Radiographic Testing: RT Safety Design Detection Discontinuities in Aluminum Alloy

AUGUST 2017
VOL. 75 • NO. 8
ASNT… CREATING A SAFER WORLD!™
RADIOGRAPHIC
TESTING
RT Safety
Design Detection
Discontinuities in
Aluminum Alloy
ASNT grants non-exclusive, non-transferable license of this material to Ms Janejira Lertpornprasith.

THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING
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AUGUST 2017
VOLUME 75 • NUMBER 8
BACK TO BASICS
969 RT Safety
Safe Distance for Gamma Radiography
Talaat Mohamed Haggag
FEATURE
977 Art Objects

Design Detection in Art Objects Using the Dual-
domain Technique
Effat Yahaghi
969
UPCOMING ASNT CONFERENCE

AND TOPICALS
965 ASNT Annual Conference 2017

992 27th Research Symposium
TECHNICAL PAPERS
1019 Comparative Assessment of Thermal

NDT Data Processing Techniques for
Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers
Daniel L. Balageas, Jean-Michel Roche, and François-Henri
Leroy
1032 Investigation of Discontinuities in

Friction Stir Welding of 2024 1032
Aluminum Alloy using Radiography
S. Sudhagar, M. Sakthivel, A. Ashok, and S. Ajith Arul Daniel

AUGUST 2017 • MATERIALS EVALUATION 939
departments
PERSPECTIVE
ASNT SCOPE
945 President’s Letter
948 Section News “I believe enhanced
accountability to a code of
956 Awards and Honors
ethics is needed”
960 Wrap-up
947 Director’s Letter
962 Society News “The value of ASNT
membership is more than
964 In Memoriam advancing the industry” 989
966 New ASNT Certificate
Holders
WHAT’S NEW
988 Product Gallery

989 Spotlight: Laser Methods
RESOURCES
993 Industry News
Eddyfi Acquires TSC Inspection
967 ASNT Exams
Systems; Laboratory Testing, 990 Contact ASNT
Inc., Hires Director of Quality
Assurance; Detection 1000 Corporate Partners
Technology Completes
Expansion 1005 Calendar
995 New Media 1018 Editorial Calendar
Essentials of the Mechanics of 1038 Employment Service
Materials, Third Edition;
948 Companion Guide to the ASME 1038 Service Directory
Boiler and Pressure Vessel and
Piping Codes; New Standard for 1048 Coming Attractions
Spot Welding of Aluminum 1048 Ad Index
997 NDT Pics
998 New Patents
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VOLUME 75 • NUMBER 8 ASN T MI SS I O N STAT E M E N T

J OURNAL STAF F ASNT exists to create a safer world by advancing scientific, engineering, and
PUBLISHER: Dr. Arnold Bereson
PUBLICATIONS MANAGER: Timothy E. Jones
technical knowledge in the field of nondestructive testing.
EDITOR: Karen Balkin
ASSOCIATE EDITOR: Haley Cowans
SO C IETY O F F I CE R S
PRODUCTION/LAYOUT: Joy Grimm
CHAIR: Kevin D. Smith, Pratt & Whitney, 2017
RE V IE W B OARD PRESIDENT: David R. Bajula, Acuren Group, Inc., 2017
TECHNICAL EDITOR VICE PRESIDENT: David A. Mandina, Mandina’s Inspection Services, Inc., 2017
Richard H. Bossi, The Boeing Company (retired) SECRETARY/TREASURER: Scott P. Cargill, Mistras Group, Inc., 2017
TECHNICAL EDITOR (emeritus)
D IREC TO R S
Emmanuel P. Papadakis, Quality Systems Mohammed A. Abufour, Saudi Aramco, 2018
Concepts
Martin T. Anderson, Global Diving & Salvage, Inc., 2019
ASSOCIATE TECHNICAL EDITORS B. Boro Djordjevic, Materials and Sensors Technologies, Inc., 2018
John C. Aldrin, Computational Tools Gregory A. Garcia, Evraz North America, 2019
Ali Abdul-Aziz, Kent State University Mohsen Hassanein, Quality Control Co., 2019
Narendra K. Batra, Naval Research Danny L. Keck, KCS Enterprises, 2019
Laboratory (retired)
Michael V. McGloin, NDT Enterprises, 2018
William C. Chedister, Chedister Associates
Marybeth Miceli, Metal Fatigue Solutions, 2019
Yiming Deng, Michigan State University
Yi-Cheng (Peter) Pan, Therm-O-Disc/Emerson, Inc., 2019
John Z. Chen, Schlumberger
Robert L. Saunders, Ellwood City Forge Co., 2017
John C. Duke, Jr., Virginia Polytechnic
Flynn Spears, Laser Technology, 2017
Trey Gordon, The Boeing Company
Dietmar Henning, Level III Service, LLC John Turner, FlawTech, Inc., 2017
Cara A.C. Leckey, NASA Langley Research William F. Via, Jr., Virginia Department of Transportation, 2019
Center
Mani Mina, Iowa State University Materials Evaluation is an archival journal in nondestructive testing/evaluation/inspection. The journal’s
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PRESIDENT’S letter
Raising the Bar on Integrity
LAST MONTH was a month focused on personnel certi-
fication and credentialing across the globe. I attended
the 8th International Conference on Personnel I believe enhanced
Certification and Standardization on Nondestructive
Testing (NDT) and gave a presentation on ASNT’s accountability to a code of
updates to the ASNT Central Certification Program
(ACCP) along with our efforts for the fully integrated
ethics is needed
identical adoption of the ISO 9712 program within the
next 12 to 18 months. I discussed the significance of
ASNT’s approach to incorporating a two-part practical and the competency is generally assessed during the
examination, including more robust industry-specific certification testing process and certainly during the
examinations or “sector exams.” Additionally, I reem- barrage of additional performance-based testing that
phasized why our exams are psychometrically based we seem to continually have to do. However, the
and how we are planning to also apply this to the honesty part is hard to assess. Other than possibly
practical examinations. We’re looking forward to the increasing audits of inspections, what measures are
culmination of this, which will be our release of the oil put in place to assure that technicians perform their
and gas or petrochemical and refining industry sector inspections not only to the best of their ability, but
examinations that could be accepted by oil and gas honestly in all phases? Accordingly, I believe enhanced
owner/user operators across the globe. accountability to a code of ethics is needed—not just
I want to take this opportunity to reemphasize my for the Level IIIs but also for all technicians, especially
position on raising the bar rather than lowering it. As I the Level IIs who do most of the inspections. With the
stated during my president’s acceptance speech, recent actions taken by the British Institute of Non-
integrity is what we do, and the ultimate execution of Destructive Testing (BINDT) for a breach in their code
the NDT tasks is left to the technician who has satis- of ethics in the administering of training and certifica-
factory training, knowledge, and skills to perform tion examinations, which resulted in the revocation of
his/her inspections. These inspections are, in turn, over 3000 Personnel Certification in Non-Destructive
performed in accordance with procedures that many Testing (PCN) designations, we need to take a hard
times—if not always—are approved by a Level III. look at strengthening our code of ethics and certainly
Accordingly, it is important that we look at the compe- our accountability practices. ASNT will be working on
tency and skill level of the technicians, but fundamen- ways to increase the emphasis on integrity in our
tally, it is more important that we look closely at the personnel training and certification schemes in the
NDT procedures that are used for the inspections. With months to come, especially as we roll out the new
the current systems across the globe certifying techni- ACCP examinations this month and the fully integrated
cians with cut scores of 70% or 80%, it becomes ISO 9712 program.
paramount that procedures are qualified to meet Next month, I look forward to completing my series
100% detectability and reliability requirements to a on HEART with a discussion on Teamwork – T. Until
given quality standard. then, may everyone have a good month and work hard
Over the course of the next 12 to 18 months, you to do his or her part in raising the bar and enhancing
will see dynamic changes across the globe in our certi- the quality of inspections or inspection practices.
fication schemes. There are four important elements
associated with achieving an adequate and sustain-
able certification scheme for technicians; Training, D AV I D R . B A J U L A
Experience, Competency, and Honesty, or “TECH.” The 2016–2017 ASNT President
training and experience have been fairly well defined, president@asnt.org

DIRECTOR’S letter
Challenging Ourselves to Be Better
OVER THIS PAST MONTH, headlines from around the globe have begged each of us to assess our
own definition of civility and expectations of how we treat the world around us and how it treats us
in return. On a macro level, one easily defines right from wrong and recognizes when injustices
occur. On a micro (or intimate, personal) level, it’s human nature to use our reason and discernment
to comport ourselves situationally and to set boundaries for those we allow in our space. From politi-
cians to corporate leaders, personal behaviors are sometimes not congruent with broader learned
values, resulting in unkind, insensitive, or offensive actions. Recently, mean-spirited rhetoric and
brash tenor have given me reason to pause—and ask you to do the same.
Today, I ask us all to take a few moments of introspection on how and when we apply our values. The
As a diverse organization with global reach, ASNT always endeavors to conduct business and interac-
tions with members, stakeholders, the nondestructive testing (NDT) community, and public in a value of ASNT
culturally competent and respectful manner. There is the highest expectation placed on every
International Service Center staff member to reflect the immense privilege to work on behalf of the
membership
NDT industry to further the ASNT mission and support the champions of NDT—YOU! In that same is more than
vein, each member holds an equally important responsibility to act professionally, ethically, and
respectfully, as outlined in the ASNT Member Code of Ethics. The Code of Ethics is shaped, in spirit advancing the
and word, to the highest ideals of personal and professional decorum and integrity for each affirming
member. The value of ASNT membership is more than advancing the industry; it is also elevating the industry
expectation that a technical society promotes fellowship, inclusion, and social responsibility.
The great care taken daily by ardent and excellence-engrained NDT professionals in performing a
job well done, to specifications, with the utmost accuracy, without error, and meeting client expecta-
tions should also be extended every time we are gathered at an ASNT function. Each of us is deeply
vested in the regard in which ASNT and the NDT industry is held. The critical impact of NDT should be
beyond reproach. The pride and dignity of the industry is reflected in our speech, appearance, social
interactions, and personal commitment to advancing the deserved recognition of the industry.
Whether in committee meetings, symposia, or events (ASNT’s or others), we must remain cognizant
that cultural, gender, education, or professional experience based remarks or bias are intractable and
potentially devastating to one’s character and that of the entire organization.
Honesty and self-expression are important in defining who we are; however, so is remembering
that sometimes our delivery may need to be thought out and tempered for the desired reception. It’s
impossible to retract a statement once even a single person hears or sees it. Impulsive gaffes can
spread at unbelievable speeds and be detrimental to an individual, family, city, company, or country.
The impression we leave on others is each of ours, as individuals, to determine.
At the June Board meeting held at the ASNT Center for Excellence, this topic was discussed at
length and the comments above were both expressed by the Board and reaffirmed as a methodology
that must be inculcated deep within the fabric of our Society.
Let us never be complacent in our duty to present ourselves as a reflection of the values we live
and with the pride of representing our families, employers, NDT industry, and ASNT. We will boldly
claim civility and contribute to tuning the tenor in our worlds to a harmony that uplifts us all. We
clearly deserve and should not accept anything less. As always, I welcome your comments and
suggestions.
DR. ARNOLD “ARNY” BERESON

ASNT Executive Director
abereson@asnt.org

ASNT Scope
provides readers with
updates on ASNT
members, sections, and
section news
activities. We depend on
member contributions
for this section. Send
updates, announcements,
and photos regarding
your Section, people, Charlotte nondestructive testing in the race world.
awardees, obituaries, CHARLOTTE, NORTH CAROLINA
The Section would like to thank Wall for
and other updates to On 13 April, the Charlotte Section had a hosting the visit.
presaward@asnt.org. combined meeting with the Piedmont
Please include Scope
News in the subject line,
Section and the North Carolina Student Chicago
Section to visit Hendrick Motorsports. The CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
and your name and
visit was guided by Jim Wall, engineering The Chicago Section met on 10 April with
contact information.
director for the engine program in the 18 guests and members in attendance at
Engine Production and Development Facility Crazy Pour in Villa Park, Illinois. The guest
in Concord, North Carolina. Twenty-five speaker was Nils Hase, the sales manager
people from Charlotte participated in this from Comet Technologies USA, Inc., a
interesting tour at the heart of NASCAR and manufacturer of X-ray tubes. Hase’s talk for
observed firsthand the latest applications of the evening was entitled “Portable and
SECTION HIGHLIGHT
The Southwestern
Ontario Section hosted a
meeting on 20 April that
included a signing of a
Memorandum of
Understanding (MOU)
between ASNT and
Natural Resources
Canada National Non-
Destructive Testing
Certification Body. The
MOU shows the strong
desire between the two A Memorandum of Understanding between ASNT and Natural Resources Canada (NRCan)
organizations to Non-Destructive Testing Certification Body (NDTCB) was signed at the Southwestern Ontario
establish a working rela- Section’s 20 April meeting. Pictured: (in back) Southwestern Ontario Section Vice Chair
tionship in the field of Mark A. Gharghoury; (in front, from left) Southwestern Ontario Section Director Cindy R.
Finley, Director of NRCan NDTCB Pui Kei Yuen, ASNT President David R. Bajula, and
NDT.
Southwestern Ontario Section Chair Parvinder Kaur Sidhu.
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Notes
Become Involved with

ASNT Committees
All ASNT members are encouraged
to become active in those commit-
tees which are of interest to them.
Committee rosters are published in
the February Ready Reference Guide,
as is contact information for
members of committees. Contact the
committee’s chair for more informa-
The Charlotte Section held a combined meeting with the Piedmont and North Carolina tion on getting involved and making
Student Sections to visit Hendrick Motorsports. your voice heard.
Industrial X-ray Production – How X-rays Section Resources Online

are Actually Made.” The discussion The ASNT website offers a number of
detailed the various types of X-ray tubes resources for local sections,
and the intricacies behind each type. His including Section News, links to
review compared the glass and metal local section web pages, contact
ceramic types and efficiencies, as well as information for regional directors,
the effect of focal spot size on cooling and more. See www.asnt.org/
requirements and future plans for sections for details.
advanced designs.
Colorado Update Your Address

DENVER, COLORADO The best way to change or update
The Colorado Section held its April your address for ASNT communica-
meeting at Elementum 3D, an advanced tions is to login to the MyASNT sec-
Chicago Section Chair Charles P. Johnson of 3D printing materials research and devel- tion of the ASNT website. Visit
Karden Sales (left) expresses appreciation to opment company, in Erie, Colorado. Six www.asnt.org/myasnt, create an
Nils Hase of Comet Technologies USA, Inc., online account if you do not already
Colorado Section members and five invited
for speaking at the Section’s meeting on
students from University of Colorado have one, and then click on the
10 April.
Boulder attended the meeting. “Contact Information” option in the
menu on the left side of the screen.
Address edit and delete options can
be found there.
Submit NDT Pics

Submissions are now being
accepted for NDT Pics, a depart-
ment in Materials Evaluation
that allows members of the NDT
industry to share their work and
experiences visually. Large, high-
quality photos or images (page
sized, 300 dpi) or questions about
the process can be submitted to
kbalkin@asnt.org.
Colorado Section Chair Anish Poudel (middle) presents the letter of appreciation and gifts to
the speakers for the Section’s 13 April meeting, Jacob Nuechterlein (right) and Jeremy Iten
(left) from Elementum 3D.

section news
Jacob Nuechterlein and Jeremy Iten thrilling lecture by Dirk Koelbl (CIS GmbH)
from Elementum 3D were the guest entitled “Qualification of Personnel – NDE
speakers for the event. Their presentation According to the ASME Code.” Pleasant
was titled “Nondestructive Evaluation and interesting conversations were held
Needs for Additive Manufacturing of over a typical Bavarian lunch with pretzels,
Metals and Composites.” They opened up veal sausages, and wheat beer. After these
their presentation by providing a short delicious snacks, Section Vice Chair Ralf The Greater Houston Section hosted its
annual GHASNT Golf Outing on 18 April.
history about their company. Elementum Holstein presented the most important ASNT President David R. Bajula (left) with
3D (formerly Sinter Print) is an additive changes in the new edition of SNT-TC-1A Frederick S. (Skip) Hoyt, the tournament co-
manufacturing research and development (2016). Before closing the meeting, director.
company that specializes in the creation of Section Chair Markus F. Hagen and
advanced metals, composites, and Holstein delivered an exciting report on
ceramics. During the second half of the the ASNT Annual Conference in Long Inspection Services, QSA Global, SGS N.A.,
presentation, they provided a brief Beach, California, where they both partook and Team Qualspec.
description on the directed energy powder in ASNT’s 75th anniversary celebration. The following night, 19 April, the
bed fusion processes used to manufacture Greater Houston Section put on its
complex components from a variety of Greater Houston Vendors’ Night at South Shore Harbour
metals based materials, and from metal- HOUSTON, TEXAS Resort in League City, Texas. Vendors’ Night
ceramic composites and functionally On 18 April, the Greater Houston is an opportunity for members to gather in
graded materials. They also addressed the Section hosted its annual GHASNT an informal setting to meet, mix, eat, and
need for novel nondestructive evaluation Golf Outing at the Timber Creek Golf Club catch up with friends, customers, and
methods and qualification challenges in Friendswood, Texas. Although this vendors. This year included 41 vendors’
required to characterize these complex year there was a complete rainout for tables, and attendees who signed in totaled
materials. Finally, they gave a tour of their any golfing, 130 attendees stayed and 185.
facility and provided a live demonstration celebrated a day off with food and drink. Attendees and vendors reported
of the directed energy powder bed fusion The Section would like to extend a excellent food and service from South
processes. huge thank you to Frederick S. (Skip) Hoyt Shore Harbour Resort once again. Vendors
and Becky Judkins for organizing, setting stepped up and donated many door prizes
German up, and pulling off successful golf outings for attendees. Thanks to Wendy Post from
COLOGNE, GERMANY year after year. The Section has too many Oceanscan Ltd., who acted as the ticket
On 2 February, the German Section met golf outing sponsors to list them all, but announcer. Prizes included binoculars,
above the roofs of Munich at Vector NDT special mention goes to Platinum Sponsor restaurant gift cards, rounds of golf, and
Training. Section officer elections were Mistras Group, Inc., and the many Gold Houston Astros baseball tickets.
held. Meeting participants enjoyed a Sponsors: MFE Rentals, Olympus NDT, Pro
Attendees of the German Section’s 2 February meeting enjoyed a presentation on qualification of personnel.
ASNT grants
950 non-exclusive,
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Lewis & Clark
PORTLAND, OREGON
On 9 May, 18 members and guests of the

Lewis & Clark Section met at Flying Pie
Pizzeria in Portland, Oregon, to hear a
presentation by Curt Powell on how the
loss of the submarine USS Thresher
became the catalyst for an improved safety
and inspection program called SUBSAFE.
Since SUBSAFE’s inception in 1963, there
have been zero noncombat losses of
SUBSAFE certified submarines compared
Attendees of the Hawaii Section’s 4 May meeting holding the Hawaii Section banner (from to one loss every three years before the
left): Section Vice Chair Everrett H. Martin, Section Treasurer Jack R. Laws, Guest Speaker John program was put in place. The dinner was
Waggoner, Section Chair Derek Barbadillo, and Section Director Jayme J. Martin. generously sponsored by Test Equipment
Distributors.
Metro NY/Northern New Jersey

Hawaii electrical preventive maintenance and LY N D H U R S T, N E W J E R S E Y
HONOLULU, HAWAII power quality assurance disciplines to ITC, New Jersey members of the ASNT Metro
The Hawaii Section’s 4 May meeting was having considerable experience in the New York/Northern New Jersey Section
held at Buzz’s Original Steakhouse in instruction of infrared thermography and held a section meeting on 12 April at
Pearl City, Hawaii. Attendees totaled many other preventive maintenance topics. Frank’s Pizza Restaurant in Brunswick, New
15 members and guests, including Jersey. Thirteen members attended the
speaker John Waggoner of the Infrared India meeting, which was led by Michael W.
Training Center (ITC). This was a social CHENNAI, INDIA Allgaier. Attendees ranged from nonde-
meeting where members and guests got The India Section successfully conducted structive testing (NDT) veterans of 40-plus
to know others on the island in the nonde- its sixth technical meeting on 29 April in years to NDT novices, whose job roles
structive testing (NDT) business. Chennai. There was a presentation by included technicians, engineers, and NDT
Waggoner, speaking on thermography Chakravarthy P. Madhusudan and Krishna company owners and managers.
and NDT methodology, is an ITC senior M. Reddy from Lucid Software Limited After a round of introductions, Allgaier
instructor, ITC Level III. He brings more entitled “Role and Efficiency of Software led a discussion about ASNT and how the
than 25 years of experience in the in NDE.” Society helps and supports its members.
Attendees of the India Section’s technical meeting held on 29 April enjoyed a presentation on software in nondestructive evaluation.

section news
As a long-time member of the Section, by William J. Tapia titled “UT Testing of

Allgaier was able to provide a history of Composites 101.” A member of The
the Metro NY/Northern NJ Section. Boeing Company’s research and tech-
Attendees also addressed various NDT nology team, Tapia presented information
training, qualification, and certification on the differences between disbonds and
requirements, in addition to compiling a delamination, focused versus unfocused
list of technical topics ideally to be transducers, and the three primary
addressed at future meetings. methods of composite materials ultrasonic
inspection: pulse echo, through transmis-
Old Dominion sion testing, and resonance bond testing.
RICHMOND, VIRGINIA In the two instances—disbonds and
On 24 April, 15 members and guests of delaminations—the delamination is
the Old Dominion Section gathered for a defined as an interply separation, and the
technical meeting at Calabash Seafood disbond as a separation in the adhesive
Restaurant. Irving J. Gray gave a presenta- material between two bonded pieces.
tion on 3D printing and the challenges of Following his informative presentation, a
performing NDT on parts fabricated question and answer session was
through this method, since it is very easy conducted for those enjoying a refresher
to build a part that is uninspectable. and students hearing this information for
Regional Director William F. Via, Jr. was the first time.
also in attendance, and provided the Section elections were then held for
Section with an update on ASNT National the 2017–2018 program year, the
and the Region. Section’s 60th year of chartered operation
and service to the Pacific Northwest
Pacific Northwest members of ASNT.
SE ATT L E , WA S H I N GTO N
Among the 24 members of the Pacific Pittsburgh
Northwest Section gathered at The Old P I T T S B U R G H , P E N N S Y LV A N I A
Spaghetti Factory in Tukwila, Washington, The Pittsburgh Section held a meeting on
on 10 April, were seven student members 20 April at the Springfield Grille in Mars,
from Clover Park Technical College in Pennsylvania, with ASNT Chief Technical
Puyallup, Washington. The group gathered Officer James E. Bennett as the speaker.
to participate in an informative presentation Bennett provided the Section with an
Pacific Northwest Section Vice Chair Kathy Pittsburgh Section Chair John Markanich
Ferguson (left) presents section challenge (left) and ASNT Chief Technical Officer James
coin, ASNT pen & pencil set, and certificate E. Bennett. Bennett spoke at the Section’s
of appreciation to William J. Tapia for 20 April meeting.
speaking at the Section’s 10 April meeting.
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update on ASNT’s initiatives and how they
influence existing and new certification
holders to create a safer world.
Bennett is a former officer of the
Pittsburgh Section and is now responsible
for the certification, quality, and technical
services provided by ASNT. The Section
thanks Bennett for his generous offering of
time and expertise.
San Diego
SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA
On 4 April, the San Diego Section hosted
the seventh Section Technical Meeting of San Diego Section Director Larry G. Olsen
the 2016–2017 year. The meeting was (left) shows his appreciation to ASNT
held at the Best Western Seven Seas with Executive Director Dr. Arnold “Arny” Bereson
18 members and guests in attendance. (right) for speaking at the Section’s 4 April
technical meeting.
The speaker for the evening was Dr. Arnold
“Arny” Bereson, executive director of
ASNT.
Dr. Bereson provided an informative Saudi Arabian
talk on the future of ASNT. There were DHAHRAN, SAUDI ARABIA
several questions on the direction of the The Saudi Arabian Section held its 10th
Society and what that means for the Technical Dinner Meeting for the fiscal year
general membership. The world is 2016–2017 on 20 April at the Dhahran
changing, and ASNT needs to change as Palace Hotel in Dhahran. The meeting was
well to support membership globally. attended by 99 members and nonmem-
The meeting also included customary bers, including guests from Bahrain
raffles. Raffle prizes were sponsored by the Society of Engineers and the Section
San Diego Section; Michael V. McGloin, sponsored by Yusuf Bin Ahmad Kanoo
NDT Enterprises; and Larry G. Olsen, Dammam.
Northrop Grumman Corporation. All in Section Chair Abdullah M. Al Khalifah
attendance had a great time. inaugurated the meeting and went over
Attendees of the Saudi Arabian Section’s 10th Technical Dinner Meeting at the Dhahran Palace
Hotel on 20 April enjoyed a presentation by guest speaker Vignesh M. Mariappan.

