OF ETHICS OF SOCIAL WORK
 Service-social workers' primary goal is to help
people in need and to address social problem.
 Social justice - social workers challenge social
justice.
 Dignity and worth of a person - social workers
respect the inherent dignity and worth of the
person.
 Importance of human relationships - social
workers recognize the central importance of
human relationships.
 Integrity - social workers behave in trustworthy
manner.
 Competence - social workers practice within
their areas of competence and develop and
enhance their professional expertise.
LESSON 9: THE CLIENTELE AND AUDIENCES OF SOCIAL
WORK
CHARACTERISTICS OF CLIENTELE AND AUDIENCES OF
SOCIAL WORK
All people with various social concerns (in terms of
marginalized or experiencing social injustice or having
their rights violated or disrespected).
SOCIAL CONCERNS
All those deserving of social welfare benefits:
✔Loss of job
✔Home for the elderly
✔Home for the street children - neglected child,
sexually, physically or mentally abused.
✔ Drug rehabilitation center
✔Being a minority
✔A migrant
✔A divorced woman
✔Suffering of discrimination
Needs of Various Types of Clientele and Audiences of
Social Work
INDIVIDUAL AS CLIENT OF SOCIAL WORK
The individual level is generally work on an individual
who has to be assisted to fit in a larger environment or
someone who has been deprived space by the larger
environment calling for change in every environment or
simply improving one's ability to cope with it.