section news
Approximately 50 members attended the Shanghai Section’s 29 April meeting, which included two presentations.
highlights for the Section, including a certification application process and its interesting talk on the latest trends in NDE
discussion on Level III examinations. Al requirements for NDT. Qiu Dong, general certification.
Khalifah also showed a group photo from secretary of Tianjin Association of Special The highlight of the event was the
the Regional Planning Meeting (RPM) in Equipment Safety and Energy - Saving signing of a Memorandum of
Dubai organized by Regional Director Center, gave a presentation on angle Understanding (MOU) between ASNT and
Marwan F. Basrawi on 8 April, which was calculation of the water immersion oblique NRCan National Non-Destructive Testing
attended by Al Khalifah along with two injection ultrasonic testing technique on Certification Body. Philippe Dauphin, the
other officers from the Section, and high- gas cylinders. The Section appreciates director general of CanmetMATERIALS at
lighted the points discussed during the Shanghai QiJi and Tianjin Special NRCan, and Bajula signed the MOU
RPM. Equipment Institute for supporting and alongside Yuen. The MOU is great news
After the announcements, Al Khalifah presenting to the meeting. for the Canadian NDT industry as NRCan
asked the guest speaker Vignesh M. Non-Destructive Testing Certification Body
Mariappan, production manager at South Texas collaborates with ASNT to strengthen and
Olympus America, Inc., to start his presen- SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS improve the NDE certification programs.
tation, “Techniques from Basic Phased On 3 May, the South Texas Section had its The MOU shows the strong desire between
Array to Advance Phased Array,” which meeting at the Bombay Hall restaurant in the two organizations to establish a
was very successful and knowledgeable for San Antonio with 14 people in attendance. working relationship in the field of NDT.
the audience and was highly appreciated. The first order of business was to officially The MOU aims to invigorate the desired
After the presentation, Al Khalifah vote on the new slate of officers for the engagement from both organizations and
presented an appreciation trophy to 2017–2018 year for the Section. The slate provide program improvements to the
Mariappan with great thanks. was presented to the membership, and North American region, its users, and its
Door prizes were distributed to the the new slate of officers was approved by stakeholders. Strategically, this may seed
raffle winners after the trophy presenta- the membership. a credible pathway for further harmoniza-
tion. After this, all the members and Following the vote, Sergey A. tion and mutual recognition of the
guests of the Section retired to have an Vinogradov presented a technical discus- technical requirements and certification
excellent buffet lunch specially prepared sion entitled “Use of MsS Guided Wave schemes (ASNT Central Certification
by the Dhahran Palace Hotel. Technology for Anchor Inspection.” The Program and Canadian General Standards
presentation was well received and several Board) between the two national organiza-
Shanghai questions were answered. tions that can enable improved mobility
SHANGHAI, CHINA and transferability of goods, services, and
On 29 April, the Shanghai Section held its Southwestern Ontario resources.
April meeting in Tianjin, with approxi- MISSISSAUGA, CANADA The meeting was very well attended by
mately 50 members in attendance. This is The Southwestern Ontario Section hosted ASNT members and nonmembers from the
the second section meeting that was held a meeting on 20 April at the Canadian industry, and the news of the MOU was
in Northern China. The meeting was Welding Bureau office in Milton. Pui Kei very well received. The Section looks
hosted by Li Debin. The speaker was Niu Yuen, director of the Natural Resources forward to finalizing the agreement for reci-
Weifei, vice president of Tianjin Special Canada (NRCan) National Non-Destructive procity between the certification organiza-
Equipment Inspection Institute. He gave a Testing Certification Body, and ASNT tions in the near future. wx
speech on the ASME boiler pressure vessel President David R. Bajula delivered a very
ASNT grants
954 non-exclusive,
G U S T 2 of
awards & honors
John W. Newman Edward R. Generazio
Research Recognition for Chair E07.10 for the ASTM Specialized NDT Generazio serves as NASA’s NDE represen-
Sustained Excellence Methods organization from 2010 to 2015, tative to other government agencies and
and has served as the Chair E07.12 of the provides guidance on NDE policy and
2017 winner John W. Newman is the ASTM Shearography NDT organization from technical guidance to NDE personnel
president of Laser Technology, Inc., a 2008 to the present. agency-wide. Generazio also served as
company he founded in 1977 to develop the manager for the Office of Safety and
holographic nondestructive testing (NDT) About the Research Recognition for Mission Assurance/HQ NDE Program for
technology for aerospace applications. He is Sustained Excellence 20 years. The NDE Program addresses
also the CEO of Polaris Spine, Inc., and the The Research Recognition for Sustained mission critical inspection issues and has
president and founder of Digital Wind Excellence was established to recognize an immediate impact agency-wide by
Systems, Inc., which provides inspection sustained contributions in research in NDT. assuring component integrity for safety
services to power utilities for wind turbine No more than one such recognition may and reliability of NASA’s flight systems.
blades using proprietary long-range NDT be given in any calendar year and need Generazio mentored junior NDT personnel
sensors. He is the chair of ASNT’s Laser not be given if there are no outstanding to take on the role and responsibilities of
Method Committee and a member of the candidates nominated for the recognition. NDE program manager and now serves as
Aerospace Committee, and he is a certified The recipient presents a lecture on some deputy NDE program manager.
Level III. aspect of his or her research at the ASNT Generazio developed and patented
Newman graduated from Lake Forest Research Symposium and receives an an electric field imaging inspection (EFI)
College in 1972 with a degree in physics. appropriate award as established by the technique that has been demonstrated to
He is recognized as the co-inventor of ASNT Research Council. remotely characterize electric charge distri-
shearography nondestructive testing and bution, creating a new field of study
the inventor of holography-based optical Research Recognition for embracing areas of interest including elec-
leak testing, and continues to be a leader Innovation trostatic discharge (ESD) mitigation, crime
and innovator in these industries. He scene forensics, design and materials
holds numerous patents and has been the 2017 winner Edward R. Generazio is the selection for advanced sensors, combus-
author of more than 20 articles and book agency nondestructive evaluation (NDE) tion science, on-orbit space potential,
chapters. In addition to his involvement specialist for the National Aeronautics and container inspection, remote characteriza-
with ASNT, Newman has served as the Vice Space Administration (NASA). In this role, tion of electronic circuits and level of
ASNT grants
956 non-exclusive,
G U S T 2 of
activation, dielectric morphology of struc- Generazio received his Ph.D. in physics application deadlines vary, please check
tures, tether integrity, organic molecular from Pennsylvania State University, an each award listing for information specific
memory, atmospheric science, and M.S. in physics from Illinois Institute of to that honor or award.
medical diagnostic and treatment efficacy Technology, and an A.S. from Newton
applications such as cardiac polarization Junior College in Newton, Massachusetts. Charles N. Sherlock Meritorious
wave propagation and electromyography After graduation from Pennsylvania State Service Recognition
imaging. Generazio has authored over University, he worked at NASA’s Lewis The Charles N. Sherlock Meritorious
100 publications, has served as keynote (Glenn) Research Center in Cleveland, Service Recognition provides recognition
speaker at major professional conferences, Ohio, as a senior research scientist in for a person’s outstanding voluntary
and has received numerous awards, nondestructive evaluation, where he service to the national Society, through
including NASA’s Outstanding Leadership expanded his skills to develop a tech- single or aggregate activities not neces-
and Distinguished Service Medals. He also nology benefit estimator (TBEST) that inte- sarily performed in any single year.
serves as a guest editor for Materials grated engine and flight cycle simulations Activities performed as a function of an
Evaluation. with component specific modeling, elected office or paid position shall not be
When NASA established a headquar- transonic flow, structural analyses, manu- considered. No more than one recognition
ters-based technical authority to independ- facturing processes, and probabilistic shall be made in any calendar year. The
ently oversee all of the agency’s programs analyses to estimate the value of new Awards Committee reserves the option of
in January 2005, Generazio was asked to proposed technologies. After working as a not conferring the recognition should, in
serve as NASA’s technical warrant holder researcher for 10 years, Generazio served its opinion, no qualified candidate be
for nondestructive evaluation. As the NDE as branch head of the NASA Langley nominated. Nominations for this recogni-
technical warrant holder, Generazio was Research Center Nondestructive Evaluation tion may be made by members of the
the final NDE authority to address issues Sciences Branch (NESB) in Hampton, International Service Center staff, Board of
affecting the safe and reliable operations Virginia (1994–2003), and the NDE Directors, councils, the Awards Committee,
of NASA’s numerous programs, ranging program manager for NASA Headquarters local sections, or by any ASNT member.
from aeronautics, launch vehicles, space Office of Safety and Mission Assurance The application deadline for the 2018
transportation systems, satellite systems, (OSMA). As manager of NESB, he was Charles N. Sherlock Meritorious Service
space station, to deep space probes. With responsible for the development of Recognition is 1 February 2018, and
a considerable amount of mission critical advanced nondestructive evaluation and consists of a letter of nomination showing
NDE activity in each of these areas, structural health monitoring technologies the nominee’s exemplary service to ASNT.
Generazio deputized and badged NDE for the next generation of aerospace Contact Program Coordinator Jessica Ames
personnel as trusted agents to serve as systems and aging systems. at the ASNT International Service Center for
his eyes and ears at NASA’s 10 field additional information at (800) 222-2768
centers. About the Research Recognition for X233 or by e-mail at awards@asnt.org.
Generazio served as the discipline Innovation
expert for NDE for the NASA Safety and The Research Recognition for Innovation Engineering Undergraduate Award
Engineering Center (2004–2006). As NDE was established to recognize highly distin- The purpose of the ASNT Engineering
discipline expert, he guided the activities guished individual breakthroughs in Undergraduate Award is to provide an
of 90 experts from industry, universities, research in NDT. No more than one such incentive to engineering undergraduate
and other government agencies, and NASA recognition may be given in any calendar students to choose nondestructive testing
Centers across the nation. These experts year and need not be given if there are no (NDT) as their field of specialization. Each
operated as a NDE super problem resolu- outstanding candidates nominated for the candidate must be an undergraduate
tion team (SPRT) that worked in 10 groups award. The recipient presents an overview student enrolled in an engineering
on NASA’s unique critical inspection lecture regarding the breakthrough at the program of a university accredited by ABET
issues requiring the attention of the ASNT Research Symposium and receives or its equivalent at the time his or her
best of the best in order to return to an appropriate award as established by application is submitted.
flight. For example, the NDE SPRT worked the ASNT Research Council. Nominations must be received before
aggressively to develop and certify nonde- 15 December 2017, and should outline
structive inspection technologies for ASNT Awards and Honors the candidate’s program of study and be
inspecting the integrity of sprayed-on Applications Accepted signed by the executive officer or designee
foam insulation that is used to insulate of the program in which the candidate is
the Space Transportation System’s External The following awards and honors are enrolled. The nomination must include the
Tank. considered annually by ASNT. Because official transcript of the student and three

awards & honors
letters of recommendation signed by three the areas of professional achievement and Program Coordinator Jessica Ames at the
faculty members. Each nomination must meritorious service. The recognition is ASNT International Service Center for addi-
also include an essay by the candidate given to supervisors, educators, managers, tional information at (800) 222-2768 X233
discussing the role of NDT in his or her researchers, consultants, developers, and or by e-mail at awards@asnt.org. w x
future career. Funding for the award will be others who are ASNT members with no
$3000 per award for up to three awards less than five years and no more than ten
per year. Funds for the award will be made years of involvement in the NDT industry.
available at the time of the 2018 ASNT Recognition applicants must be sponsored
Annual Conference. Contact Program by a local ASNT section, council, or
Coordinator Jessica Ames at the ASNT national committee. The Awards Each month, M.E. highlights selected
International Service Center for additional Committee has the option of not conferring honorees from the most recent ASNT
information at (800) 222-2768 X233 or a recognition if it decides that no indi- award programs. The department also
by e-mail at awards@asnt.org. vidual qualifies in a given year. features background on the high-
The application deadline for the 2018 lighted award, plus announcements of
Young NDT Professional Recognition Young NDT Professional Recognition is award applications, award winners,
The Young NDT Professional Award recog- 1 February 2018, and consists of a nomi- and deadline information.
nizes individuals whose initial career nation form available from the ASNT
contributions exemplify high standards in International Service Center. Contact
ASNT grants
958 non-exclusive,
G U S T 2 of
wrap-up
2017 Regional Planning Meeting Wrap-Up
Regional Planning Meetings (RPM) took eight chartered sections in the region, (Peter) Pan. Training included a presentation
place in multiple cities around the globe including the India, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi delivered via remote videoconferencing by
including Dubai, United Arab Emirates Arabian, and UAE Sections. The one-day Director at Large Marybeth Miceli, who
(UAE); Chicago, Illinois; Las Vegas, training session focused on section opera- discussed local leadership’s connection to
Nevada; and Richmond, Virginia. Current tions as well as section issues unique to the national board and activities.
and future section leaders and regional Region 19, including the state of the Another RPM was held 19–20 May in
directors were invited to attend these region’s NDT industry. Las Vegas, Nevada, at the Westgate Resort
training meetings. Attendees at each of the On 5–6 May, an RPM was held in and Casino. The RPM began on Friday,
meetings examined a variety of topics Chicago, Illinois, at the Courtyard by 19 May, with a group dinner at Fresco
including program planning, membership Marriott – Chicago/Naperville. On Friday, Italiano, where attendees got a chance to
recruitment and retention, mentoring, and 5 May, attendees joined together for get to know one another. Twelve attendees
community outreach, to name just a few of dinner at Maggiano’s Little Italy, where representing five Sections gathered on
the important section operation and they had a chance to formally meet, share Saturday to participate in all-day training
management issues addressed. a meal, and talk with one another. On hosted by Regional Director Michael V.
The first RPM was held on 8 April Saturday, the 10 attendees representing McGloin. Ricky L. Morgan, Section
2017, in Dubai, UAE, at The Address Dubai seven Sections gathered early for the all-day Operations Council (SOC) chair, spoke
Mall. Regional Director Marwan F. Basrawi training session hosted by Regional about the ways section leaders can get
hosted 16 section leaders from five of the Directors Brenda L. Collins and Yi-Cheng involved nationally and with SOC.
Sixteen section leaders participated in the April Regional Planning Meeting held at the Address Mall in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
ASNT grants
960 non-exclusive,
G U S T 2 of
Section leaders also learned tips on for Regions 3 and 4 and SOC council at all four RPMs were well received by
social media and section web presence director for the ASNT board. All attendees attendees. Thank you to all participants for
via a prerecorded presentation by represented the Old Dominion Section and taking time from your busy schedules to
Dana Sims, ASNT public relations and met to discuss section officer roles and attend an RPM. ASNT International Service
brand manager. responsibilities, section events and Center will now begin planning the 2018
The final RPM was held on 17 June in rebates, and IRS reporting. Section Leaders Conference to take place
Richmond, Virginia, and was facilitated The material presented, topics in June 2018 in Columbus, Ohio. w x
by William F. Via, Jr., regional director discussed, and best practices shared
Ten attendees representing seven Sections and two ASNT staff participated in an all-day Regional Planning Meeting held at the Courtyard by
Marriott in Chicago in May.
Twelve attendees from five Sections and two ASNT staff participated in the Regional Planning Meeting held at the Westgate Resort and Casino
in Las Vegas in May.

society news
What’s in a Name To set the stage for these differentia- In the initial document, personnel
tions, a bit of historical background will be wishing to certify to Levels I or II were
helpful. In 1968, the Society published the required to satisfy three recommended
NDT Training and Levels of first edition of the Recommended Practice No. requirements: a number of training hours
Certification SNT-TC-1A. This document was developed to in the applicable test method; an amount
Over the years, ASNT has received many provide guidelines for employers to use to set of experience time using that method; and
questions regarding personnel who claim up their own NDT certification programs and having passed certain written and practical
to be “ASNT certified” and about training listed three levels of qualification: Level I, examinations related to the test method.
courses that advertise that they provide Level II, and Level III. (As an historical sidebar, Personnel so certified are said to be
“ASNT training.” Because of the evident the document name, which is now a certified in accordance with Recommended
confusion over the use of the ASNT name, household word among NDT personnel, Practice No. SNT-TC-1A.
this article will attempt to clarify who may derives from the fact that ASNT was then For Level III status, personnel had to
be called what with regard to NDT certifica- “SNT,” and the number of the Technical have documented a certain amount of time
tion and what courses may be claimed as Committee [TC] that developed the document as a Level II (that varied depending on the
providing “ASNT training.” was “1A”—hence the name SNT-TC-1A.) amount of formal education the candidate
ASNT grants
962 non-exclusive,
G U S T 2 of
had) and they also had to pass certain with SNT-TC-1A.” Only personnel who have
written examinations. These Level III sat for and passed the examinations
personnel are commonly called “NDT Level developed and administered by ASNT and
IIIs,” and have been certified in accordance have received ASNT certificates may call
with Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A. themselves “ASNT certified.” This is a
However, an alternate method of qualifi- point of contention for ASNT because the
cation was permitted in paragraph 8.3.4, use of the letters “ASNT” by non-ASNT
which allowed an employer to appoint a certified personnel is not only a misrepre-
person as a Level III based on documentation sentation of how that person was certified,
of that person’s demonstrated ability, but is also a violation of ASNT’s trademark.
achievement, experience, and education. Because ASNT examinations exceed the
While this paragraph was dropped from minimum recommended guidelines for
SNT-TC-1A in the 1988 and all subsequent examinations as listed in SNT-TC-1A, ASNT
editions, there are still personnel in is very particular about this issue.
industry who were appointed to Level III Personnel who have taken and passed
without examination; under the guidelines the ASNT NDT Level III examinations are
of SNT-TC-1A editions prior to 1988, this called “ASNT NDT Level IIIs,” and those who
was permitted. hold ASNT Central Certification Program
In 1977, ASNT inaugurated the (ACCP) certificates are called “ACCP Level IIs”
ASNT NDT Level III program, for which or “ACCP Professional Level IIIs,” depending
ASNT developed and administered its on the level in question. Only those who
own written Level III examinations and have passed examinations administered by
began issuing an ASNT certificate upon ASNT may be considered ASNT certified.
successful completion of those exams. With regard to NDT training, only
Personnel holding those certificates are courses that have been developed by ASNT
called “ASNT NDT Level IIIs” to differen- and are administered by ASNT or an author-
tiate them from those personnel who took ized representative may be called “ASNT
and passed employer examinations. training.” Courses by providers other than
What, then, is the problem? It is ASNT that have followed the recommended
simple: since ASNT publishes training course outlines found in the back of
Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A, Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A may
many employers mistakenly assume that advertise that the training is “in accordance
personnel whom they have certified under with Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A,”
SNT-TC-1A are “ASNT certified,” when in but may not advertise it as “ASNT training.”
fact they have been certified “in accordance w
x
What’s in a Name?
Proper Usage of NDT Terminology
To ensure proper usage of NDT terminology, ASNT would like to remind readers that the
following terms should be used when referring to the certification status of NDT personnel.
l Personnel certified by examination by their employer (or through contracted
examination agencies or training facilities other than ASNT) should be listed as
being “certified in accordance with Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A.” In
addition, employer certified Level IIIs may be called “Level IIIs.”
l Personnel certified by ASNT examination may be referred to as being “ASNT
certified” and may be called by the proper name “ASNT NDT Level III.”
l Personnel certified through the ASNT Central Certification Program (ACCP) may be
said to be “ASNT certified” or, more properly, to have been certified as an “ACCP
Level II” or “ACCP Professional Level III.”
Adherence to these simple distinctions will reduce confusion in the industry.

in memoriam
Ray R. Tsukimura wife, Peggie Tsukimura, sons Brian and California. Tsukimura spent 50 years
Ray R. Tsukimura died on 8 April 2017, Keith, sister Aileen, and brother Hiro. He working with Aerojet General Corporation,
after a valiant battle against an aggressive was preceded in death by his son Greg Aerojet General Nucleonics, and Aerotest
lymphoma. Tsukimura was a longtime and parents Edward and Alice Tsukimura. Operations, finally retiring at age 75.
ASNT member and active on several Tsukimura was born in Fresno, Tsukimura was a staunch Raiders fan, and
Committees. He served on the Research California, on 23 October 1931. As a loved watching college football and volley-
Council Committee from 2001 to 2009, the Japanese-American child during World War ball games and playing tennis. w x
SNT-TC-1A Committee from 2001 to 2016, II, Tsukimura was initially confined at the
and the Penetrating Radiation Committee Fresno Fair Grounds, before being interned
from 2007 to 2017. He is survived by his in Jerome, Arkansas, and Tule Lake,
ASNT grants
964 non-exclusive,
G U S T 2 of
New ASNT Certificate Holders
Below are personnel who have recently obtained their initial ASNT certifications. This list includes new certificate holders that were
added to the ASNT database through 1 July 2017. Each certificate holder’s current certification information can be found on the ASNT
website at www.asnt.org/certlist.
ACCP Level II Shaohua Liu Tsuyoshi Kinoshita Dervin John Keisling

David Bastion Steven D. McGill Yohei Kobayashi Max Thomas Kendall, Jr.
John Black Pete Pegram Yusuke Kunikawa Minki Kim
Mike Blasingame Benjamin Perodeau Naoto Shinmura Robert D. Kissinger
Mark A. Brogger Jesse J. Richardson Jared P. Mortensen
William Martin Brown Shawn Robert Ritter ASNT NDT Level III Chan Soo Park
Nick Bruce Carlos M. Rivera Azhar Abbas Seong Bok Park
Hyungwoo Choi Marlon Sasser Roger K. Adeniji-Adele David Parr
John P. Conrad III Masahiro Shishida David W. Anderson Mike Roskamp
Cesar Cornejo Daryl Showalter Mohammed Babekir Elsyid Darryl F. Schultz
Chase A. Cummings Joshua Sonnier Kyle Call Manish Kumar Singh
Harry Gilbert Demastus Michael Vernon Tyler Denver Crotsley Jeremy T. Timm
Rodney Dale Fisk Sheldon Williams Neil Anthony Duhon Robert Clayton Whisenant
Toshiaki Fujioka Kevin Flores Robert A. White
Bryan Grace ACCP Level III Wai Nam Ho Michael Wiswesser
Dustin Haba Hyosuke Honjo Little Vinoth Innaci Muthu Michael Wright
Nathaniel Johnston Takanori Kikuchi Jeff Wade Johnson Timothy York
ASNT grants
966 non-exclusive,
G U S T 2 of
RT SA

x ME FEATURE
w
FETY Safe Distance for Gamma

Radiography
by Talaat Mohamed Haggag
G
amma sources are powerful tools but they involve some signifi-
cant risks. If radiation hazards are properly understood and
proper procedures practiced, overexposure can be avoided and
work can be done safely. Here are the basic concepts for dealing
with gamma radiography in a safe manner.
Gamma radiography is the process of using gamma radiation sources to
see inside welds, castings, and forgings to detect discontinuities. The
radiation penetrates the material being tested and exposes X-ray film placed
behind the object. Because discontinuities in the material allow more
radiation to reach the film, an image or radiograph of the object appears
showing areas of different densities. When looking at the radiograph, a tech-
nician can tell from these high density, darker areas that there are defects in
the object. Iridium-192 and cobalt-60 are the most radioactive isotopes used
in gamma radiography. There are significant risks associated with gamma
sources, both immediate and delayed. The immediate effects include
radiation burns to exposed skin and radiation sickness, which can be fatal
within hours or weeks due to very large doses of radiation. The temperature of
the source is not high, but the radiation intensity at the surface of a radiog-
raphy source is very high. The burns are caused by radiation, not heat, and
are painless at first. Thus, people do not instinctively pull away from radiation
as they do from heat. Radiation burns are equivalent to first-degree burns.
Delayed effects, such as cancer or genetic defects in offspring, can occur
years after exposure. There may be injury to the fetus if a pregnant woman is
exposed to radiation, especially during the first three months of pregnancy
(ASNT, 2004).

ME BACK TO BASICS w
x safe distance for gamma radiography
Safety Instructions
This equipment contains a radioactive source of Ir-192. DANGER
Maximum activity: 50 Curie on 12/12/2015
It is forbidden to open the source holder.

It is forbidden to separate the source from the holder.
There is a risk of radiation on contact of the source.
Do not expose hands to the source.
Any malfunction or deterioration found in this equipment

must immediately be made known to the person responsible
for the radiation activities:
Name:________________________ Tel: ______________________
Physician HIGH
Name:________________________ Tel: ______________________ RADIATION
Address:___________________________________________________
(a) (b)
Figure 1. Examples of: (a) safety instructions; and (b) warning label.
Safety Principles Radiation Protection Recommendations

The employer should designate a person responsible The staff of the company where gamma radiography
for radiation activities to make sure that radiation takes place should be clearly informed of the presence
protection regulations are observed and applied. This of the radioactive source, the associated risks, and the
person must be aware of the gamma ray protection meaning of various signs. In order to minimize the
guidelines and provide special instructions for effect of emitted radiation impacting personnel during
employees who work with these radiation sources. The normal work activity, radiographic operations should
equipment, work methods, and organization should be carried out during periods of low work site atten-
be designed such that individual and collective profes- dance, on weekends or during the evening, for
sional exposures are maintained as low as reasonably example. Where space is limited, limit the source
possible, below the limits defined by law. In the activity or use a collimator to reduce the size of the
United States, the person within an organization work area affected during source exposure. A label
responsible for the safe use of radiation and radioac- indicating the presence of a radioactive source should
tive materials as well as regulatory compliance is be put on the gamma ray camera, and radiation signs
called a radiation safety officer (RSO). should be put in all places where radiation activities
An organization licensed by the United States are present (Figure 1).
Nuclear Regulatory Commission to use radioactive
materials must designate an RSO in writing. The RSO Basic Ways to Lower Radiation Dose
is responsible for recommending or approving correc- Any exposure to radiation, even a small dose, has
tive actions, identifying radiation safety problems, some risk. Therefore, radiation doses should be kept
initiating action, and ensuring compliance with regula- as far below the legal limits as reasonably achievable.
tions. Routine inspections of equipment before it is set There are three basic ways (ASNT, 1985b) to lower
into service should be done. Each radiation source exposure when working with radiography sources:
must be delivered with a certificate from the manufac- time, distance, and shielding.
turer certifying the characteristics of the source. When
the sealed source (a source whose structure is such Time
that it prevents, under normal conditions of use, any Do not stay near a radiography source or camera any
dispersion of the radioactive substances into the envi- longer than necessary. The less time spent in the ra-
ronment) is removed from service, it must be surren- diation field, the lower the dose received. Estimate
dered to an authorized organization. If there is no exposure by multiplying the dose rate by the exposure
organization that deals with radioactive wastes, the time in the radiation field (dose = dose rate time).
radioactive source shall be returned to the manufacturer. This means that if the survey meter reads
In case of loss or theft of the radioactive source or in 100 μSv/h (10 mrem/h), 100 μSv (10 mrem)
case of an accident (an event causing a risk of radiation have been received in 1 h, 50 μSv (5 mrem) in
or contamination delivering an equivalent event dose 0.5 h, and so on (Figure 2 and Table 1).
greater than the equivalent of the maximum permissible The maximum allowable working time may be
dose), the RSO must inform the government representa- obtained by dividing the permissible exposure in mrem
tive of the country where the event took place. by the actual exposure rate in mrem/h: maximum
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45 45
Radiation dose rate (mrem/hr)

Radiation dose (mrem)
40 40 40 40
35 35
30 30 30
25 25
20 20 20
15 15
10 10 10 10
5 5 5 2.5
2.5 0 0.625
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 100 200 300 400 500
(a) Time (h) (a) Distance (ft)

450 450
Radiation dose rate (μSv/hr)

400 400 400 400
350 350
Radiation dose (μSv)
300 300 300

250 250
200 200 200
150 150
100 100 100 100
50 50 50 25
25 0 6.25
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
(b) Time (h) (b) Distance (m)
Figure 2. Relationship between the radiation dose and time: Figure 3. Relationship between the radiation dose and distance from
(a) millirems per hour; or (b) microsieverts per hour. the source: (a) millirems per hour per foot; or (b) microsieverts per
hour per meter.
TABLE 1 TABLE 2
The relationship between the radiation dose and time if the The relationship between the radiation dose and time if the
survey meter reads 100 μSv (10 mrem/h) survey meter reads 100 μSv (10 mrem/h)
Radiation dose (mrem) Radiation dose (μSv) Time (h) Radiation dose Distance
2.5 25 0.25 (mrem/h) (μSv/h) (ft) (m)
5.0 50 0.5 40.0 400.0 50 15.24
10.0 100 1.0 10.0 100.0 100 30.48
20.0 200 2.0 2.5 25.0 200 60.96
30.0 300 3.0 0.625 6.25 400 121.92
40.0 400 4.0
allowable working time per week = permissible exposure a distance D is known, then the radiation intensity i
per week/actual exposure rate. For example, if the survey at a distance d can be calculated using the inverse
meter reads 200 mrem per h and the permissible square law (I/i = [d/D]2). If the survey meter reads
exposure per week is 100 mrem, the working time per 100 μSv (10 mrem/h) at a distance of 30.8 m
week will be 0.5 h/week (100/200 = 0.5). (100 ft,) this means the dose rate at 15.24 m (50 ft)
will be 400 μSv (40 mrem/h) and the dose at
Distance 60.69 m (200 ft) will be 25 μSv (2.5 mrem/h), as
Stay as far away from the source as possible. The shown in Figure 3 and Table 2.
exposure rate varies inversely with the square of the The dose rate is best determined by using a
distance to the source, so if a radiation intensity I at reliable dose meter. However, it is also important to

ME BACK TO BASICS w
600 180
160
500 509
155
140
400 120
Distance (m)
Distance (ft)
360 110
322 100 98
300
279 85
80
228 70
200 60
161 49
40
114 35
100
72 20 22
51 15.5
36 11
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 1000 2000 3000 4000
(a) Source activity (Ci) (b) Source activity (GBq)
Figure 4. Approximate distance required to reduce radiation level of iridium-192 to: (a) 2 millirems per hour; or (b) 20 microsieverts per hour.
(5.9 r/h/Ci/ft), as shown in Figure 4 and Table 3.

TABLE 3
Approximate distance required to reduce radiation level to 20 μSv/h Calculate this using the following relationship: dose
(2 mrem/h) for Ir-192 rate = (gamma factor source activity)/(distance
squared).
Source activity Distance from source
(Ci) (GBq) (ft) (m)
Shielding
100.0 3700.0 509.0 155.0
50.0 1850.0 360.0 110.0 Technicians should be shielded from the source of
40.0 1480.0 322.0 98.0 gamma radiation. When material is placed in the
30.0 1110.0 279.0 85.0 path of the radiation, it will attenuate and reduce its
20.0 740.0 228.0 70.0 original value to a certain value on the other side of
10.0 370.0 161.0 49.0 the shield, depending on the shield material and
5.0 185.0 114.0 35.0 thickness (Figure 5). The denser and thicker the ma-
2.0 74.0 72.0 22.0 terial is, the more effective it will be as a gamma ray
1.0 37.0 51.0 15.5 shield. The thickness of the material required to
0.5 18.5 36.0 11.0
reduce the radiation dose by one-half is called the
half-value layer (HVL); similarly, a tenth-value layer
know how to estimate the dose if the survey meter is (TVL) will reduce the radiation intensity to one-tenth
not immediately available or if there is something of its original value. One of the most effective means
wrong with it. In these instances, assume that the to reduce the radiation dose is to use collimators
source is in an open area and use the gamma factor (Figure 6). Collimators are small pieces of lead, ura-
for this source to estimate the dose rate. The gamma nium, or tungsten that surround the source to absorb
factor for certain sources indicates the absorbed dose radiation not directed toward the object being radi-
rate at a distance unit from an activity unit of a ographed. For example, collimators can achieve dose
radionuclide. For example, iridium-192 (ASNT, 1985a) reductions of about 20 to 10 000 for iridium-192.
has a gamma factor of 0.55, which is the absorbed The percent of radiation reduction of certain material
dose rate in msv/h (r/h) at 1 m from 37 GBq (1 Ci) thickness = number of HVL HVL or number of
of radionuclide, equivalent to 0.13 msv/h/GBq/m TVL TVL (Figure 7 and Table 4).
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Radiation
Radiation intensity source Radiation
Shielding before shield Radiation intensity
Radiation intensity wall source with behind the
after shield collimator collimator
Figure 5. Attenuation of radiation by shield material. Figure 6. Use of collimators to reduce radiation dose.
120 120
100 100 100 100

Radiation reduction (%)
Radiation reduction (%)

80
80
60
60
50 40
40
20
25 10
20 1 0.1 0.01 0.001
0
12.5
6.25 3.125
0 –20
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
(a) Number of half-value layers (b) Number of tenth-value layers
Figure 7. Relationship between the percent of radiation reduction and: (a) the half-value layer; or (b) tenth-value layer.
Areas Classification TABLE 4

For safety purposes, there are four classifications The half-value layer (thickness), HVL, and the tenth-value layer
according to radiation level (ASNT, 1985b), as shown (thickness), TVL, for Ir-192
in Figure 8. Material HVL TVL
l High radiation areas: the dose rate is greater than (in.) (mm) (in.) (mm)
1000 μSv/h (100 mrem/h). Lead 0.24 6.1 0.79 20.1
l Radiation areas: the dose rate is greater than Concrete 1.6 41.0 5.5 140.0
50 μSv/h (5 mrem/h).
l Restricted areas: the dose rate is greater than
20 μSv/h (2 mrem/h) and established to protect responding to emergencies (ASNT, 2004). The first
the public from radiation. step is to recognize that a dangerous situation exists
l Unrestricted areas: access is not restricted and the and recognize the conditions that serve as warning
maximum dose allowed to anyone is 20 μSv/h signs. Once it is determined that an emergency exists,
(2 mrem/h) or 1000 μSv/week (100 mrem/week). there is usually plenty of time to make a correct
judgment. There are four points to follow:
Emergency Plan Basics 1. Move away from the source at once and keep
Employers are required to prepare specific emergency others away.
procedures and provide the necessary training. 2. Calm down and think.
However, there are some more general aspects of

ME BACK TO BASICS w
3. Establish a restricted area and make sure no one

approaches the source.
4. Call for help. Employees should do only what they
Source
have been trained to do. A common requirement of
emergency procedures is to contact the employer’s
Radiographer RSO.
CAUTION
RESTRICTED AREA
High radiation Radiation accidents can happen with the source in
use or not in use. Incidents with the source not in use
100 mrem/hr
KEEP OUT are generally due to accidents involving possible
DO NOT ENTER
Radiation area damage to a source container that may occur as a
5 mrem/hr result of road accidents, fire involving radioactive
Rope barrier
2 mrem/hr sources, a missing or stolen source, or the source lost
Restricted area
in transport. The first consideration in case of an
emergency should be rescuing anyone who is
Unrestricted area
Public injured or trapped. The rescue team, firefighters,
governmental authorities, or police must be told
Figure 8. Classifications for different areas according to radiation levels. that a radioactive source is involved, and until
140 140
Maximum permissible time (min)
120 120
Maximum permissible time (min)
120 120
100 100
80 80
60 60 60 60
40 40
25 25
20 20
12 12
6 2 1 6 2 1
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
(a) Source activity (Ci) (b) Source activity (GBq)
Figure 9. Example of maximum permissible time of exposure for iridium-192 source: (a) curies per minute; or (b) gigabecquerels per minute.
TABLE 5
Example of maximum permissible exposure time for Ir-192 sources
Activity (Ci) Activity (GBq) Dose rate at 1 m Dose rate at 1 m Time allowed (min)
(mrem/h) (μSv/h)
1 37 0.55 5.5 120

2 74 1.1 11.0 60
5 185 2.75 27.5 25
10 370 5.5 55.0 12
20 740 11.0 11.0 6
50 1850 27.5 275.0 2
100 3700 55.0 550.0 1
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No person should be allowed to pass the
barrier except those engaged in recovery
or rescue operations.
measurements have been made with a dose rate the source, taking care wherever possible to keep all
meter, it should be assumed that the source is parts of the body at arm’s length from the source.
unshielded. Keep the barriers, warning signs, and notices in
Most incidents with a source in use are due to position until assistance arrives, allowing no one
either: except authorized persons to enter the controlled
l A source failing to return to a gamma container area.
(projection type/gamma camera) at the end of the The responsible person will take further action
exposure, or depending on whether or not the source has been
l A source becoming separated from a shutter or returned to its container.
manual extraction type container during or after If the source has been returned to the container,
use. the responsible person will check the shielding and
In these cases, the radiographer should measure the fastenings of the container. This person should
the radiation intensity with a dose rate meter; if the also remove the radiographers and other classified
dose rate meter is not immediately available, it should workers involved in the recovery operation from
be assumed that the source is completely unshielded. radiation work until their doses have been estab-
The radiographer should set a barrier to restrict access lished. Then, this person should send the film badges
at a distance where the dose rate does not exceed worn by all the workers involved for urgent examina-
10 μSv/h (1 mrem/h) and then follow the emergency tion, complete a full investigation of the circum-
procedure. Radiation warning notices and flashing stances, take written statements from the
lights must be displayed at the barrier position. No radiographers involved, obtain similar information
person should be allowed to pass the barrier except from any other persons who may have been exposed,
those engaged in recovery or rescue operations. Try to and notify the medical center for medical examination
retain any person who may have been inside the if it appears likely that any person may have received
restricted area for questioning. Call for help from the excessive exposure.
responsible person. If possible, the radiographer If the source is still outside its container, the
should quickly replace the source that has become responsible person should check that the barriers,
separated from its container, using long handling warning signs, and notices are satisfactory, and that
tongs, keeping all parts of the body at arm’s length no unauthorized persons are in the controlled area.
away from the source. The radiographer should not This person should also be sure that whoever is
pick it up with bare hands. For this operation, the radi- supervising the barriers is not receiving excessive
ographer shall not stay more than the maximum radiation, then make a further attempt to return the
permissible time for the respective source (Figure 9 source to its container using the same precautions
and Table 5). indicated above. If this attempt fails, the responsible
A second person must stand at the barrier to time person needs to decide whether or not it will be
exposure with a watch and shout when the time possible to return the source or if it will be necessary
permitted is up, then check with a dose rate meter to obtain another container. If another container is
when the source is back in the container. If the source required, place the source in it and decide whether
cannot be replaced in the container, attenuate the the source can be returned to normal use or whether
radiation by placing lead bricks, layers of sheet lead, disposal is necessary, and then follow the radiation
bags of lead shot, sand bags, or similar material over safety regulations.

ME BACK TO BASICS w x
safe distance for gamma radiography
Conclusion
Always treat gamma radiation with caution. Do not
touch your source during test processes, as it will
cause radiation burns in seconds if held in one’s
hand. Never point a source at yourself or anyone else
when the shutter is open. Don’t be a hero, follow the
procedures, restrict and post the area down to the
20 μSv/h (2 mrem/h) level, and attempt to determine
the actual exposure by calculation if it was beyond the
survey meter range. Lower your dose using time,
distance, and shielding factors. Bear in mind that any
time radiation exposure is received unnecessarily, this
exposure is considered to be excessive whether or not
it exceeds the allowable limits. It should be recom-
mended that the limits given in this paper are subject
to change at any time based on studies and research;
at this time, the effects of radiation doses below legal
limits are too small to be measured directly.
Refer to the regulations in place for radiation
protection in the country (or state) in which it is to be
used. Remember that radioactive sources are
regulated substances, meaning that their import,
export, provision, transport, handling, and elimination
are managed by legislative texts, so refer to local laws,
such as the United States Nuclear Regulatory
Commission.
This information is intended to help individuals to
work safely in industrial radiography and when using
radioactive sources that emit gamma rays. w x
AUTHOR
Talaat Mohamed Haggag: M.S., ASNT Level III; Cairo Oil
Refining Co. (CORC), 9 Ismail El Falaky st. El-Zaher, Cairo,
Egypt; e-mail: thaggag00@yahoo.com.
REFERENCES
ASNT, Level III Study Guide Radiographic Testing Method,
second edition, American Society for Nondestructive
Testing, Columbus, Ohio, 2004, pp. 21–32.
ASNT, Nondestructive Testing Handbook, 3: Radiography
& Radiation Testing, second edition, American Society
for Nondestructive Testing, Columbus, Ohio, 1985a,
pp. 113–150.
ASNT, Nondestructive Testing Handbook, 3: Radiography
& Radiation Testing, second edition. American Society
for Nondestructive Testing, Columbus, Ohio, 1985b,
pp. 732–758.
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x ME FEATURE
w
ARTobjects
Design Detection in
Art Objects Using
the Dual-domain
Technique
R
adiography is usually the method of choice for the detection of
hidden design details and discontinuities in art objects. However,
infrared reflectography (IRR) and other techniques, such as IRR
by Effat Yahaghi
coupled with multi/hyperspectral imaging, are now equally
important for the detection of overpaint, changes, and general pigment
distribution. To maximize information extraction from the images, as well as
attempt to optimize the operators’ image interpretation, the noise of the
system should be minimized. The development of effective image noise
removal techniques within both the spatial and frequency domains is an
important research area in industrial radiographic testing. In this study, the
dual-domain image denoising technique was used to improve hidden design
details and discontinuity visualization from art object radiographs. The
technique relies on generating the low and high frequency components of the
image through bilateral filtering and removing noise from the low contrast
component using the wavelet shrinkage technique. The proposed algorithm
was successfully applied to radiographic images of cultural heritage objects.
Improvements in the design detail visualization and discontinuity region
detections were achieved while preserving object edge and fine detail
imaging information. Improvements in the visualization of detailed design and

ME FEATURE w
x design detection in art
discontinuities were observed while preserving the and digital detector arrays can be cleared of previously
overall quality of the image with respect to contours detected exposures and reused numerous times. In
and fine details on the surface of the objects. direct radiography, the object is placed on digital
Evaluation of the collected images demonstrated detector arrays and exposed to X-rays. The image is
that design details obtained using the dual-domain generated directly within the detector plate and
reconstructed images were better visualized. Experts converted immediately into a digital file (Gates, 2014;
reviewed opinions gathered from Level II radiography Lang and Middleton, 2005).
certificate holders. These experts showed that design The DDR technique can produce the best contrast
details from the dual-domain reconstructed images in radiography images with a good spatial resolution
were better visualized than from the original images. (Lang and Middleton, 2005). Again, exposure times
Different discontinuities were also better detected by are much shorter than in conventional radiography. It
the application of the technique to the images. The is noteworthy that DDR is also expensive, and a rigid
evaluation of the image quality enhancement shows plate cannot be repositioned to engulf curved objects.
that the pixel intensity increases almost four times In either case, the application of denoising image
through the proposed technique. processing can help improve the visualization in the
style of a corroded surface, the internal structure of
Introduction the object, and the discontinuity regions suffering
Nondestructive testing (NDT) methods have been from discontinuities or damages. Construction details
used extensively to study and characterize art objects of an art object are not always obvious, and surface
and archaeological artifacts. Infrared reflectography features as well as the designs may be concealed
(and now other techniques such as IRR coupled under different layers of corrosion (IAEA, 2011;
with multi/hyperspectral imaging) are now equally Bradley and Creagh, 2007; Movafeghi et al., 2015;
important for the detection of overpaint, changes, Montagnari Kokelj et al., 2010). Radiography can often
general pigment distribution, and even more recently, be used to reveal these hidden decorations, and
the difference between binders. Radiographic testing improved visualization can be achieved using appro-
is one of the most important NDT methods. It provides priate image processing (Montagnari Kokelj et al.,
high resolution images of the objects, revealing the 2010; Yahaghi, 2011).
internal structure of objects and their state of conser- Image processing involves the application of a
vation. Radiographic testing can help uncover how an processor series to an image. The image processing
object was constructed, and reveal joints or disconti- may include simple operations, such as changing the
nuity regions that are not directly visible to the naked brightness, contrast, or sharpness of an indistinct
human eye. High energy X-rays are capable of pene- image. It could also include more complex operations,
trating the object, enabling the generation of images such as involving pattern recognition. Image denoising
of the distribution of materials according to their techniques can be implemented in both spatial and
elemental composition, morphology, and density transform domains (Dong et al., 2013; Tomasi and
(Gates, 2014; Morigi et al., 2010; Lang and Manduchi, 1998). The bilateral filter is an example of
Middleton, 2005). Digital radiography relies on the the application of a defined filter kernel in the spatial
detection of the transmitted X-rays using either flexible domain, while wavelet thresholding and shrinkage
phosphor films (computed radiography) or digital operate in a transform domain, and excel in
detector arrays (direct digital radiography, or DDR). preserving details such as object textures (Chatterjee
These are used in place of the films in conventional and Milanfar, 2010; Levin et al., 2012; Knaus and
radiography. In addition, digital radiography images Zwicker, 2013; Knaus and Zwicker, 2014). Working in
can be generated by using conventional radiography either domain has advantages and disadvantages,
film and a film scanner. In computed radiography, and they can complement each other. “Block-matching
exposure to an X-ray sensitive phosphor plate and 3D filtering” (BM3D) is an example in which
generates a light emission during laser scanning, processing in both domains is utilized. The spatial
which is then collected electronically to form the domain techniques excel at denoising high-contrast
image. The required exposures are considerably images, while transform domain techniques excel at
shorter than those needed to generate images on processing low-contrast images. Therefore, the original
standard films. The dynamic range and latitude of image can be separated into two layers, and each
exposure is also greater. Phosphor plates are flexible layer can be denoised separately (Knaus and Zwicker,
and can be shaped around objects, but they need a 2014; Dabov et al., 2007).
separate plate reader. Digital detector arrays do not In this study, the bilateral filter decomposes and
require a reader, but are rigid. Both phosphor films reconstructs the radiographic images of art objects
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down to the layers containing the high-contrast and Tomasi and Manduchi, 1998; Knaus and Zwicker,
the low-contrast layers. The high-contrast layer is the 2013; Knaus and Zwicker, 2014).
bilaterally filtered image, while the low-contrast layer The bilateral filter is defined by Equation 2:
is the residual image with the high frequency
component eliminated. As the high-contrast image is L ( x) =
1
w xi ∈Ω
(
∑ I ( xi ) fr I ⎡⎣ xi ⎤⎦ − I ⎡⎣ x⎤⎦ gs ( xi − x ) )
already denoised, the low-contrast image was (2)
denoised using wavelet shrinkage in the transform w= ∑
x i ∈Ω
(f r )
I ⎡⎣ xi ⎤⎦ − I ⎡⎣ x⎤⎦ gs ( xi − x )
domain to reveal the design detail and discontinuities
within the art objects. where
L(x) is the filtered image or low frequency compo-
Techniques nent,
I is the original input image,
Image Denoising by Dual-domain Technique the xs are the coordinates of the current pixel,
In the dual-domain technique, two denoising tech- is the window centered in x,
niques are implemented in both spatial and transform f and g are the range kernel for smoothing in
domains. In this technique, the radiographic images intensities and the spatial kernel for
are decomposed to the low and high contrast compo- smoothing in coordinates.
nents. The bilateral filter conserves the high contrast
In the dual-domain technique, two denoising

techniques are implemented in both spatial
and transform domains.
component of the image while the low contrast These functions can be a gaussian function. The
component is denoised using wavelet shrinkage and low and high contrast images can be extracted by a
discarded small amplitudes. In the denoising low-pass domain filter in Equation 2. A gaussian
algorithm, the goal is to estimate the original image I function of Equation 2 can be rewritten as Equation 3:
from a noisy image f(f = I + ) where denotes the
⎛ − I⎡⎣xi ⎤⎦−I⎡⎣x⎤⎦ 2 ⎞ − xi − x 2
noise. The original image can be approximated by the ⎜ ⎟
1
L ( x) = ∑ I ( xi ) ⎜e
2 σ r2 2
sum of the two denoised layers by Equation 1: ⎟ e 2σ s
w xi ∈Ω ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
(3) ⎝ ⎠
(1) I = L+ H 2
− I ( xi ) − I ( x )
2
− xi − x
2 σ 2r 2 σ s2
where w= ∑ e e
x i ∈Ω
L and H respectively represent the denoised high
and low contrast images.
where
d and r are, respectively, the smoothing
Spatial Domain: Bilateral Filter parameters,
The bilateral filter is a nonlinear, edge-preserving, and I(xi) and I(x) are the intensities of the pixels.
noise-reducing smoothing filter. In an image, the
intensity value of each pixel is replaced by a weighted Consider a pixel located at (i,j) with the intensity
average of intensity values from nearby pixels. This of pixels I(i,j). It needs to be denoised in the image
weight can be based on a gaussian distribution, and using its neighboring pixels, and one of its neighboring
the weight depends not only on euclidean distance of pixels is located at (k,l) with the intensity of pixels
pixels, but also on range differences such as color I(k,l). In this case, the weight assigned for pixel (k,l) to
intensity and depth distance (Dong et al., 2013; denoise the pixel (i,j) can be given by Equation 4:

ME FEATURE w
− I ( i , j) − I ( k , l)
2 2
( i− k) − ( j − l)
2 chosen as the window function, and the entire step
−
becomes a gabor transform and is applied to the low-
(4) w ( i , j , k , l) = ∑ e 2σ 2r
e 2 σ s2
k , l ∈Ω contrast image. This technique relies on adding the

high frequency component (H[i,j] = I[i,j] – L[i,j]) with
where the denoised low frequency component (L) using
L(i,j) is the denoised intensity of pixel (i,j), and is wavelet shrinkage (Knaus and Zwicker, 2014; Dabov
obtained by Equation 5: et al., 2007).
∑ k ,l I ( k , l) w ( i , j , k , l) The Digitized Radiographic Image

(5) L (i, j) =
∑ k ,l w ( i , j , k , l) Radiographic images were acquired from numerous art
objects using film radiography and computed radiog-
If the range parameter r increases, the bilateral raphy techniques. The X-ray system was used for all
filter approaches closer to the gaussian convolution radiographic exposures, including both film and
because of widened and flattened shapes of gaussian. imaging plates. The radiographic images were
This means that it becomes nearly constant over the obtained using an industrial X-ray system that was set
intensity interval of the image. If the spatial parameter up between 100 to 140 kV. The radiographic images
s increases, the image gets smoothed. L(i,j) is a low of the art objects were digitized using the film scanner
contrast image, and high contrast images can be to enable further image processing using the
obtained by subtracting the L(i,j) image from the procedure described in the literature (ISO, 2005a; ISO,
original image. 2005b). The scanner was calibrated using density cali-
bration film to convert grey levels to optical density for
Frequency Domain and Wavelet Shrinkage each scan. The computed radiography system with the
In the next step, the low-contrast image, L = S + , ordinary phosphor imaging plates was used according
was denoised using wavelet shrinkage in the to the related standard (ISO, 2013). The imaging
transform domain. S and are the true image and the plates were scanned with a laser spot size of 50 μm
noise. The low-contrast is denoised by shrinking in the computed radiography laser scanner.
(nonlinear soft thresholding) the wavelet transform
domain. The wavelet shrinkage denoising is a Results and Discussion
nonparametric technique. It consists of three steps: In this study, the dual-domain technique (including
one, a linear forward wavelet transform; two, a bilateral filter and wavelet shrinkage techniques) was
nonlinear shrinkage denoising; and three, a linear applied to the acquired art radiographic images. The
inverse wavelet transform. In this technique, the radiographic images were acquired as described in the
parameters of shrinkage denoising must be estimated previous section for a number of antique objects
for a particular model. The three steps can be written belong to the Qajar (Kadjar) dynasty (1785–1906).
as Equation 6: These included a silver fork, a bronze teaspoon, a
bronze cup, a spoon, a copper bowl, and an antique
(6) Y = W (L) , Z = D (L , λ ) , Sˆ = W −1 (Z) brass tray. Figure 1 shows a photograph of the first
batch of objects used in this study (consisting of three
where objects). Fortunately, all of these antiques have
W(L) and W−1(L) are the forward and inverse preserved their original shapes and designs over time,
wavelet transform operators on L, even though some sign of discontinuities could be
D(L,) is the denoising operator with soft observed on some object surfaces. The radiographic
threshold . images of objects are foggy and have some amount of
blurriness. In addition, the noise levels are unknown
Here, the wavelet shrinkage denoises L in order in the radiograph. Therefore, it is best to remove foggy
^ as an estimate of S. Implementation of
to recover S components from all of the radiographic images. The
the operators W or D and selection of the threshold dual-domain technique can be used for this purpose.
can be different. Here, the wavelet shrinkage in the The parameters of this technique have to be used
transform domain is applied to the low-contrast wisely; r is chosen as a big value because it widens
images using the short-time fourier transform (STFT). and flattens the shape of gaussian. Therefore, the
The STFT is a discrete fourier transform (DFT) by foggy component of the image was separated. Then,
multiplication of the signal with a window function to STFT forward wavelet transform is applied to the foggy
avoid boundary artifacts (Tomasi and Manduchi, component and the shrinkage denoising, and the
1998). The spatial gaussian of the bilateral kernel is inverse wavelet transform is executed. The output
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image is very smooth. It is noticeable that the noise shows an example of the original radiography image
isn’t added to the original image and the algorithm is from a handle fork (Figure 2a) and the foggy
executed for a real noisy image with unknown noise. component (Figure 2b), as well as the resulting dual-
Therefore, subtracting a foggy image from the original domain reconstructed image (Figure 2c). The image
image gives a clearer and sharper image. Figure 2 of the fork using normal visible light is shown in
(b)
(a) (c)
Figure 1. The first batch of antique objects used in this study: (a) a fork; (b) a teaspoon; and (c) a decorative cup that
belonging to Qajar (Kadjar) dynasty (1785–1906), Iran.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Figure 2. Handle fork: (a) example of the original image shown in Figure 1a; (b) the foggy component image; (c) the dual-domain reconstructed
image; and (d) the adjusted contrast dual-domain reconstructed image.

ME FEATURE w
Figure 1a. Here, the dual-domain technique was used

to reveal the internal design and discontinuities using
a larger kernel size with a window radius r of 15 and
spatial s of 16; the range and frequency domain
parameter r was set to 0.7. It can be seen that the
design details and discontinuity regions are visible in
the dual-domain reconstructed image. However, the
(a) resulting image was quite dark, and the image
contrast had to be adjusted. Figure 2d shows a clearer
visualization of the details. The results show that the
design details and discontinuity regions are much
more clearly visualized in the adjusted dual-domain
reconstructed image.
Figures 3a and 3b show a typical computed radi-
ography image of an antique teaspoon and its
(b)
adjusted dual-domain reconstructed image. It can be
observed that the radiograph is foggy, masking much
Figure 3. Antique silver teaspoon: (a) typical computed radiography image; and of the internal design and structure of the spoon.
(b) the adjusted contrast dual-domain reconstructed image. The original image of
However, these regions are more visualized in the
the teaspoon is shown in Figure 1b.
adjusted dual-domain reconstructed image.
Figures 4a and 4b show a typical original radi-
ographic image from a decorative cup, and the corre-
sponding adjusted dual-domain processed image. The
image of the decorative cup using normal visible light
is shown in Figure 1c and a holder is used to hold the
cup for radiographic inspection. The design details
and internal joint and structure in the object’s handles
are more pronounced in the adjusted dual-domain
reconstructed image. Also, Figures 5a and 5b show
the photograph of an antique spoon and its radi-
ographic image. The discontinuity regions are below
the surface and cannot therefore be seen on the
photograph. In its radiograph, the discontinuities are
visible but not clearly visualized. An enhanced visuali-
zation of the same discontinuities is achieved on the
adjusted dual-domain processed image. Similarly, in
(a) Figures 6a, 6b, and 6c, the original image and its radi-
ograph from an antique bowl, and the adjusted
contrast dual-domain reconstructed image, are shown.
The design is faded in the original image, and better
revealed in the processed image.
The output of the dual-domain algorithm on the
full set of the radiographic images of art objects was
reviewed by five Level II radiography certificate
holders. The results of their evaluations showed that
the operators prefer the dual-domain reconstructed
image because of the clearer visualization of the
designs and discontinuities. Operator perception
analysis was performed to compare the outcomes
when using the original and processed images. The
(b)
results showed that the designs in the dual-domain
reconstructed images were better visualized than from
Figure 4. Decorative brass cup: (a) original radiography image also shown in the original images. The dimensions and the nature of
Figure 1c; and (b) the adjusted contrast dual-domain reconstructed image. the discontinuities were also better distinguished from
ASNT grants
982 non-exclusive,
G U S T 2 of
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 5. Antique silver teaspoon: (a) original image; (b) the computed radiography image; and (c) the adjusted contrast dual-domain
reconstructed image
(b)
(a)
(c)
Figure 6. Antique bowl: (a) original image; (b) computed radiography image; and (c) adjusted contrast dual-domain reconstructed image.

ME FEATURE w
the dual-domain reconstructed images than from the

0.7 original images. To determine the image quality
Normalized gray level (arb. unit)
enhancement, the line profiles plotted for lines AB and

0.6 A B1
1 A1B1 are shown in Figure 7 for the original image and
0.5 the adjusted dual-domain reconstructed image in the
crack region. The line profile displayed the two dimen-
0.4 A B
sional graph of the intensities of pixels along the
0.3 scanned lines through the crack region in Figures 6a
0.2 and 6b. The comparison of the line profiles show that
the different pixel intensity increases almost four
0.1 times in the adjusted dual-domain reconstructed
0 image in comparison to the original image, and it has
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 much better visual quality.
Distance along profile (px) Finally, a brass tray belonging to Iran’s cultural
heritage, with an estimated age of about 3500 years,
Figure 7. Plotted profiles of scanned line are shown in Figure 6 for the crack was imaged in this study by a film radiography
region: (a) AB in the original image; and (b) A1B1 in the adjusted contrast technique, as seen in Figure 8a. Except for Figure 8,
dual-domain reconstructed image. Arb. unit = arbitrary unit; 1 pixel = 0.16 mm. which was obtained by conventional film radiography
(a)
(b) (c)
Figure 8. Antique brass tray: (a) the original image; (b) digitized film radiography image; and (c) adjusted contrast
dual-domain reconstructed image.
ASNT grants
984 non-exclusive,
G U S T 2 of
and a film digitizer, all other radiographic images were Dong, W., G. Shi, and X. Li, “Nonlocal Image Restoration
with Bilateral Variance Estimation: A Low-rank Approach,”
produced by computed radiography techniques and IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, Vol. 22, No. 2,
general purpose computed radiography imaging plates 2013, pp. 700–711.
according to the previous section. This object was Gates, Glenn Alan, “Discovering the Material Secrets of Art:
seriously damaged due to heavy corrosion, and visual- Tools of Cultural Heritage Science,” American Ceramic
Society Bulletin, Vol. 93, No. 7, 2014, pp. 20–27.
ization of the object’s design detail was a major
IAEA, Nuclear Techniques for Cultural Heritage Research,
challenge. Conventional radiography helped detect IAEA Radiation Technology Series No. 2, International
the object design details, but the image suffered from Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria, 2011.
low contrast and high noise (Figure 8b). It is seen ISO, ISO 14096-1: Non-destructive testing - Qualification of
that design details in the adjusted dual-domain radiographic film digitisation systems - Part I: Definitions,
qualitative measurements of image quality parameters,
reconstructed images were better visualized, and the standard reference film and qualitative control, International
corrosion region in the tray center was well revealed Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland,
(Figure 8c). 2005a.
To evaluate the processing speed, the dual ISO, ISO 14096-2: Non-destructive testing - Qualification
of radiographic film digitisation systems - Part 2:
domain algorithm for a gray scale image with 256 Minimum requirements, International Organization for
256 pixels and a window size of 31 31 was run in Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2005b.
the image processing program. The run time in a ISO, ISO 17636-2, Non-destructive testing of welds -
personal computer using a dual core microprocessor Radiographic testing - Part 2: X- and gamma-ray techniques
with digital detectors, International Organization for
was about 50 s. Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2013.
Knaus, C., and M. Zwicker, “Progressive Image Denoising,”
Conclusion IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, Vol. 23, No. 7,
The dual domain algorithm was applied to radi- 2014, pp. 3114–3125.
ographic images of art objects to detect design details Knaus, Claude, and Matthias Zwicker, “Dual-domain Image
Denoising,” Proceedings of the IEEE International Confer-
and regions of damage and/or corrosion. The results ence on Image Processing (ICIP), 2013, pp. 440–444.
showed that the dual-domain algorithm with the Lang, Janet and Andrew Middleton, Radiography of Cultural
contrast adjustment technique effectively improved Material, 2nd edition, Routledge, Abingdon, United
visualization of the design details and the Kingdom, 2005.
detectability of discontinuities in valuable objects. Levin, Anat, Boaz Nadler, Fredo Durand, and William T.
Freeman, “Patch Complexity, Finite Pixel Correlations and
It has been shown that subtraction of the obtained Optimal Denoising,” Proceedings of the 12th European
image using the dual-domain technique from the Conference on Computer Vision: Volume Part V, Springer-
original image could provide reconstructed images Verlag GmbH, Berlin, Germany, 2012, pp. 73–86.
that yield improved visualization of art and cultural Montagnari Kokelj, M., M. Budinich, and C. Tuniz, editors,
“Chapter 8: New X-Ray Digital Radiography and Computed
heritage objects. w x Tomography for Cultural Heritage,” Science for Cultural
Heritage: Technological Innovation and Case Studies in
AUTHOR Marine and Land Archaeology in the Adriatic Region and
Effat Yahaghi: Ph.D; Department of Physics, Imam Khomeini Inland, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., Singapore,
International University, Qazvin, Iran; 98 281 3780040; fax 2010.
98 281 3780040; e-mail yahaghi@sci.ikiu.ac.ir. Morigi, M.P., F. Casali, M. Bettuzzi, R. Brancaccio, and V.
D’Errico, “Application of X-ray Computed Tomography to
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Cultural Heritage Diagnostics,” Applied Physics A, Vol. 100,
No. 3, 2010, pp. 653–661, DOI: 10.1007/s00339-010-
The author is grateful to M.H. Ashrafi (haji) from the United
5648-6.
Kingdom for reviewing this work and useful discussions.
Movafeghi, Amir, Effat Yahaghi, and Noureddin Mohm-
madzadeh, “Design Detection in Cultural Heritage Lorestan
REFERENCES
Plate using the Shape-from-shading Method,” Insight,
Bradley, David and Dudley Creagh (editors), Physical Vol. 57, No 10, 2015, pp. 576–579.
Techniques in the Study of Art, Archaeology and Cultural
Tomasi, C., and R. Manduchi, “Bilateral Filtering for Gray
Heritage, Vols. 1 and 2, Elsevier, Amsterdam, The
and Color Images,” Sixth International Conference on
Netherlands, 2007.
Computer Vision, Bombay, India, 1998. IEEE, DOI:
Chatterjee, Priyam and Peyman Milanfar, “Is Denoising 10.1109/ICCV.1998.710815.
Dead?” IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, Vol. 19,
Yahaghi, Effat, Amir Movafeghi, Shokoofeh Ahmadi, Sholeh
No. 4, 2010, pp. 895–911.
Ansari, Mehran Taheri, and Naser Rastkhah, “Cultural
Dabov, Kostadin, Alessandro Foi, Vladimir Katkovnik, and Heritage Object Identification by Radiography Nondestruc-
Karen Egiazarian, “Image Denoising by Sparse 3-D Trans- tive Method and Digital Image Processing,” Applied
form-domain Collaborative Filtering,” IEEE Trans on Image Mechanics and Materials, Vol. 83, 2011, pp. 35–40.
Process, Vol. 16, No. 8, 2007, pp. 2080–2095.

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Contact ASNT
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INDUSTRY news
and calibration, and lead all activities
related to continuous improvement. LTI’s
former director of quality assurance, Frank
Peszka, retired at the end of 2016, but
continues to work at Laboratory Testing as
a quality assurance consultant two days
each week.
Over a 30-year career, Faia had worked
his way up from US Marine and Aircraft
Technician to Director of Quality at a
manufacturer of specialized fluoropolymer
products for the automotive and
aerospace industries. He held his last
position for over 15 years before joining
Laboratory Testing. Faia holds a B.S.
degree in technical management from
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University and
is an ASQ Certified Manager of
Eddyfi Acquires TSC Inspection Kingdom and broadens the company’s Quality/Organizational Excellence.
Systems portfolio of technologies and addressable
Eddyfi Technologies, a world leader in markets. With this acquisition, Eddyfi Detection Technology Completes
advanced inspection solutions, announces Technologies further accelerates its Expansion
the acquisition of TSC Inspection Systems. scaling and growth with more than Detection Technology Plc, a global provider
Headquartered in Milton Keynes, United 235 employees and sales in 70 countries. of X-ray imaging subsystems and compo-
Kingdom, TSC has significantly contributed Last March, Caisse de dépôt et nents, announced that it has completed
in shaping the landscape of electromag- placement du Québec (CDPQ), one of the expansion of its Beijing factory. The
netic testing technologies over the last North America’s leading institutional fund expansion of production floor area by
30 years. The company developed the managers, invested in Eddyfi Technologies 20%, 700 square meters, coupled with
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later, the ACFM technology is specified by Director of Quality Assurance than 600 varieties of high-end and
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Technologies’ presence in the United industry specifications program for testing

Participate
NEW media Participate in American
National Standards
Development
ASNT’s Standards Development
Committee (SDC) develops ASNT’s
standards, including ANSI/ASNT CP-
106: Nondestructive Testing —
Qualification and Certification of
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many with topic-specific tutorials. The If you wish to join the SDC and
book is accompanied by extensive worked participate in the development of
problem sets, slides, and homework American National Standards,
assignments, which are available to contact SDC Secretary Charles
qualified instructors. Longo at clongo@asnt.org. More
www.destechpub.com information is available at
www.asnt.org/publications/
Companion Guide to the ASME standards/standards.htm.
Boiler and Pressure Vessel and
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modules, whereby students can master the https://pubs.aws.org wx
fundamentals via small, detailed steps.

NDT pics
Mill Basin Bridge Undergoes Ultrasonic Testing
Technician Shawn Barrett performs ultrasonic testing of pipe pile for the New York City Department of Transportation (NYCDOT) Mill Basin
Bridge. Testing included 100% volumetric inspection via shear wave conducted in accordance with Complete New York State Steel
Construction Manual (Governing) and AWS D1.5 Bridge Welding Code (Supplemental) at BGB Fabrication in Newark, New Jersey. The Mill
Basin Bridge project is part of NYCDOT’s reconstruction and replacement of seven bridges and their approaches on the Belt Parkway,
which encircles the New York City boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens. Barrett is certified in accordance with Recommended Practice No.
SNT-TC-1A Level II UT and NYSSCM Level II UT. He is the chief operating office for Clover Field Services, LLC, headquartered in Ashland,
Pennsylvania. w x
Photo credit: Clover Field Services, LLC, Ashland, Pennsylvania

NEW
ROBERT E. SHANNON
Associate Technical Editor
patents
US 9612190 the maximum intensity occurs with no in the patent or, preferably, a laser shining
Bond evaluation using piezochromic stress on the bond is then determined. A light at a discrete wavelength. The discrete
fluorescence wavelength shift at the maximum intensity wavelength provided by a laser aids in
(J.R. Hull, K.J. Davis, and R.H. Bossi)
may then be measured that is proportional minimizing the distribution of the spectral
Composite materials are used in many to the average stress on the portion of the intensity and also facilitates interrogating
structural applications throughout the bond in the measurement zone. For the bond over smaller areas. The spectrum
aerospace and automotive industries. material compositions in which the analyzer may be selected from a broad
Many present and expected future material and the bond are sufficiently class of instruments capable of measuring
products for commercial aircraft make transparent to the light required for light intensity at different wavelengths that
extensive use of composite materials. inducing the fluorescence and the include multispectral imagers with tunable
Present practice connects composite resulting fluorescent signal, the light can filters, systems of charge-coupled device
components with fasteners of different be shown directly on the bond and the (CCD) sensors with lenses, and compa-
types. It would be an improvement in emitted light directly measured. For rable systems.
simplicity of design, costs could be materials that are not sufficiently trans- The sensing details include a light
lowered, and improved protection against parent, for example, carbon-fiber compos- source that emits photons that impinge on
lightning strikes could be obtained by ites, one or more light transmitting the upper composite layer, a fraction of
bonding different composite components pathways are introduced into the structure. which penetrates the layer. Some of the
together using adhesive. However, inspec- An example of such a pathway is an photons in this penetrative fraction are
tion techniques for evaluation of the optically transparent glass fiber. Such absorbed in the adhesive layer by the fluo-
health of such bonds in a nondestructive glass fibers take up a small fraction of the rescing particles, which then fluoresce at a
manner are not available. It is therefore composite or the bond and do not signifi- frequency that is lower than that of the
desirable to provide a method for evalu- cantly impact the strength of either. incident light. A fraction of the fluoresced
ating bonds between layers of composite The patent describes configurations light penetrates through the incident layer
materials that is efficient, effective, and showing a composite bonded structure and is detected by the light detector. A
can be accomplished in a nondestructive with integral stress sensing incorporating spectrum analyzer is used to determine
manner. This patent provides a method for an upper fiber composite component, a the wavelength of the photons collected
evaluation of the state of adhesive bonds lower fiber-composite component, and an by the detector and reports the spectral
such as might be formed between two adhesive layer between the two composite intensity. A determination of the spectral
panels of composite material, and in components over at least a portion of their intensity with no stresses on the bond, or
particular to determine the degree of bonded length. The adhesive layer alternatively, spectral intensity of the fluo-
stress on the adhesive at different spatial includes a matrix of adhesive in which a rescing particles in solution or otherwise in
locations within the bond. A number of collection of fluorescing particles are an unstressed condition, provides a
small piezochromic fluorescent particles dispersed in approximately a homoge- baseline condition. A load imposed on the
are placed in the adhesive. The size and neous manner. Shown is how this composite bonded structure or deforma-
number of the particles are sufficiently piezochromic fluorescence stress detection tion within the structure due to damage or
small that they do not impact the strength method may be included in the design of other internal stresses creates a change of
of the bond. Light, with a wavelength less bonded for lap joints, butt joints, layered stress in the bond. A determination of the
than the fluorescent wavelength of the skins, scarf joints, mortise joints, or other spectral intensity of the fluoresced light in
particles, illuminates a portion of the joints employed in adhesive bonding. the stressed condition demonstrates a
bond. Over this given portion of the bond, Details include how to use an evaluation shift from the baseline spectral intensity
or a part thereof (the measurement zone), apparatus, which employs a light source, a that is proportional to the stress in the
the spectral intensity of the fluorescent light detector, and a spectrum analyzer. bond. Generalized stress over the entire
light is measured. The wavelength at which The light source can be a lamp as shown bond may be measured or localized
ASNT grants
998 non-exclusive,
G U S T 2 of
stresses determined based on scanning of adhesive. The advantage of this embodi- readily calibrated by stressing the fiber
the bond by the detector. ment is that the quantum dots are better and measuring the fluorescence before the
Examples are provided for the makeup protected from chemical deterioration. A fiber is chopped into small lengths to
of the fluorescing particles employed in further advantage is that the piezochromic establish the baseline fluorescing
the bond. They may be quantum dots or performance of the quantum dots can be condition. wx
similar structures created using cadmium
selenide (CdSe) or alternative fluorescing
materials such as alpha-alumina, difluo- Patents
roboron complex BF2AVB synthesized from
Avobenzone (AVB) via BF3 diphenylflavo- Have you been awarded a patent?
lene, CuMoO4 OEt2 boronation in CH2Cl2 If you have recently been granted a new patent by a government patent office, we
or crystals of ([CH3]4N)2MnCl4 and invite you to let us know about it. We are looking for patents that describe innova-
([CH3]4N)2MnBr4. As an alternative to intro- tions in the science and practice of nondestructive testing. You can send a few
ducing these quantum dots or other fluo- paragraphs describing the invention and its range of applications, and a copy of
rescing particles directly into the adhesive the patent document (or if it was issued by the United States Patent and
layer, quantum dots may be dispersed in a Trademark Office, you can just give us the patent number). E-mail to
transparent fiber having a small diameter ndeguy@yahoo.com with “ASNT M.E. New Patents” in the subject line.
of approximately 1 to 50 μ, and the fiber
For more information on the patents, go to the US Patent and Trademark Office
chopped up into small lengths of approxi-
website at www.uspto.gov.
mately 25 to 1000 μ and inserted into the

CORPORATE partners
3angles, Inc. (Albany, NY)
3D Engineering Solutions
(Cincinnati, OH)
Thank You
ASNT is proud to present these NDT manufacturers, users
Comibassal (Alexandria, Egypt)
Commerical Divers International,
Inc. (Goodyear, AZ)
3E NDT, LLC (La Porte, TX) Commodity Resource &
4A Inspection, LLC (Houston, TX) and suppliers who support the Society. This list is current Environmental, Inc. (Burbank, CA)
as of 1 July 2017. Connect NDT, Ltd. (Aberdeenshire,
A United Kingdom)
ABM Franchising Group Cooperheat Saudi Arabia Co., Ltd.
(Canonsburg, PA) American Testing Services Bossier Parish Community College (Jubail, Saudi Arabia)
Academy of Infrared Training, Inc. (Miamisburg, OH) (Bossier City, LA) CoreStar International Corp. (Irwin, PA)
(Coquitlam, Canada) Amo & Partners Engineering Co. (Al Branch Radiographic Labs, Inc. Creaform, Inc. (Levis, Canada)
Access Plug Flange, Inc. (Houston, TX) Khobar, Saudi Arabia) (Cranford, NJ) Curtis Industries, Inc. (Cowansville, PA)
ACML 2i2S (Alexandria, Egypt) Amosco (Eastleigh, United Kingdom) Bridgsite Nigeria, Ltd. (Port Curtiss Wright Anatec-LMT (Brea, CA)
ACNDT, Inc. (Middleburg, FL) AMS Store and Shred, LLC (Lake In Harcourt, Nigeria) Cutech Group (Singapore,
Acoustic Technology Group The Hills, IL) BRL Consultants, Inc. (San Antonio, TX) Singapore)
(Grandville, MI) Aolong Group (Dandong City, China) Brotherhood Technical Service Co. Cuyahoga Community College
ACS-Solutions GmbH (Saarbrucken, Apex NDT Training Services (Rayne, LA) (Dammam, Saudi Arabia) (Cleveland, OH)
Germany) Aplus+ NDT (Coimbatore, India) Bruker (Kennewick, WA) CXR Corp. (Kure City, Japan)
Acuren (Edmonton, Canada) Applied Technical Services BTEC, LLC (Pueblo, CO) Cygnus Instruments (Annapolis, MD)
Adaptive Energy (University Place, WA) (Marietta, GA) Cylinder Testing Solutions (Denver, CO)
Ademinsa (Lima, Peru) Applus RTD (Edmonton, Canada) C
Advanced Energy (Fort Collins, CO) Arad Paya Quality Engineering & Cadillac Casting, Inc. (Cadillac, MI) D
Advanced Material Solutions Inspection Co. (Tabriz, Iran) Cadorath Aerospace (Broussard, LA) Dakota Ultrasonics (Scotts Valley, CA)
(Phoenix, AZ) Aral General Trading, LLC (Port Cairo Inspection Co. (Nasr City Cairo, Danatronics (Danvers, MA)
Advanced OEM Solutions Saeed, United Arab Emirates) Egypt) Danco Inspection Service, Inc.
(Cincinnati, OH) Arcadia Aerospace Industries (Punta Calaya Engineering (Port Harcourt, (Oklahoma City, OK)
Advanced Test Equipment Rentals Gorda, FL) Nigeria) Dantec Dynamics, GmbH (Ulm,
(San Diego, CA) Arcmart Indonesia (Bandung, Callington Haven Pty., Ltd. Germany)
AEIS (Rahway, NJ) Indonesia) (Rydalmere, Australia) Dantec Dynamics, Inc. (Holtsville, NY)
Aero Norway AS (Sola, Norway) Armstech Engineers Pvt., Ltd. CAM (Doha, Qatar) Dares Srls. (Casamarciano, Italy)
Aerofab NDT, LLC (Kent, WA) (Kerala, India) Canadian Engineering & DBI, Inc. (Lenexa, KS)
Aerotest Operations, Inc. (San Arrow-Tech, Inc. (Rolla, ND) Inspection, Ltd. (Edmonton, Decibel NDE Inspections & Training
Ramon, CA) ASG Inspection, Ltd. (Aberdeen, Canada) Institute (Kerala, India)
AES Destructive & NDT, Ltd. (Kwai United Kingdom) Canon (Melville, NY) DECTRIS (Baden-Daettwil,
Chung, Hong Kong) Associated X-Ray Corp. (East Haven, CT) Carestream NDT (Rochester, NY) Switzerland)
AES NDT (Las Vegas, NV) ATEC Training & Certification Carl Zeiss Industrial Metrology DEKRA Industrial (Ankara, Turkey)
African NDT Centre Pty., Ltd. Services (Houston, TX) (Maple Grove, MN) Delphi Precision Imaging
(Centurion, South Africa) Atlas Inspection Technologies Caterpillar, Inc. (Peoria, IL) (Redmond, WA)
AGD Inspection Services, LLC (Seattle, WA) Catsi, Inc. (Valparaiso, IN) Detagulf Global Services, Ltd. (Port
(Stafford, TX) Atout Technical Supports CD International Technology, Inc. Harcourt, Nigeria)
AGR Inspection, Inc. (Burleson, TX) (Port-Gentil, Gabon) (Livermore, CA) Detection Technology, Inc.
AIP (Houston, TX) Automated Inspection Systems CDA Technical Institute (Billerica, MA)
AIP Global Strategies (Pelham, NH) (Martinez, CA) (Jacksonville, FL) DETEK, Inc. (Temple Hills, MD)
Air Services (Middleburg Heights, OH) Avonix Imaging (Maple Grove, MN) Cenergy International Services, LLC Diakont Advanced Technologies
Aircraft Inspection Services (Grand Aycan Data Management (Houston, TX) (San Diego, CA)
Rapids, MI) (Rochester, NY) Central Flying Service (Little Rock, AR) Diamond Technical Services, Inc.
Aircraft X-Ray Labs, Inc. (Huntington AZTech Training & Consultancy CentroTEST Asia, Inc. (Mandaluyong (Blairsville, PA)
Park, CA) (Dubai, United Arab Emirates) City, Philippines) Dixon Hard Chrome (Sun Valley, CA)
Airon Academy (Trivandrum, India) Centura X-Ray NDT (Cleveland, OH) DJA Inspection Services, Inc.
Aker Solutions Saudi Arabia Co., B Certags (Oregon City, OR) (Reno, PA)
Ltd. (Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia) Baker Testing Services, Inc. Chemetall US, Inc. (New DK Shah NDT Training Institute
Akura Bina Citra (Bekasi, Indonesia) (Rockland, MA) Providence, NJ) (Vadodara, India)
Al Mansoori Inspection Services Balteau NDT (Hermalle sous Chesapeake Testing (Belcamp, MD) DolphiTech (Raufoss, Norway)
(Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates) Argenteau, Belgium) Churchill Steel Plate, Ltd. Dominion NDT Services, Inc.
Al Rookal for Engineering Base Line Data, Inc. (Portland, TX) (Twinsburg, OH) (Richmond, VA)
Inspection, Ltd. (Baghdad, Iraq) Best NDT (Springfield, VA) Cifra Industrial Services Corp. Doncasters (Groton, CT)
Allis Engineering (Lake Elsinore, CA) BETZ Engineering & Technology (Makati City, Philippines) Draka Cableteq, Inc. (Bridgewater, NJ)
ALX Industries (Pasadena, TX) Zone (Chennai, India) Circle Systems, Inc. (Hinckley, IL) Dürr NDT, GmbH & Co. KG
AM Technical Solutions, Inc. (Austin, TX) BG Detection Services/ LA X-Ray Citadel Engineering Co. (Sarasota, FL) (Bietigheim-Bissingen, Germany)
AMA Consultants Corp. (Braselton, GA) (Sun Valley, CA) Clover Park Technical College Dynamic Software Solutions
Amerapex Corp. (Houston, TX) Bighorn Inspection, Inc. (Laurel, MT) (Lakewood, WA) (Niceville, FL)
American Aerospace Technical BKS Consulting & Training Institute CNI Pacific Co., Ltd. (Banchang,
Academy (Los Angeles, CA) (Tehran, Iran) Thailand) E
American Inspection Services, Inc. Blastline Institute of Surface Coast to Coast Inspection Services, Echo Maintenance (Nederland, TX)
(Grand Bay, AL) Preparation & Painting (Kochi, India) Inc. (Portland, OR) Echo Ultrasonics (Bellingham, WA)
American Institute of Nondestructive Blatek, Inc. (State College, PA) Cokebusters USA (Houston, TX) Eclipse Scientific (Waterloo, Canada)
Testing (Baxter, MN) Blitz Academy (Cochin, India) College of the North Atlantic ECS, Inc. (Kennesaw, GA)
American Marine Corp. (Anchorage, AK) BlueScope Steel Research (Stephenville, Canada) Eddyfi (Quebec, Canada)
American Piping Inspection (Tulsa, OK) (Wollongong, Australia) Comet Technologies USA, Inc. EddySonix (Orbe, Switzerland)
Boeing (Seattle, WA) (Shelton, CT)
ASNT grants
1000non-exclusive,
G U S T 2 of
Edison Welding Institute Global Academy for Inspection and Innerspec Technologies, Inc. J
(Columbus, OH) Training (Pandalam, India) (Forest, VA) Jan Kens Co., Inc. (Monrovia, CA)
Eishin Kagaku Co., Ltd. (Minato-Ku, Global Diving & Salvage, Inc. Innodes (Quito, Ecuador) JANX (Parma, MI)
Japan) (Seattle, WA) Insight KK (Tokyo, Japan) JB Testing, Inc. (Blaine, MN)
Ekoscan (St. Remy, France) Global Engineering Documents (IHS) Inspec Testing, Inc. (National City, CA) JC International, Ltd. (Port Harcourt,
ElectroMagneticWorks, Inc. (LaSalle, (Englewood, CO) Inspectest Pvt., Ltd. (Lahore Punjab, Nigeria)
Canada) Global Inspection Services (Madrid, Pakistan) Jentek Sensors, Inc. (Waltham, MA)
Enerfab, Inc. (Cincinnati, OH) Spain) Inspection Plug Strategies, LLC JES Pipelines, Ltd. (Willemstad
Energyray Integrated Services, Ltd. Global Lifting Services, Nigeria, Ltd. (Houston, TX) Curacao, Netherlands Antilles)
(Port Harcourt, Nigeria) (Port Harcourt, Nigeria) Inspection Point Seals, LLC Jesse Garant Metrology Center
Envite Nigeria, Ltd. (Port Harcourt, Global Oil Inspectindo (Indramayu, (Prairieville, LA) (Windsor, Canada)
Nigeria) Indonesia) Inspection Quality International JETS, Inc. (Carrollton, TX)
Epica Applied Technologies (San Glomacs Fz, LLC (Dubai, United Arab (Bangalore, India) Jireh Industries, Ltd. (Ardrossan,
Clemente, CA) Emirates) Inspection Technologies, Inc. Canada)
ETher NDE, Ltd. (St. Albans, United GMAR Comercializadora SAC (Lima, (Pomona, CA) JMD NDT, Inc. (Piscataway, NJ)
Kingdom) Peru) Inspection Technology, WLL (Doha, Johnghama International Services,
ETM, Inc. (Newark, CA) GMTech Services Corp. (Anaheim, CA) Qatar) Ltd. (Warri, Nigeria)
EuroMaTech Training & Management Golden Engineering, Inc. Inspectron, Inc. (Novi, MI) Jubail Industrial College (Jubail
Consultancy (Dubai, United Arab (Centerville, IN) Institute of Industrial Quality Industrial City, Saudi Arabia)
Emirates) Goolsby Testing Laboratories Management (Shoranur, India) JZ Russell Industries, Inc.
Euroteck Systems UK, Ltd. (Humble, TX) Institute of Nondestructive Testing (Nederland, TX)
(Tamworth, United Kingdom) Guangdong Goworld Co., Ltd. and Training (Mumbai, India)
Exova (Linkoping, Sweden) (Shantou, China) Institute of Reliability Centered K
Extende (Ballston Spa, NY) Guided Ultrasonics, Ltd. (Brentford, Maintenance (Lahore, Pakistan) KA Imaging (Kitchener, Canada)
ExxonMobil (Baytown, TX) United Kingdom) Instrument Technology, Inc. Kakivik Asset Management, LLC
Gulf Energy International (Dammam, (Westfield, MA) (Anchorage, AK)
F Saudi Arabia) Integrated Quality Services (Ontario, Kalva Engineers Pvt., Ltd. (Nagole
Fangzheng Valve Group Co., Ltd. Gulf Quality Control Co., Ltd. CA) Hyderabad, India)
(Wenzhou, China) (Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia) Integrity & NDT Solutions KARL STORZ Industrial Group (El
Fish & Associates, Inc. Gulf X-Ray Services, Inc. (Gretna, LA) (Cundinamarca, Colombia) Segundo, CA)
(Middleton, WI) Gulmay (Suwanee, GA) Integrity Products & Supplies, Inc. Keltron Kerala State Electronics
Flathead Valley Community College (Sherwood Park, Canada) Devp. Corp., Ltd. (Trivandrum,
(Kalispell, MT) H Integrity Scientific Laboratory India)
FlawSpec Manufacturing, Inc. Hadland Technologies (Amherst, NH) (Dubai, United Arab Emirates) Keville Enterprises, Inc. (Boston, MA)
(Edmonton, Canada) Haks Engineers Architects & Land Integrity Smart Services, LLC Kimtron, Inc. (Oxford, CT)
FlawTech (Concord, NC) Surveyors PC (New York, NY) (Muscat, Oman) Kinetic Solutions, LLC (Fort Ripley, MN)
Foerster Instruments, Inc. Hamamatsu Corp. (Bridgewater, NJ) Integrity Testing & Inspection, LLC KTA Tator, Inc. (Pittsburgh, PA)
(Pittsburgh, PA) Helium Leak Testing, Inc. (Simi (Onaway, MI) Kuwait Pipe Industries & Oil
Force Technology (Broendby, Valley, CA) International Inspection (Santa Fe Services Co. (Kuwait City, Kuwait)
Denmark) Hellier (Houston, TX) Springs, CA)
Formweld Fitting, Inc. (Milton, FL) Herzog Services, Inc. (St. Joseph, International Leak Detection, LLC L
Foster Tecnica Solutions (Alappuzha, MO) (Des Plaines, IL) Labino AB (Solna, Sweden)
India) High Technology Sources, Ltd. International Maritime Welding Laboratory Testing, Inc. (Hatfield, PA)
Fujifilm North America – NDT (Didcot, United Kingdom) Society (NCR, Philippines) Laser Technology (Norristown, PA)
Materials and Equipment Highland Oilfield Services Group, International Robotic Tank Solutions Laurus Systems, Inc. (Ellicott City, MD)
(Valhalla, NY) Ltd. (Aberdeen, United Kingdom) (Khobar, Saudi Arabia) Lavender International NDT
Hi-Spec Systems, Ltd. (Nantwich, Intertek (Amelia, LA) Consultants (Sheffield, United
G United Kingdom) Intron Plus (Moscow, Russia) Kingdom)
G. Cotter Enterprises (Springfield, NJ) Hobart Institute of Welding Inuktun Services, Ltd. (Nanaimo, Lickenbrock Technologies, LLC (Saint
G&G Technical Services, Ltd. Technology (Troy, OH) Canada) Louis, MO)
(London, United Kingdom) Hocker, Inc. (Houston, TX) Ionix Advanced Technologies (Leeds, Lion Inspection Services, Inc.
Gamesa Innovation & Technology Hodges Transportation, Inc. (Carson United Kingdom) (Houston, TX)
(Sarriguren, Spain) City, NV) IPSI (Courbevoie Cedex, France) Lonestar PMI (League City, TX)
Gamma Petroleum Services (Basra, Honeywell Aerospace de Mexico Iranian Society of Technical Lucid Software, Ltd. (Chennai, India)
Iraq) (Chihuahua, Mexico) Inspection & NDT Companies Lumiworks Photonics Ltd.
Gamma Rad (Tehran, Iran) Honeywell Federal Manufacturing & (Tehran, Iran) (Southfield, MI)
GB Inspection Systems, Ltd. Technologies (Kansas City, MO) IRED Thermal Group, Ltd.
(Cannock, United Kingdom) HSI Group, Inc. (Torrance, CA) (Edmonton, Canada) M
GE Measurement & Control Irez Academy (Kollam, India) M2M (San Francisco, CA)
(Lewistown, PA) I Iris Inspection Services, Inc. MAC NDT Services, LLC
GE Power Generation Services I & T Nardoni Institute, Srl. (Brescia, (Baytown, TX) (Montgomery, TX)
(Houston, TX) Italy) IRISNDT (Houston, TX) Magnaflux (Glenview, IL)
General Dynamics NASSCO Norfolk ImechE Engineering Training IRM Servicos Eireli (Macae, Brazil) Magnetic Analysis Corp.
(Norfolk, VA) Solutions (Sheffield, United IS Industrie Thailand, Ltd. (Bangkok, (Elmsford, NY)
Genesis Systems Group Kingdom) Thailand) Magwerks Corporation (Danville, IN)
(Davenport, IA) Imperium, Inc. (Beltsville, MD) Isoflex Radioactive, LLC (San Maintenance & Inspection Services,
George Consulting Services, Inc. Industrial Inspection Systems, Ltd. Francisco, CA) Inc. (Morganton, NC)
(Monaca, PA) (Vaughan, Canada) Isotopes Arabia Co., Ltd. (Al Khobar, Manadher Al Sahra Trading (Ruwi,
GES for Petroleum Inspection & Industrial Testing Laboratory Saudi Arabia) Oman)
Training Services (Menofeyah, Services, LLC (Pittsburgh, PA) IVC Technologies (Lebanon, OH) Mandina’s Inspection Services, Inc.
Egypt) Infrared Cameras, Inc. (Beaumont, TX) IveyCooper Services, LLC (Soddy (Belle Chasse, LA)
Gladd Solutions (Plymouth, MI) Inmedin Ingenieria (Vina del Mar, Daisy, TN) Mansol Technical Training Services
Glajoe Multi Services, Ltd. (Port Chile) Pvt., Ltd. (Lahore, Pakistan)
Harcourt, Nigeria)

CORPORATE partners
Marietta Nondestructive Testing, NDT Phils Inspection Services Corp. PCA Engineering, Inc. (Pompton Quality Systems International, Inc.
Inc. (Marietta, GA) (Paranaque, Philippines) Lakes, NJ) (Russellville, AR)
Martin Testing Laboratories, Inc. NDT Seals, Inc. (Houston, TX) PdM Consultores Internacional, Srl. Quality Testing Services, Inc.
(McClellan, CA) NDT Solutions (New Richmond, WI) (Cartago, Costa Rica) (Linden, NJ)
Massachusetts Materials NDT Testing, Srl. (Odobesti, Peak NDT (Derby, United Kingdom) Quality Testing Services, Inc.
Technologies (Cambridge, MA) Romania) Peltec Services, Inc. (Darlington, SC) (Maryland Hts, MO)
Matec Instrument Cos., Inc. NDT Training & Testing Center Pemo Nigeria, Ltd. (Warri, Nigeria) Qualtech NDE (Karachi, Pakistan)
(Northborough, MA) (Houston, TX) Performance Review Institute
McNDT Pipeline, Ltd. NDT-PRO Services (Houston, TX) (Warrendale, PA) R
(Channahon, IL) NdtXducer, LLC (Northborough, MA) Petra Engineering for Inspection and RADAC -Radiographic Accessories,
Medical Intubation Technology Corp. New Tech Systems (Mansfield, TX) Services (Amman, Jordan) Ltd. (Stockton On Tees, United
(Taoyuan City, Taiwan) Newco, Inc. (Florence, SC) Petro Base, Ltd. (Richmond, TX) Kingdom)
Merrill Technologies Group Newport News Shipbuilding PetroKnowledge (Masdar City, RadiaBeam Technologies (Santa
(Saginaw, MI) (Newport News, VA) United Arab Emirates) Monica, CA)
Metafix (Lachine, Canada) NextNDT (Redwood City, CA) PetroScanalog International, Ltd. Radiago Work Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
Metal Fatigue Solutions Nikon Metrology (Brighton, MI) (Port Harcourt, Nigeria) (Navi Mumbai, India)
(Las Vegas, NV) Non Destructive Testing Quality, Ltd. Pfinder KG (Boeblingen, Germany) Ram Designs (Broussard, LA)
Metals Testing Co. (South (Moscow, Russia) PH Tool Reference Standards Rayan Petro Azmoon (Tehran, Iran)
Windsor, CT) Nondestructive Inspection Service, (Pipersville, PA) Ray-Check MFG, Inc. (Clovis, CA)
Metalscan Inspection Services Inc. (Hurricane, WV) Phateco Technical Services Joint R-CON NDT, Inc. (Menomonie, WI)
(Chennai, India) Norfolk Naval Shipyard Stock Co. (Hai Phong City, Redi Inspection Services
Met-L-Chek (Santa Monica, CA) (Portsmouth, VA) Vietnam) (Evanston, WY)
Meyer Tool, Inc. (Cincinnati, OH) North Idaho College / Aerospace Phoenix Inspection Systems, Ltd. Regional Utility Services
MFE Enterprises, Inc. (Dripping Technology (Hayden, ID) (Warrington, United Kingdom) (Spartanburg, SC)
Springs, TX) North Star Imaging, Inc. Phoenix Nuclear Labs (Monona, WI) Reinhart & Associates, Inc.
MFE Rentals (Pasadena, TX) (Rogers, MN) Pine (Windsor, NJ) (Austin, TX)
Miami NDT, Inc. (Doral, FL) North Texas Calibration (Fort Pinnacle X-Ray Solutions Rel Inc. (Calumet, MI)
Milan Tool Corp (Cleveland, OH) Worth, TX) (Suwanee, GA) RF System Lab (Traverse City, MI)
MIR Engineering (Tangerang Northbridge Energy, Ltd. (Igando, Pipe & Well O&M Services Est. Ridgewater College (Hutchinson, MN)
Selatan, Indonesia) Nigeria) (Dammam, Saudi Arabia) Rig Fab Energy Services (Baton
Mistras Group, Inc. (Princeton Northeast Testing & Mfg, LLC PM Testing Laboratory, Inc. Rouge, LA)
Junction, NJ) (Beverly, MA) (Fife, WA) Rig Solution Engineering (Cairo,
Mitchell Laboratories (Pico NOVO DR, Ltd. (Yehud, Israel) Poco Graphite (Decatur, TX) Egypt)
Rivera, CA) Nucleom, Inc. (Quebec, Canada) Pragma (Quebec, Canada) Ritec, Inc. (Warwick, RI)
Modal Shop, Inc. (Cincinnati, OH) NXT NDT, Inc. (North Adams, MA) Precision Flange & Machine, Inc. Rockwood Service Corp.
Moraine Valley Community College (Houston, TX) (Danbury, CT)
(Palos Hills, IL) O Premier NDT Services, Inc. Rohmann Eddy Current Instruments
Morex 71, Ltd. (Even Yehuda, Israel) Ocean Corp. (Houston, TX) (Farmington, NM) & Systems (Spartanburg, SC)
Motabaqah Brand of Saudi Oceaneering (Panama City, FL) Premier Tubular Inspection Services Rokaysan Engineering Ltd., Co.
Specialized Laboratories Co Oceaneering International Asset Pte., Ltd. (Karachi, Pakistan) (Bursa, Turkey)
(Riyadh, Saudi Arabia) Integrity (Houston, TX) Premium Inspection & Testing Rolls-Royce Nuclear Field Services
Mountain Pressure Testing Oceanscan USA (Stafford, TX) (Houston, TX) (Williamson, NY)
(Longview, TX) OcerT Training & Consulting, Ltd. Premium Inspection Co. Rosen (Shah Alam, Malaysia)
moviTherm (Irvine, CA) (Jianding New City, China) (Bakersfield, CA) RTW Roentgen-Technik
Mozzat Enterprise Sdn. Bhd. (Kuala Ogden Weber Applied Technology Prime NDT Services, Inc. (Neuenhagen, Germany)
Belait, Brunei) College (Ogden, UT) (Schnecksville, PA) Russell NDE Systems, Inc.
MPM Products, Inc. (Ontario, CA) OGTC Pvt., Ltd. (Islamabad, PRL Industries, Inc. (Cornwall, PA) (Edmonton, Canada)
MQ TEC (Hyderabad, India) Pakistan) Pro Mag Inspection, LLC (Gray, LA) RusselSmith Nigeria, Ltd. (Lagos,
MR Chemie, GmbH (Unna, Germany) Ohio CAT (Broadview Heights, OH) PSSI NDT (Houston, TX) Nigeria)
MSPEC (Mussafah, United Arab Ohmstede, Ltd. (Corpus Christi, TX) PT Karsa Kencana Indonesia
Emirates) Oil & Gas Educational and Training (Tangerang, Indonesia) S
MTEC Mechanical Testing Services, Center (Kayamkulam, India) PT Radiant Utama Interinsco Tbk. Safe Ocean Service, Inc.
Inc. (Houston, TX) Oilfield Equipment Marketing, Inc. (Jakarta Selatan, Indonesia) (Houston, TX)
Mudiame Welding Institute, Ltd. (San Antonio, TX) Pueblo Community College Safe Systems For Advanced
(Port Harcourt, Nigeria) OKOS Solutions, LLC (Manassas, VA) (Pueblo, CO) Technologies (Jeddah, Saudi
Mytechnic Mro (Istanbul, Turkey) Olympus America, Inc. (Waltham, MA) Arabia)
Omni Metal Finishing, Inc. (Fountain Q SAI Global (Paramus, NJ)
N Valley, CA) QA Systems Pte., Ltd. (Singapore, SAMES KREMLIN (Streamwood, IL)
Nafto Serv (Istanbul, Turkey) Opgal (Karmiel, Israel) Singapore) Sarl 3MECS Engineering &
National Oilwell Varco (Singapore, Optim, LLC (Sturbridge, MA) QSA Global, Inc. (Baton Rouge, LA) Consulting Services (Laghouat,
Singapore) Oracle, Ltd. (Apapa Lagos, Nigeria) Q-Sea Corporation (Tampa, FL) Algeria)
National University Polytechnic Orbit Industries, Inc. (Cleveland, OH) Qualitas Material Testing ScanMaster IRT, Inc. (Greenville, SC)
Institute (San Diego, CA) Laboratories (United Arab ScanTech Instruments, Inc.
Naya Engineering Services (Basra, P Emirates) (Longview, TX)
Iraq) Pacific Celerity, Inc. (Irvine, CA) Quality Control Co. (Cairo, Egypt) SCC Inspection Services (Great
NDE Professionals, Inc. Pacific High Technology Services Quality Control Council US (Kansas Falls, MT)
(Portland, OR) Co., Ltd. (Yangon, Myanmar) City, KS) School of Applied Non Destructive
NDE Solutions, LLC (Bryan, TX) Paragon Industries, Inc. Quality Control Services Co., Ltd. (Al Examination (Boksburg, South
NDT & Corrosion Control Services (Sapulpa, OK) Khobar, Saudi Arabia) Africa)
(Dammam, Saudi Arabia) Paragon NDT, LLC (Wichita, KS) Quality Equipment Distributors, Inc. SCI Control & Inspeccion (Ajalvir,
NDT Classroom, Inc. (Buffalo, NY) Parker Research Corp. (Dunedin, FL) (Orchard Park, NY) Spain)
NDT Italiana, Srl. (Concorezzo, Italy) Patterson Tubular Services Quality NDE, Ltd. (Mercier, Canada) Score QC (Trivandrum, India)
(Channelview, TX)
ASNT grants
1002non-exclusive,
G U S T 2 of
Join Us
SE International, Inc. Vibranalysis, Inc. (Trujillo Alto,
(Summertown, TN) Puerto Rico)
SEAL Aviation (Fort Lauderdale, FL) Vibspectrum International, LLC
Sensima Inspection (Gland, Being a part of the Society links your business to the worldwide Trading & Electromechanical
Switzerland) (Dubai, United Arab Emirates)
NDT community and puts your business on the front lines of the
Sensor Networks (Boalsburg, PA) Vidisco, Ltd. (Or Yehuda, Israel)
Sensors & Software, Inc. industry. To learn more about becoming a Corporate Partner, see Vincotte International Algeria
(Mississauga, Canada) the Membership section of the ASNT website at www.asnt.org. (Mahelma, Algeria)
Setcore Arabia Petroleum Services Virgin Galactic (Mojave, CA)
(Dammam, Saudi Arabia) Virtual Media Integration
SGS Transportation (Cincinnati, OH) (Pensacola, FL)
Shanghai CHiNDT Systems and Stanley Inspection (Houston, TX) TIBA Oil Tools (Cairo, Egypt) VisiConsult X-Ray Systems &
Services (Shanghai, China) Steinol Solutions Pvt., Ltd. Tove Leeds Certification & Solutions, GmbH (Stockelsdorf,
Shanghai Puxian Mechanical (Islamabad, Pakistan) Inspection Co. WLL (Manama, Germany)
Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, Stowen (Katy, TX) Bahrain) Vision Financial Group, Inc.
China) Structural Integrity Associates Trainee World Institute (Baghdad, (Pittsburgh, PA)
Shanghai QiJi Inspection Technology (Huntersville, NC) Iraq) Vizaar Industrial Imaging
Co. (Shanghai, China) Sullivan & Associates, Inc. Tribogenics (Los Angeles, CA) (Gibsonia, PA)
Sherwin, Inc. (South Gate, CA) (Ladson, SC) Trident Refit Facility (Kings Bay, GA) VJ Technologies, Inc. (Bohemia, NY)
Siemens Energy, Inc. (Pittsburgh, PA) Superior Inspection Services, LLC Trinity NDT Engineers (Bangalore, Volume Graphics, Inc.
Sigma NDT Services Pvt., Ltd. (Broussard, LA) India) (Charlotte, NC)
(Chennai, India) Supervisor of Shipbuilding Tru Amp Corp. (Jackson, MS) Volunteer NDT Corp.
Signature TechnicAir Conversion and Repair (Bath, ME) TSC Inspection Systems (Chattanooga, TN)
(Greensboro, NC) System One (Cheswick, PA) (Buckinghamshire, United
Silean (Tremonton, UT) Kingdom) W
Silverwing (Swansea, United
T TTAsia Co., Ltd. (Ho Chi Minh City, Walashek Industrial & Marine, Inc.
TCR Arabia Co., Ltd. (Dammam, Vietnam) (National City, CA)
Kingdom)
Saudi Arabia) Turbo Nondestructive Testing, Inc. Warren Associates (Pittsburgh, PA)
SIUI (Shantou, China)
Team Industrial Services (Alvin, TX) (Kemah, TX) Wasatch Photonics (Logan, UT)
Sky Prime Aviation Services (Riyadh,
Team QualSpec (Torrance, CA) Turner Specialty Services, LLC Washita Valley Enterprises, Inc.
Saudi Arabia)
Tech Service Products, Inc. (Pasadena, TX) (Oklahoma City, OK)
SME (Plymouth, MI)
(Harahan, LA) TWI, Ltd. (Cambridge, United Welding Inspection (Cologne, NJ)
Snell Group (Barre, VT)
Tech4Imaging (Columbus, OH) Kingdom) Welding Technology & NDT Research
SOLEND (Cochabamba, Bolivia)
Tech Corr USE Management Application Center (Ankara,
Son Set Consultants, LLC
(Owasso, OK)
(Pasadena, TX) U Turkey)
Techinco (Tehran, Iran) Ultrasonic Sciences, Ltd. (Aldershot, Weldtest (Bir Khadem, Algeria)
Sonartech (Kempton Park, South
TechKnowServ Corp. (State United Kingdom) WENS Quality Assurance Pvt., Ltd.
Africa)
College, PA) Uniclimb Services Pte., Ltd. (Singapore, Singapore)
Sonaspection International, Inc.
Techna NDT (Kent, WA) (Singapore, Singapore) WesDyne Amdata (Windsor, CT)
(Concord, NC)
Technical Loadarm, Ltd. (Guelph, Unitek Engineering (Gangnam-gu, West Penn Testing Group (New
Sonatest, Ltd. (San Antonio, TX)
Canada) South Korea) Kensington, PA)
Sonic Systems International
Technisonic Research, Inc. University of Alaska Anchorage Westminster Education Circle
(Houston, TX)
(Fairfield, CT) (Anchorage, AK) (Ernakulam, India)
Sonotec (Central Islip, NY)
Technology Design Ltd. (Winsford, UniWest (Pasco, WA) Williams Bridge Co.
Source Production & Equipment Co.,
United Kingdom) US Army Yuma Proving Ground (Richmond, VA)
Inc. (St. Rose, LA)
Technoscan Inspection Services (Yuma, AZ) Willick Engineering Co., Inc. (Santa
Southern Inspection Services
(Pathanamthitta, India) US Photon Service (Hayward, CA) Fe Springs, CA)
(Chennai, India)
Techshore Inspection Services USPS NCED (Norman, OK) World Testing, Inc. (Mt. Juliet, TN)
Southwest Research Institute (San
(Cochin, India) UT Quality (Edmonton, Canada)
Antonio, TX)
Tecnatom, S.A. (Madrid, Spain) Utex Scientific Instruments, Inc. X
Sowsco Inspection Services, Ltd.
Tecnoplet, S.A. (Francisco de (Mississauga, Canada) Xarion Laser Acoustics GmbH
(Port Harcourt, Nigeria)
Orellana, Ecuador) UTX, Inc. (Holmes, NY) (Vienna, Austria)
Sparrows (Bridge of Don Aberdeen,
Teledyne DALSA (Santa Clara, CA) X-Ray Associates, LLC
United Kingdom)
Spartan College of Aeronautics &
Teledyne ICM (Andrimont, Belgium) V (San Dimas, CA)
Tesco Corp. (Kanagawa, Japan) VAAL University of Technology X-Ray Industries, Inc.
Technology (Tulsa, OK)
Test Equipment Distributors, LLC (Vanderbijlpark, South Africa) (Troy, MI)
Special Oilfield Services Co., LLC
(Troy, MI) Valley Inspection Service, Inc. X-Scan Imaging Corp.
(Ruwi, Oman)
Testex, Inc. (Pittsburgh, PA) (Allentown, PA) (San Jose, CA)
Specialized Services & Supplies
Testia, Ltd. (Newport, United Vandergriff Technologies NDT
General Trading & Contracting Co.
Kingdom) Services (Haltom City, TX) Y
(North Shuwaikh, Kuwait)
Testing Equipment Specialist Team Varex Imaging (Salt Lake City, UT) Yxlon (Hudson, OH)
Specpro (Santiago, Chile)
Co. (Abqaiq, Saudi Arabia) Vector TUB, GmbH (Hattingen,
Spectronics Corp. (Westbury, NY)
Testing Service Group SAC Germany) Z
Sri Ramakrishna Advanced Training
(Lima, Peru) Velosi, Sdn. Bhd. (Kuala Belait, Zamil Lifting & Industrial Supports
Institute (Coimbatore, India)
Texas Research International Brunei) (Dammam, Saudi Arabia)
ST Aerospace Engineering Pte., Ltd.
(Austin, TX) Venture Inspection, Ltd. (Derby, Zetec, Inc. (Snoqualmie, WA)
(Singapore, Singapore)
Thermal Wave Imaging, Inc. United Kingdom) Zuuk International, Inc.
St. Johns NDT Training & Services
(Pathanamthitta, India)
(Ferndale, MI) Verasonics, Inc. (Kirkland, WA) (Charleston, SC) w
x
ThermalStar Training Center Verichek Technical Services, Inc.
Stalion-Primi (Port Harcourt, Nigeria)
(Phoenix, AZ) (Bethel Park, PA)
Standard Testing and Inspection
Thermographie GG, Inc. (Granby, Veriphrase (Birmingham, AL)
Services, Ltd. (Port Harcourt,
Canada) Versa Integrity Group (Sulphur, LA)
Nigeria)

Calendar Entries
Please send all Calendar entries to our offices as
soon as the information is available. While the
Calendar runs only four months at a time, we
encourage you to send us your meeting or course
information as soon as you have it. The deadline
for entries is the first of the month, two months
prior to issue date (for example, the due date for
the November issue is 1 September).
Send information by e-mail, fax, or mail to

the Associate Editor, Materials Evaluation,
1711 Arlingate Lane, P.O. Box 28518, Columbus,
OH 43228-0518; fax (614) 274-6899; e-mail
hcowans@asnt.org.
ASNT grants
1004non-exclusive,
G U S T 2 of
meetings PLEASE NOTE: Materials Evaluation’s Calendar department is
The following courses are listed
without necessarily giving their full
titles.
Meetings are events at which derived from information sent to our offices by the sponsoring
paper and/or poster presentations organizations. ASNT staff is not responsible for collecting or
are made and recent developments
in technology, research and devel-
verifying the information contained herein: for more information Acoustic Emission Testing
opment are discussed by those in on meetings or courses, please contact the sponsoring organi-
12–14 SEP
attendance. These are generally zation. The Calendar copy deadline is the first of the month, two
months prior to the issue date: for example, 1 September for For Scientists and Engineers,
sponsored by academic or profes-
sional technical associations. The the November journal. Send your organization’s information by Princeton Junction, New Jersey.
sponsor is the same as the contact e-mail, fax, or mail to the Associate Editor, Materials Evaluation, Mistras.
except where noted.
1711 Arlingate Lane, P.O. Box 28518, Columbus, OH 43228- 9–13 OCT
For ASNT meetings and events
(highlighted in red) contact the 0518; fax (614) 274-6899; e-mail hcowans@asnt.org. Level I, Princeton Junction, New
ASNT Conference Department, Information in the Calendar runs for four months at a time. Jersey. Mistras.
1711 Arlingate Lane, P.O. Box ASNT reserves the right to reject event listings for any reason.
6–10 NOV
28518, Columbus, OH 43228- Listings will be edited to conform to ASNT’s editorial style.
0518; (800) 222-2768 or (614) PACwin Suite, Princeton
274-6003; fax (614) 274-6899; Junction, New Jersey. Mistras.
e-mail conferences@asnt.org. 10–11 OCT 28–31 OCT
Offshore Energy Exhibition & ASNT Annual Conference, Electromagnetic Testing
2017 Conference, Amsterdam RAI, George R. Brown Convention
31 JUL–4 AUG
Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Center, Houston, Texas.
5–7 SEP Eddy Current Level I, St. Louis,
Contact: Navingo BV; 31 010 Contact: ASNT.
56th Annual Conference of the Missouri. Quality.
20 92 600; fax 31 010 43 68
British Institute of Non- 1–8 AUG
Destructive Testing, The
134; website www.offshore- 2019
energy.biz. Level I/II, Trivandrum, India.
International Centre, Telford, 10–14 NOV Decibel Remote.
UK. Contact: Karen Cambridge; 10–13 OCT ASNT Annual Conference,
44 01604 438300; fax 44 World Conference on Acoustic 1–12 AUG
Westgate Resort & Casino, Las
01604 438301; e-mail Emission 2017, Xi’an, Shanxi, Vegas, Nevada. Contact: ASNT. Level I/II, Kerala, India.
conf@bindt.org; website China. Contact: Zhanwen Wu; Decibel.
www.bindt.org. 86 1 59068313; fax 86 10
59068023; e-mail
courses
Courses are events where partici-
7–11 AUG
5–7 SEP Level I, Atlanta, Georgia. ATS.
wcae2017@163.com; website pants are instructed in the tech-
Materials Testing 2017, The nologies and methodologies of a 7–19 AUG
www.wcacousticemission.org.
International Centre, Telford, particular technical area and which Level I/II, Kerala, India.
UK. Contact: Karen Cambridge; 30 OCT–2 NOV generally conclude with the Decibel.
44 01604 438300; fax 44 ASNT Annual Conference, student being evaluated to
01604 438300; e-mail Gaylord Opryland Resort and determine the student's retention 14–18 AUG
mt2017@bindt.org; website Convention Center, Nashville, of the material presented. These Level II, Atlanta, Georgia. ATS.
events often offer some form of
www.materialstesting.org. Tennessee. Contact: ASNT. course credit or continuing 14–26 AUG
25–29 SEP education units to those partici- Level I/II, Kerala, India.
19th Schweissen & Schneiden, 2018 pants successfully completing the Decibel.
course. For ASNT refresher
Düsseldorf Exhibition Ground, 11–15 OCT courses, see page 1016. 15–17 AUG
Düsseldorf, Germany. Contact: 12th European Conference on ASNT neither approves nor Eddy Current Recurrent San
Messe Essen; 49 0 201 724 NDT, Swedish Exhibition & disapproves of any program or Antonio, Texas. BRL.
529/648; fax 49 0 201 72 44 Congress Centre, Gothenburg, training course claiming to meet
the recommendations of ASNT’s 1–5 SEP
448; e-mail team@schweissen- Sweden. Contact: Peter Merck; Recommended Practice No. Level I/II (SNT-TC-1A),
schneiden.com; website +46 (0)31-708 86 90; e-mail SNT-TC-1A. The following are Bangalore, India. Trinity.
www.schweissen- ecndt2018@meetx.se; website contacts for only those organiza-
schneiden.com. www.ecndt2018.com. tions that offer public courses 1–8 SEP
listed in this month’s Calendar. Level I/II, Trivandrum, India.
Decibel Remote.

calendar
Course Contacts
The following are contacts for only those organizations that offer public courses listed in this month’s Calendar.
Atlantic: Atlantic NDT Training; Gary L. LTS: Leak Testing Specialists, Inc.; Cyndi QCTL: QCTL, Inc.; Rod Reinholdt or
Chapman; 24 Flat Rock Rd., Branford, CT Reid; 5776 Hoffner Ave., Ste. 304, David White; 21112 Scott Park Rd.,
06405; (203) 481-4041; website Orlando, FL 32822; (407) 737-6415; fax Davenport, IA 52804; (800) 391-8500;
www.atlanticndttraining.com. (407) 737-6416; e-mail fax (563) 391-0112; e-mail
ATS: Applied Technical Services; Lisa cyndi.reid@leaktestingspec.com; testlab1@att.net; website
Henry; 1049 Triad Ct., Marietta, GA website www.leaktestingspec.com. www.testlab1.com.
30062; (888) 287-5227; (678) 444- MFE: MFE Enterprises, Inc., 150 Holder Quality: Quality Testing Services;
2897; fax (770) 514-3299; e-mail Ln., Dripping Springs, TX 7862; (281) Melissa Rankin; 2305 Millpark Dr.,
lhenry@atslab.com; website 441-8284; e-mail Maryland Heights, MO 63043; (314)
www.atslab.com/training. bduke@mferentals.com; website 770-0607; (888) 770-0607; fax (314)
BRL: BRL Consultants, Inc.; 219 W. mferentals.com/training. 770-0103; e-mail training@quali-
Rhapsody Dr., San Antonio, TX 78216; Mistras: Mistras Group, Inc.; Christina tytesting.com; website www.quali-
(210) 341-3442; fax (210) 341-2844; e- Librandy; 195 Clarksville Rd., Princeton tytesting.com.
mail info@brlconsultants.com; website Junction, NJ 08550; (609) 716-4020; fax Snell: The Snell Group; 322 N. Main St.,
www.brlconsultants.com. (609) 716-0706; e-mail Ste. 8, Barre, VT 05641; (802) 479-
Decibel: Decibel NDE Training Institute; christina.librandy@mistrasgroup.com; 7100; fax (802) 479-7171; e-mail
1st Floor Plainfield, Pattambi, Palakkad, website www.mistrasgroup.com. info@thesnellgroup.com; website
Kerala, India 679303; 91 9387 674 Moraine: Moraine Valley Community www.thesnellgroup.com.
153, 91 466 2214 333, or 91 8089 000 College; 9000 W. College Pkwy., Palos Sonaspection: Sonaspection; 6851 Belt
250; e-mail info@decibelnde.com; Hills, IL 60465, M150; (708) 974-5735; Rd., Concord, NC 28027; (704) 262-
website www.decibelnde.com. e-mail ccce@morainevalley.edu; website 3384; e-mail r_duce@imeche.org;
Decibel Remote: Decibel Remote www.morainevalley.edu/ccce/contin- www.sonaspection.com/training.
Training Center; TC No. 1/1374(12), 2nd uing/nondestructive-testing. Test: Test NDT; Richard Harrison; 193
Floor, Kottakath Bldg., Poonthi Rd., MPM: MPM Products, Inc.; Jeri Matza; Viking Ave., Brea, CA 92821; (714) 255-
Kumarapuram, Trivandrum, India; 91 81 1718 East Grevillea Ct., Ontario, CA 1500; fax (714) 255-1580; e-mail
29508881; e-mail decibeltvm@deci- 91761; (918) 740-0290 or (800) 429- ndttrain@aol.com; website
belnde.com; website 0128; fax (909)-947-3257; e-mail www.testndt.com.
www.decibelnde.com. jerimatza@mpmproducts.com; website Trinity: Trinity Institute of NDT
Extende: Extende, Inc.; P.O. Box 461, www.mpmproducts.com. Technology; Ravi Kumar T. or Shiva
Ballston Spa, NY 12020; (518) 490- NPI: NDE Professionals, Inc.; 13339 NE Kumar R.; Plot No. V-22a, 2nd Stage,
2376; fax (518) 602-1367; e-mail Airport Way, Ste. 100, Portland, OR Peenya Industrial Estate, Bangalore,
contactus@extende.com; website 97230; (503) 287-5255; fax (503) 287- India 560058; 91 99009 29439 or 91
www.extende.com. 5992; e-mail training@qnpi.com; 98441 29439; e-mail training@trini-
Extende France: Extende; Le Bergson, website www.ndeprofessionals.com. tyndt.com; website www.trinityndt.com.
15 Ave. Emile Baudot, 91300 Massy, Odyssey: Odyssey Technology Corp.; WTTI: Welder Training and Testing
France; 33 1 78 90 02 21; fax 33 09 72 Carol Sansieri; 3000 Village Run Rd., Institute; Tracy Wiswesser; 1144 N.
13 42 68; e-mail contact@extende.com; Unit 103, #149, Wexford, PA 15090; Graham St., Allentown, PA 18109; (800)
website www.extende.com. (843) 817-3475; e-mail 223-9884; e-mail tracy@welderinsti-
Infraspection: Infraspection Institute; carols@odysseytest.com. tute.com; website www.wtti.edu.
425 Ellis St., Burlington, NJ 08016; Olson: Olson Instruments; 12401 W. XRI: X-Ray Industries; Bob Henchar;
(609) 239-4788; fax (609) 239-4766; e- 49th Ave., Wheat Ridge, CO 80033; 1961 Thunderbird Dr., Troy, MI 48084;
mail support@infraspection.com; (303) 423-1212; fax (303) 423-6071; e- (248) 244-1582; e-mail
website www.infraspection.com. mail info@olsoninstruments.com; bob.henchar@xrayindustries.com;
Kraft: Kraft Technology Resources; Karl website www.olsoninstruments.com. website www.xrayindustries.com.
E. Kraft; 1377 Timshel St., Dayton, OH PQT: PQT Services (Plumstead Training);
45440; (405) 819-7786; fax (405) 691- Kim Rosa; 806 Botany Rd., Greenville,
4342; e-mail kraftndt@aol.com; website SC 29615; (864) 292-1115; fax (770)
www.ndtbootcamp.com. 514-3299; e-mail krosa@atslab.com;
www.pqt.net.
ASNT grants
1006non-exclusive,
G U S T 2 of
Electromagnetic Testing, cont. 1–14 NOV
Level I/II, Kerala, India.
4–16 SEP Decibel.
9–22 NOV
Decibel.
11–23 SEP Decibel.
16–29 NOV
Decibel.
12–14 SEP Decibel.
Eddy Current Recurrent, San
27 NOV–1 DEC
Antonio, Texas. BRL.
Eddy Current Level I, Brea,
18–30 SEP California. Test.
30 NOV–4 DEC
Decibel.
Level I/II (SNT-TC-1A),
28 SEP–2 OCT Bangalore, India. Trinity.
Bangalore, India. Trinity. Infrared and Thermal
1–8 OCT Testing
Level I/II, Trivandrum, India.
7–16 AUG
Decibel Remote.
2–6 OCT Decibel Remote.
Level I, Atlanta, Georgia. ATS.
8–11 AUG
2–14 OCT Level I, St. Louis, Missouri.
Level I/II, Kerala, India. Quality.
Decibel.
14–18 AUG
9–13 OCT Level I, St. Louis, Missouri.
Level II, Atlanta, Georgia. ATS. Quality.
9–21 OCT Level I, Toronto, Ontario,
Level I/II, Kerala, India. Canada. Snell.
Decibel. Level I/II, Kerala, India.
Decibel.
16–20 OCT
Eddy Current Level II, 21–25 AUG
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Level I, Indianapolis, Indiana.
Odyssey. Snell.
16–28 OCT Decibel.
Level I/II, Kerala, India. Level II, Indianapolis, Indiana.
Decibel. Snell.
23–27 OCT 11–14 SEP
Eddy Current Level I, San Level I, Atlanta, Georgia. ATS.
Antonio, Texas. BRL.
Eddy Current Level I, St. Louis, 11–15 SEP
Missouri. Quality. Level I, Burlington, New Jersey.
Infraspection.
27–31 OCT Level I, Denver, Colorado.
Level I/II (SNT-TC-1A), Snell.
Bangalore, India. Trinity. Level I, Minneapolis,
30 OCT–3 NOV Minnesota. Snell.
Eddy Current Level II, San Level I, Montreal, Quebec,
Antonio, Texas. BRL. Canada. Snell.
Eddy Current Level II, St. Louis, 18–22 SEP
Missouri. Quality. Level I, Chicago, Illinois. Snell.
1–8 NOV Level I, Seattle, Washington.
Level I/II, Trivandrum, India. Snell.
Decibel Remote. Level I/II, Kerala, India.
Decibel.
Level II, Atlanta, Georgia. ATS.

calendar
Infrared and Thermal Testing, cont. 6–10 NOV 6–10 NOV 7–12 SEP
Level I, San Antonio, Texas. Mass Spectrometer Level I/II, Level I/II, Trivandrum, India.
Level II, Burlington, New Snell. Orlando, Florida. LTS. Decibel Remote.
Jersey. Infraspection. Level II, San Antonio, Texas. 20–24 NOV 11 SEP
Level II, Seattle, Washington. Snell. Level I/II, Kerala, India. Level I, Davenport, Iowa. QCTL.
Snell. 7–16 NOV Decibel. Recurrent, San Antonio, Texas.
25–29 SEP Level I/II, Trivandrum, India. BRL.
Level I, Calgary, Alberta, Decibel Remote. Liquid Penetrant Testing 11–15 SEP
Canada. Snell. 14–17 NOV Level I/II, Kerala, India.
1–5 AUG
Level I, Little Rock, Arkansas. Level I, Santiago, Chile. Snell. Decibel.
Snell.
20–24 NOV Decibel. 12 SEP
Decibel. Level I/II, Kerala, India. 7–8 AUG Level II, Davenport, Iowa.
Decibel. Level I/II, San Antonio, Texas. QCTL.
2–6 OCT Level II, Toronto, Ontario, BRL. 12–15 SEP
Level I, Cincinnati, Ohio. Snell. Canada. Snell. Level I/II, Greenville, South Level I/II (NAS-410), Troy,
Level II, Pittsburgh,
28 NOV–1 DEC Carolina. PQT. Michigan. XRI.
Pennsylvania. Snell.
Level I, Buenos Aires, Level I/II, Allentown,
7–16 OCT Pennsylvania. WTTI. 14–15 SEP
Argentina. Snell. Level II (SNT-TC-1A), Brea,
7–11 AUG California. Test.
Decibel Remote.
Leak Testing Level I/II, Kerala, India.
10–13 OCT Decibel. 18–19 SEP
14–18 AUG Level I/II, Atlanta, Georgia.
Level I, St. Louis, Missouri.
Quality. Level I/II, Kerala, India. 7–12 AUG ATS.
Decibel. Level I/II, Trivandrum, India. Level I/II, Greenville, South
16–17 OCT Decibel Remote. Carolina. PQT.
21–25 AUG
Electrical Specialty Course, Level I/II, Jacksonville, Florida.
Charlotte, North Carolina. Mass Spectrometer Level I/II, 14 AUG
Orlando, Florida. LTS. Recurrent, San Antonio, Texas. PQT.
Snell.
BRL. 18–22 SEP
28 AUG–1 SEP
16–20 OCT Level I/II, Kerala, India.
Level I, St. Louis, Missouri. Pressure Change Measurement 14–18 AUG
Level I/II, Bubble Level I/II, & Level I/II, Kerala, India. Decibel.
Quality.
Level III Prep, Orlando, Florida. Decibel. 20–21 SEP
Level I, Omaha, Nebraska.
Snell. LTS. 19–24 AUG Level I/II (SNT-TC-1A),
Level I, Toronto, Ontario, 1 SEP Level I/II, Trivandrum, India. Bangalore, India. Trinity.
Canada. Snell. Bubble Level I/II, St. Louis, Decibel Remote. 19–24 SEP
Level I/II, Kerala, India. Missouri. Quality. 21–22 AUG Level I/II, Trivandrum, India.
Decibel. Level I/II, Atlanta, Georgia. Decibel Remote.
11–15 SEP
18–19 OCT Pressure Change Measurement ATS. 25–28 SEP
Mechanical Specialty Course, Level I/II, Orlando, Florida. LTS. Level I/II, Jacksonville, Florida. Level I/II, Portland, Oregon.
Charlotte, North Carolina. PQT. NPI.
18–22 SEP
Snell.
Level I/II, Kerala, India. 21–25 AUG 25–29 SEP
23–27 OCT Decibel. Level I/II, Kerala, India. Level I/II, Kerala, India.
Level I, Tampa, Florida. Snell. Decibel. Decibel.
24–30 SEP
Level I/II, Trivandrum, India. 23–24 AUG 25–30 SEP
Decibel. Level I/II (SNT-TC-1A),
Decibel Remote. Level I/II, Trivandrum, India.
Level II, Montreal, Quebec, Bangalore, India. Trinity.
Canada. Snell. 25–27 SEP Decibel Remote.
For engineers, Orlando, 25–30 AUG 2–6 OCT
30 OCT–3 NOV Level I/II, Trivandrum, India.
Florida. LTS. Level I/II, Kerala, India.
Level I, Burlington, New Jersey. Decibel Remote.
Infraspection. 16–20 OCT Decibel.
Level II, Tampa, Florida. Snell. Level I/II, Kerala, India. 4–8 SEP 7–12 OCT
Decibel. Level I/II, Kerala, India. Level I/II, Trivandrum, India.
6–9 NOV Decibel.
Level I Buildings, Montreal, 3 NOV Decibel Remote.
Quebec, Canada. Snell. Bubble Level I/II, St. Louis, 5–8 SEP
Missouri. Quality. Level I/II, St. Louis, Missouri.
Quality.
ASNT grants
1008non-exclusive,
G U S T 2 of
9–10 OCT 13–14 NOV 13–22 NOV 14–18 AUG
Level I/II, San Antonio, Texas. Level I/II, Atlanta, Georgia. Level I/II, Trivandrum, India. Level I/II, Kerala, India.
BRL. ATS. Decibel Remote. Decibel.
Level I/II, Palos Hills, Illinois. Level I/II, Jacksonville, Florida. 16–29 NOV
Level I/II (NAS-410), Branford,
Moraine. PQT. Level I/II, Kerala, India. Connecticut. Atlantic.
Level I/II, Greenville, South 13–17 NOV Decibel. 21–22 AUG
Carolina. PQT. Level I/II, Kerala, India. Level I/II (SNT-TC-1A),
Level I/II, Allentown,
Pennsylvania. WTTI.
Decibel. Magnetic Particle and Bangalore, India. Trinity.
Level I/II (NAS-410), Branford, Liquid Penetrant Testing 21–25 AUG
9–13 OCT Connecticut. Atlantic. Level I/II, Kerala, India.
Level I/II, Kerala, India. 7–11 AUG
19–24 NOV
Level I/II, Allentown, Decibel.
Decibel. Level I/II, Trivandrum, India.
Pennsylvania. WTTI. 22–25 AUG
10–13 OCT Decibel Remote. Level I/II, St. Louis, Missouri.
Level I/II, St. Louis, Missouri. 23–30 AUG
20–24 NOV
Practical, Kerala, India. Quality.
Quality. Level I/II, Kerala, India.
Decibel. 23–25 AUG
16–17 OCT Decibel. Level I/II, Atlanta, Georgia.
Level I/II, Atlanta, Georgia. 21–30 SEP
21–24 NOV
Practical, Kerala, India. ATS.
ATS. Level I/II (NAS-410), Troy,
Decibel. Level I/II, Jacksonville, Florida.
Level I/II, Jacksonville, Florida. Michigan. XRI. PQT.
PQT. 25–29 SEP
22–23 NOV 25–30 AUG
16–18 OCT Level I/II (SNT-TC-1A), Troy,
Level I/II (SNT-TC-1A), Level I/II, Trivandrum, India.
Level I/II (SNT-TC-1A), Michigan. XRI.
Bangalore, India. Trinity. Decibel Remote.
Branford, Connecticut. Atlantic. 9–13 OCT
25–30 NOV 1–6 SEP
16–20 OCT Level I/II, Allentown,
Level I/II, Trivandrum, India. Level I/II, Trivandrum, India.
Level I/II, Kerala, India. Pennsylvania. WTTI.
Decibel Remote. Decibel Remote.
Decibel. 16–20 OCT
27–28 NOV 4–8 SEP
18–19 OCT Level I/II, Branford,
Level I/II, San Antonio, Texas. Level I/II, Kerala, India.
Level I/II (SNT-TC-1A), Connecticut. Atlantic.
BRL. Decibel.
Bangalore, India. Trinity. 23–30 OCT
28 NOV–1 DEC 11–13 SEP
19–24 OCT Practical, Kerala, India.
Level I/II, St. Louis, Missouri. Level II (SNT-TC-1A), Brea,
Level I/II, Trivandrum, India. Decibel.
Quality. California. Test.
Decibel Remote. 23–30 NOV
29–30 NOV 11–15 SEP
23–27 OCT Practical, Kerala, India.
Level I/II, San Antonio, Texas. Level I/II, Kerala, India.
Level I/II, Kerala, India. Decibel.
BRL. Decibel.
Decibel.
Magnetic Particle Testing 13–14 SEP
25–30 OCT Magnetic Flux Leakage Level I, Davenport, Iowa. QCTL.
Level I/II, Trivandrum, India. Testing 1–5 AUG
Decibel Remote. Level I/II, Kerala, India. 13–18 SEP
7–11 AUG Decibel. Level I/II, Trivandrum, India.
30–31 OCT
Level I/II, Dripping Springs, Decibel Remote.
Level I/II, Palos Hills, Illinois. 1–6 AUG
Texas. MFE. 15 SEP
Moraine. Level I/II, Trivandrum, India.
13–22 AUG Decibel Remote. Level II, Davenport, Iowa.
2–3 NOV
Level I/II, Trivandrum, India. QCTL.
Level II (SNT-TC-1A), Brea, 7–11 AUG
Decibel Remote. 18–19 SEP
California. Test. Level I/II, Kerala, India.
14–26 AUG Decibel. Level I/II (SNT-TC-1A),
6–7 NOV
Level I/II, Kerala, India. Bangalore, India. Trinity.
Level I/II, Greenville, South 9–11 AUG
Decibel. 18–21 SEP
Carolina. PQT. Level I/II, San Antonio, Texas.
18–30 SEP BRL. Level I/II, Portland, Oregon.
6–9 NOV
Level I/II, Kerala, India. Level I/II, Greenville, South NPI.
Level II, Heath, Ohio. Mistras.
Decibel. Carolina. PQT. 18–22 SEP
6–10 NOV Level I/II, Allentown,
Level I/II, Kerala, India. Pennsylvania. WTTI.
Level I/II, Trivandrum, India. Decibel.
Decibel.
Decibel Remote. 13–18 AUG 19–22 SEP
7–12 NOV Level I/II, Trivandrum, India.
16–28 OCT Level I/II (NAS-410), Troy,
Level I/II, Trivandrum, India. Decibel Remote.
Level I/II, Kerala, India. Michigan. XRI.
Decibel Remote. Decibel.

Magnetic Particle Testing, cont. 25–30 OCT Level I/II, Kerala, India. 21–25 AUG
Level I/II, Trivandrum, India. Decibel. Computed Radiography Level I,
Decibel Remote. Level I/II, Trivandrum, India. Atlanta, Georgia. ATS.
20–22 SEP
Decibel Remote. Digital Radiography Level I,
Level I/II, Atlanta, Georgia. 30 OCT–1 NOV
Practical, Kerala, India. Atlanta, Georgia. ATS.
ATS. Level II (SNT-TC-1A), Brea,
Decibel. Level I, Brea, California. Test.
Level I/II, Greenville, South California. Test.
Level I Film, Atlanta, Georgia.
Carolina. PQT. 7–9 AUG
31 OCT–3 NOV ATS.
Level I/II, Jacksonville, Florida. Level II Non-film Transition
Level II, Heath, Ohio. Mistras. Level I Non-film (NAS-410),
PQT. (NAS-410), Atlanta, Georgia.
1–6 NOV Atlanta, Georgia. ATS.
25–29 SEP
ATS.
Level I/II, Trivandrum, India. Radiation Safety for
Level I/II, Kerala, India. 7–11 AUG Radiographers, Greenville,
Decibel Remote.
Decibel. Level I, Davenport, Iowa. QCTL. South Carolina. PQT.
1–3 NOV Level II, Troy, Michigan. XRI.
25–30 SEP 21–30 AUG
Level I/II, Palos Hills, Illinois.
Level I/II, Trivandrum, India. 7–16 AUG Level I Film/Non-film
Moraine.
Decibel Remote. Film Interpretation Level II, (NAS-410), Atlanta, Georgia.
6–10 NOV Trivandrum, India. Decibel ATS.
26–29 SEP
Level I/II, Kerala, India. Remote.
Level I/II, St. Louis, Missouri. 22–24 AUG
Decibel.
Quality. 7–19 AUG Level II Image Interpretation,
7–10 NOV Film Interpretation, Kerala, Troy, Michigan. XRI.
1–6 OCT
Level I/II, St. Louis, Missouri. India. Decibel.
Level I/II, Trivandrum, India. 24–28 AUG
Quality. Level I/II, Kerala, India.
Decibel Remote. Radiation Safety (IRRSP Prep),
8–10 NOV Decibel.
2–6 OCT Brea, California. Test.
Level I/II, Greenville, South 14–18 AUG
Carolina. PQT. Computed Radiography Level I,
Decibel. Level I/II (SNT-TC-1A),
13–17 NOV Greenville, South Carolina.
8–10 OCT Bangalore, India. Trinity.
Level I/II, Kerala, India. PQT.
Level I/II, Greenville, South Digital Radiography Level I, 28–29 AUG
Decibel.
Carolina. PQT. Greenville, South Carolina. IRRSP Refresher, Atlanta,
13–18 NOV PQT. Georgia. ATS.
9–13 OCT
Level I/II, Trivandrum, India. Level I, Greenville, South
Decibel Remote. Carolina. PQT.
Decibel. Level I Non-film Transition
15–17 NOV Level I Film, Greenville, South (NAS-410), Atlanta, Georgia.
11–13 OCT Carolina. PQT.
Level I/II, Atlanta, Georgia. ATS.
Level I/II, San Antonio, Texas. Level I Film to Non-film
ATS.
BRL. Transition (NAS-410), 28 AUG–1 SEP
Level I/II, Jacksonville, Florida.
Level I/II, Palos Hills, Illinois. Greenville, South Carolina. Computed Radiography Level
PQT.
Moraine. PQT. II, Atlanta, Georgia. ATS.
Level I/II, Allentown, 20–21 NOV Computed Radiography Level
Level I Non-film (NAS-410),
Pennsylvania. WTTI. Level I/II (SNT-TC-1A), II, Greenville, South Carolina.
Greenville, South Carolina.
Bangalore, India. Trinity. PQT.
13–18 OCT PQT.
Level I/II, Trivandrum, India. 20–24 NOV Digital Radiography Level II,
14–19 AUG Atlanta, Georgia. ATS.
Decibel Remote. Level I/II, Kerala, India. Radiation Safety, Kent, Digital Radiography Level II,
Decibel.
16–17 OCT Washington. Mistras. Greenville, South Carolina.
Level I/II (SNT-TC-1A), 25–30 NOV PQT.
14–22 AUG
Bangalore, India. Trinity. Level I/II, Trivandrum, India. Level II, Atlanta, Georgia. ATS.
Level I Film/Non-film
Decibel Remote. Level II, Greenville, South
16–20 OCT (NAS-410), Greenville, South
Level I/II, Kerala, India. 28 NOV–15 DEC Carolina. PQT. Carolina. PQT.
Decibel. Level I/II (NAS-410), Troy, Level II, Brea, California. Test.
14–26 AUG
Michigan. XRI. Level II Film, Greenville, South
18–20 OCT Film Interpretation, Kerala,
Carolina. PQT.
Level I/II, Atlanta, Georgia. India. Decibel.
Radiographic Testing Level II Film to Non-film
ATS. Level I/II, Kerala, India.
Transition (NAS-410),
Level I/II, Jacksonville, Florida. 1–6 AUG Decibel.
Greenville, South Carolina.
PQT. X-ray, Trivandrum, India. PQT.
Level I/II (SNT-TC-1A), Decibel Remote. Level II Non-film (NAS-410),
Branford, Connecticut. Atlantic. Greenville, South Carolina.
1–12 AUG
23–27 OCT Film Interpretation, Kerala, PQT.
Level I/II, Kerala, India. India. Decibel. Radiation Safety, St. Louis,
Decibel. Missouri. Quality.
ASNT grants
1010non-exclusive,
G U S T 2 of
28 AUG–5 SEP 22–24 SEP
Level II Film/Non-film Level I/II (SNT-TC-1A),
(NAS-410), Greenville, South Bangalore, India. Trinity.
Carolina. PQT. 25–27 SEP
1–10 SEP Level I Non-film Transition
Film Interpretation Level II, (NAS-410), Atlanta, Georgia.
Trivandrum, India. Decibel ATS.
Remote. Radiation Safety for
1–12 SEP
Radiographers, Jacksonville,
Level I/II, Trivandrum, India. Florida. PQT.
Decibel Remote. 25–29 SEP
Practical, Kerala, India. Computed Radiography Level I,
Decibel. Greenville, South Carolina.
4–16 SEP
PQT.
Film Interpretation, Kerala, Computed Radiography
India. Decibel. Level II, Atlanta, Georgia. ATS.
Level I/II, Kerala, India. Digital Radiography Level I,
Decibel. Greenville, South Carolina.
PQT.
11–15 SEP Digital Radiography Level II,
Level I, Heath, Ohio. Mistras. Atlanta, Georgia. ATS.
Level I, Kent, Washington. Level I, Greenville, South
Mistras. Carolina. PQT.
Level I, St. Louis, Missouri. Level I Film, Greenville, South
Quality. Carolina. PQT.
Radiation Safety, Tulatin, Level I Film to Non-film
Oregon. MPM. Transition (NAS-410),
Radiation Safety, Troy, Greenville, South Carolina.
Michigan. XRI. PQT.
11–23 SEP Level I Non-film (NAS-410),
Film Interpretation, Kerala, Greenville, South Carolina.
India. Decibel. PQT.
Level I/II, Kerala, India. Level II, Atlanta, Georgia. ATS.
Decibel. 25 SEP–3 OCT
13–23 SEP Level I Film/Non-film
Film Interpretation Level II, (NAS-410), Greenville, South
Trivandrum, India. Decibel Carolina. PQT.
Remote. 25 SEP–4 OCT
18–22 SEP Level II Film/Non-film
Computed Radiography Level I, (NAS-410), Atlanta, Georgia.
Atlanta, Georgia. ATS. ATS.
Digital Radiography Level I, 1–6 OCT
Atlanta, Georgia. ATS. X-ray, Trivandrum, India.
Level I Film, Atlanta, Georgia. Decibel Remote.
ATS.
1–12 OCT
Level I Non-film (NAS-410),
Atlanta, Georgia. ATS.
Decibel Remote.
Level II, Heath, Ohio. Mistras.
Practical, Kerala, India.
Level II, St. Louis, Missouri.
Decibel.
Quality.
2–4 OCT
18–27 SEP
Level II Non-film Transition
(NAS-410), Atlanta, Georgia.
ATS.
ATS.
18–30 SEP
Film Interpretation, Kerala,
India. Decibel.
Decibel.

calendar
Radiographic Testing, cont. 9–21 OCT 30 OCT–3 NOV 13–17 NOV
Film Interpretation, Kerala, Computed Radiography Level I, Computed Radiography Level I,
2–6 OCT
India. Decibel. Greenville, South Carolina. Atlanta, Georgia. ATS.
Computed Radiography Level I/II, Kerala, India. PQT. Digital Radiography Level I,
Level II, Greenville, South Decibel. Digital Detector Array Atlanta, Georgia. ATS.
Carolina. PQT. 16–20 OCT
Radiography Level II, Troy, Level I Film, Atlanta, Georgia.
Computed Radiography/Digital Computed Radiography Level I, Michigan. XRI. ATS.
Radiography Level I, Arlington, Atlanta, Georgia. ATS. Digital Radiography Level I, Level I Non-film (NAS-410),
Texas. MPM. Greenville, South Carolina. Atlanta, Georgia. ATS.
Digital Radiography Level I,
Digital Radiography Level II, PQT. Level II, San Antonio, Texas.
Atlanta, Georgia. ATS.
Greenville, South Carolina. Film Interpretation, Davenport, Level I, Greenville, South BRL.
PQT. Carolina. PQT. Level II, Davenport, Iowa.
Iowa. QCTL.
Level I, Troy, Michigan. XRI. Level I Film, Atlanta, Georgia. Level I Film, Greenville, South QCTL.
Level II, Greenville, South Carolina. PQT. Radiation Safety, Palos Hills,
ATS.
Carolina. PQT. Level I Non-film (NAS-410), Level I Film to Non-film Illinois. Moraine.
Level II Film, Greenville, South Atlanta, Georgia. ATS. Transition (NAS-410), Radiation Safety, St. Louis,
Carolina. PQT. Greenville, South Carolina. Missouri. Quality.
Radiation Safety, Palos Hills,
Level II Film to Non-film Illinois. Moraine.
PQT. Radiation Safety for
Transition (NAS-410), Level I Non-film (NAS-410), Radiographers, Greenville,
Radiation Safety for
Greenville, South Carolina. Greenville, South Carolina. South Carolina. PQT.
Radiographers, Greenville,
PQT. PQT.
South Carolina. PQT. 13–22 NOV
Level II Non-film (NAS-410), Level II, Portland, Oregon. NPI. Level I Film/Non-film
16–25 OCT
Greenville, South Carolina. 30 OCT–7 NOV (NAS-410), Atlanta, Georgia.
PQT. Level I Film/Non-film ATS.
Radiation Safety, Davenport, (NAS-410), Greenville, South
ATS. 16–29 NOV
Iowa. QCTL. Carolina. PQT. Film Interpretation, Kerala,
16–28 OCT
2–10 OCT
Film Interpretation, Kerala, 1–6 NOV India. Decibel.
Level II Film/Non-film X-ray, Trivandrum, India. Level I/II, Kerala, India.
India. Decibel.
(NAS-410), Greenville, South Decibel Remote. Decibel.
Carolina. PQT.
Decibel. 1–12 NOV 20–22 NOV
2–14 OCT Level I/II, Trivandrum, India. Film Interpretation, Atlanta,
21–23 OCT
Film Interpretation, Kerala, Decibel Remote. Georgia. ATS.
India. Decibel. Practical, Kerala, India. Level I Non-film Transition
Bangalore, India. Trinity.
Level I/II, Kerala, India. Decibel. (NAS-410), Atlanta, Georgia.
Decibel. 23–25 OCT ATS.
1–14 NOV
Level I Non-film Transition
7–16 OCT Film Interpretation, Kerala, 20–24 NOV
Film Interpretation Level II, India. Decibel. Computed Radiography Level I,
ATS.
Trivandrum, India. Decibel Level I/II, Kerala, India. Greenville, South Carolina.
Remote. 23–27 OCT Decibel. PQT.
Computed Radiography Digital Radiography Level I,
9–11 OCT 6–9 NOV
Level II, Atlanta, Georgia. ATS. Greenville, South Carolina.
Radiation Safety for Film Interpretation, Kent,
Digital Radiography Level II, PQT.
Radiographers, Jacksonville, Washington. Mistras.
Atlanta, Georgia. ATS. Level I, Greenville, South
Florida. PQT.
Level I, Portland, Oregon. NPI. 6–10 NOV Carolina. PQT.
9–13 OCT Level II, Atlanta, Georgia. ATS. Level I, San Antonio, Texas. Level I Film, Greenville, South
Computed Radiography/Digital Level II, Allentown, BRL. Carolina. PQT.
Radiography Level II, Pennsylvania. WTTI. Level II, Troy, Michigan. XRI. Level I Film to Non-film
Arlington, Texas. MPM. Transition (NAS-410),
23 OCT–1 NOV 7–16 NOV
Computed Radiography Level Greenville, South Carolina.
Level II Film/Non-film Film Interpretation Level II,
II, Troy, Michigan. XRI. PQT.
(NAS-410), Atlanta, Georgia. Trivandrum, India. Decibel
Level II, Kent, Washington. Level I Non-film (NAS-410),
ATS. Remote.
Mistras. Greenville, South Carolina.
30 OCT–1 NOV 9–22 NOV PQT.
Level II Non-film Transition Film Interpretation, Kerala,
(NAS-410), Atlanta, Georgia. India. Decibel. 20–28 NOV
ATS. Level I/II, Kerala, India. Level I Film/Non-film
Decibel. (NAS-410), Greenville, South
Carolina. PQT.
ASNT grants
1012non-exclusive,
G U S T 2 of
24–26 NOV 7–19 AUG 23–30 AUG 13–20 SEP
Level I/II (SNT-TC-1A), Auto Data Interpreter, Kerala, Auto Data Interpreter, Practical, Kerala, India.
Bangalore, India. Trinity. India. Decibel. Trivandrum, India. Decibel Decibel.
Level I/II, Kerala, India. Remote. 13–24 SEP
27 NOV–1 DEC
Decibel. Level I/II, Trivandrum, India.
Computed Radiography 28 AUG–1 SEP
Phased Array Level II, Kerala, Decibel Remote.
Level II, Atlanta, Georgia. ATS. Level II, San Antonio, Texas.
India. Decibel. Time of Flight Diffraction
Computed Radiography BRL.
Time of Flight Diffraction Level II, Trivandrum, India.
Level II, Greenville, South Level II, Greenville, South
Level II, Kerala, India. Decibel. Decibel Remote.
Carolina. PQT. Carolina. PQT.
Digital Radiography Level II, 8–29 AUG Phased Array Week 2, St. 16–30 SEP
Atlanta, Georgia. ATS. Practical, Kerala, India. Louis, Missouri. Quality. Practical, Trivandrum, India.
Digital Radiography Level II, Decibel.
1–12 SEP Decibel Remote.
Greenville, South Carolina. 9–20 AUG Phased Array Level II,
PQT. 18–22 SEP
Level I/II, Trivandrum, India. Trivandrum, India. Decibel
Level I, St. Louis, Missouri. Level I, Pittsburgh,
Decibel Remote. Remote.
Quality. Pennsylvania. Odyssey.
Level II, Atlanta, Georgia. ATS. 13–22 AUG 1–15 SEP Level I, St. Louis, Missouri.
Level II, Greenville, South Practical, Kerala, India. Practical, Trivandrum, India. Quality.
Carolina. PQT. Decibel. Decibel Remote. Level I, Brea, California. Test.
Level II Film, Greenville, South 13–24 AUG
Level II, Greenville, South
4–16 SEP
Carolina. PQT. Level I/II, Trivandrum, India. Carolina. PQT.
Level II Film to Non-film Decibel Remote. Level II, Concord, North
Decibel.
Transition (NAS-410), Carolina. Sonaspection.
14–18 AUG Phased Array Level II, Kerala,
Greenville, South Carolina. Phased Array (first 40 h), San
Level II, Atlanta, Georgia. ATS. India. Decibel.
PQT. Antonio, Texas. BRL.
Time of Flight Diffraction
Level II Film/Non-film 14–26 AUG Level II, Kerala, India. Decibel. 18–30 SEP
(NAS-410), Atlanta, Georgia. Level I/II, Kerala, India. Level I/II, Kerala, India.
ATS. Decibel. 4–23 SEP
Decibel.
Level II Non-film (NAS-410), Phased Array Level II, Kerala, Practical, Kerala, India.
Phased Array Level II, Kerala,
Greenville, South Carolina. India. Decibel. Decibel.
India. Decibel.
PQT. Time of Flight Diffraction 9–20 SEP Time of Flight Diffraction
27 NOV–5 DEC Level II, Kerala, India. Decibel. Level I/II, Trivandrum, India. Level II, Kerala, India. Decibel.
Level II Film/Non-film 15–17 AUG Decibel Remote.
25–29 SEP
(NAS-410), Greenville, South Thickness, St. Louis, Missouri. 11–15 SEP Level II, St. Louis, Missouri.
Carolina. PQT. Quality. Level I, Atlanta, Georgia. ATS. Quality.
27 NOV–6 DEC 16–20 AUG Level I, Greenville, South Level II, Brea, California. Test.
Level II Film/Non-film Level I/II (SNT-TC-1A), Carolina. PQT. Phased Array (second 40 h),
(NAS-410), Atlanta, Georgia. Bangalore, India. Trinity. Level I, Concord, North San Antonio, Texas. BRL.
ATS. Carolina. Sonaspection.
16–30 AUG 26–28 SEP
Level II, Allentown,
Practical, Trivandrum, India. Thickness, Davenport, Iowa.
Pennsylvania. WTTI.
Ultrasonic Testing Decibel Remote. Thickness, Greenville, South
QCTL.
1–12 AUG 17–30 AUG Carolina. PQT. 1–12 OCT
Automated, Trivandrum, India. Phased Array Level II, Automated, Trivandrum, India.
11–23 SEP
Decibel Remote. Trivandrum, India. Decibel Decibel Remote.
Auto Data Interpreter, Kerala,
Level I/II, Kerala, India. Remote. India. Decibel. 2–6 OCT
Decibel. Level I/II, Kerala, India. Level I, Atlanta, Georgia. ATS.
Phased Array Level II, Kerala, 21–25 AUG
Level I, San Antonio, Texas. Decibel. 2–14 OCT
India. Decibel. Phased Array Level II, Kerala,
Time of Flight Diffraction BRL. Level I/II, Kerala, India.
Level I, Greenville, South India. Decibel. Decibel.
Level II, Kerala, India. Decibel. Time of Flight Diffraction
Carolina. PQT. Phased Array Level II, Kerala,
1–21 AUG Level I, Davenport, Iowa. QCTL. Level II, Kerala, India. Decibel. India. Decibel.
Practical, Kerala, India. Phased Array Week 1, St. Time of Flight Diffraction
11–30 SEP
Decibel. Louis, Missouri. Quality. Practical, Kerala, India. Level II, Kerala, India. Decibel.
7–11 AUG Thickness, Greenville, South Decibel. 2–21 OCT
Level I, Atlanta, Georgia. ATS. Carolina. PQT.
13–17 SEP Practical, Kerala, India.
Level II, St. Louis, Missouri. 23–25 AUG Level I/II (SNT-TC-1A), Decibel.
Quality. Annex Q, Allentown, Bangalore, India. Trinity.
Level II, Brea, California. Test. Pennsylvania. WTTI.

calendar
Ultrasonic Testing, cont. 19 OCT 13–17 NOV Visual Testing
Digital Thickness Level II, San Level I, Greenville, South
Antonio, Texas. BRL. Carolina. PQT. 1–3 AUG
9–13 OCT Level I/II, Greenville, South
Level II, Charleston, South
Level I, Portland, Oregon. NPI. 23–27 OCT Carolina. PQT.
Carolina. Odyssey.
Level II, Atlanta, Georgia. ATS. Level II, Heath, Ohio. Mistras.
Level II, Concord, North 1–6 AUG
Phased Array Level I, Concord, Level I, Palos Hills, Illinois.
Carolina. Sonaspection. Level II, Trivandrum, India.
North Carolina. Sonaspection. Moraine.
Level II, Brea, California. Test. Decibel Remote.
9–20 OCT
Level II, Greenville, South
Level II, Troy, Michigan. XRI.
Level I/II, Trivandrum, India. Carolina. PQT. 2–4 AUG
Thickness, Greenville, South
Decibel Remote. Phased Array Week 1, St. Level I/II (SNT-TC-1A), Troy,
Carolina. PQT.
Louis, Missouri. Quality. Michigan. XRI.
9–21 OCT Time of Flight Diffraction, 13–22 NOV
Auto Data Interpreter, Kerala, 7–11 AUG
Concord, North Carolina. Practical, Kerala, India.
India. Decibel. Level I/II, Kerala, India.
Sonaspection. Decibel.
Level I/II, Kerala, India. Decibel.
23–30 OCT 13–24 NOV
Decibel. 14–18 AUG
Auto Data Interpreter, Level I/II, Trivandrum, India.
Phased Array Level II, Kerala, Level I/II, Kerala, India.
Trivandrum, India. Decibel Decibel Remote.
India. Decibel. Decibel.
Time of Flight Diffraction Remote. 13–30 NOV
15–17 AUG
Level II, Kerala, India. Decibel. 30 OCT–3 NOV Practical, Kerala, India.
Weld Inspection, Heath, Ohio.
Level I, Atlanta, Georgia. ATS. Decibel.
9–28 OCT Mistras.
Practical, Kerala, India. Phased Array Week 2, St. 14–16 NOV
Louis, Missouri. Quality. 21–25 AUG
Decibel. Thickness, St. Louis, Missouri.
1–12 NOV Quality.
11–15 OCT Decibel.
Automated, Trivandrum, India. Weld Inspection, Heath, Ohio.
Decibel Remote. Mistras. 29–31 AUG
Bangalore, India. Trinity.
1–14 NOV 15–19 NOV
13–22 OCT Bangalore, India. Trinity.
Level I/II, Kerala, India. Level I/II (SNT-TC-1A),
Practical, Kerala, India.
Decibel. Bangalore, India. Trinity. 6–8 SEP
Decibel.
Phased Array Level II, Kerala, Level I/II, Atlanta, Georgia.
16–29 NOV
13–24 OCT India. Decibel. ATS.
Level I/II, Trivandrum, India. Time of Flight Diffraction Decibel. 11–15 SEP
Decibel Remote. Level II, Kerala, India. Decibel. Phased Array Level II, Kerala, Level I/II, Kerala, India.
16–20 OCT 6–10 NOV India. Decibel. Decibel.
Level I, Heath, Ohio. Mistras. Level II, Atlanta, Georgia. ATS. Time of Flight Diffraction 18–22 SEP
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Carolina. PQT. Moraine. 16–30 NOV Decibel.
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16–28 OCT
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Level I/II, Kerala, India. 25–29 SEP
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Decibel.
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India. Decibel. Practical, Kerala, India. 20–24 NOV
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Time of Flight Diffraction 23–30 NOV
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Decibel Remote. Auto Data Interpreter, Level II, Trivandrum, India.
16–30 OCT Trivandrum, India. Decibel Decibel Remote.
9–22 NOV Remote.
Practical, Trivandrum, India.
Decibel Remote. Auto Data Interpreter, Kerala, 3–5 OCT
India. Decibel. 27 NOV–1 DEC
Level I/II, Portland, Oregon.
17–30 OCT Level I/II, Kerala, India. Level II, Palos Hills, Illinois. NPI.
Phased Array Level II, Decibel. Moraine. Level I/II, St. Louis, Missouri.
Trivandrum, India. Decibel Phased Array Level II, Kerala, Quality.
Remote. India. Decibel.
Time of Flight Diffraction 9–13 OCT
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Decibel.
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Decibel. Basic Metallurgy for NDT,
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Remote. Quality Control Level I,
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VT Level III, Kerala, India. Basic Level III, Kerala, India.
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MT Level III, Kerala, India. Basic Level III, Greenville,
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RT Level III, Kerala, India. Carolina. PQT. 7–12 OCT
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Michigan. XRI.
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Decibel. California. Test.
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Correction
June 2017
On page 752 of the June 2017 issue of Materials Evaluation Buyers Guide, an incorrect logo appeared for Magnaflux (A Division of ITW,
Ltd.). On page 766, an incorrect telephone number appeared for Sonatest, Ltd. The corrections appear below. Materials Evaluation
regrets these errors.
Magnaflux (A Division of ITW, Ltd.)

(M)
(MT, PT, Specialized) Sonatest, Ltd. (M)
Faraday Rd. (LT, MT, PA, PT, RT, UT)
South Dorcan Industrial Estate Head Office – United Kingdom
Swindon SN3 5HE 44 1908 31 6345
United Kingdom sales@sonatest.com
46 54293950 North America
fax 46 54850558 (210) 697-0335
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Editorial Calendar
Month Issue Topic Spotlight Other Notes
September 2017 NDT Education NDT Software
October 2017 Annual Conference Exhibitors Gallery Fellowship Award papers
November 2017 Magnetic Flux Leakage/Magnetic Memory Visual Testing Equipment
December 2017 Ultrasonic Testing Ultrasonic Testing Equipment NDTMarketplace
January 2018 Tech Focus: NDT of Additive Manufacturing Closed submissions
February 2018 Ready Reference/Electronic Testing Electronic Testing Equipment
March 2018 Research Symposium Guided Wave Equipment Open topic
April 2018 Ultrasonic Testing Ultrasonic Testing
May 2018 Infrastructure NDT GPR Equipment NDTMarketplace
June 2018 Buyers Guide MFL Equipment Open topic
July 2018 Tech Focus: NDT in US Gov’t Labs, Part 1 Closed submissions
August 2018 Tech Focus: NDT in US Gov’t Labs, Part 2 Closed submissions
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next available appropriate issue.
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x
Comparative Assessment of Thermal NDT Data

Processing Techniques for Carbon Fiber Reinforced
Polymers
by Daniel L. Balageas*, Jean-Michel Roche†, and François-Henri Leroy†
ABSTRACT is then based on 432 discontinuity signatures

The comparison and ranking of advanced data (4 techniques 3 images 12 discontinuities
processing techniques of thermographic nonde- 3 metrics). In order to simplify the final ranking
structive testing (NDT) seems decisive for end procedure, it is also shown that this high number
users who are required to optimize their NDT tools. of data can be drastically reduced to four numbers.
This is a difficult task, which explains why there KEYWORDS: infrared thermography, nondestructive
are so few articles dealing with this challenge. testing, data processing, benchmark study,
Furthermore, these works are often incomplete, comparison procedure, ranking procedure
since the choice of metrics is too limited and/or
inappropriate to an accurate, unbiased ranking. Context
Most of them are based on the number of detected The thermographic signal reconstruction technique (TSR) is
discontinuities among a series of discontinuities of based on the logarithmic polynomial fitting of pulse-heating
various sizes and depths, and the only assessed thermograms, which significantly reduces their noise
metric is the contrast-to-noise ratio of the disconti- (Shepard, 2001; Shepard et al., 2003; Balageas et al., 2010;
nuity signatures. This observation justifies the Balageas et al., 2014; Roche et al., 2015). It has been recently
need for a more thorough comparison, based on shown (Balageas, 2012) that the TSR polynomial coefficients
the evaluation of several unbiased parameters. In could directly provide images containing the signatures of all
detectable discontinuities present in the inspected structure
this article, three metrics are considered: not only
(Roche et al., 2014a). This approach, which clearly differs
the contrast-to-noise ratio, but also the sharpness from the classic TSR logarithmic derivative technique, will
of the discontinuity edges and the accuracy of be considered in the present article and called the thermo-
the identified characteristic dimension of the graphic signal reconstruction polynomial coefficient tech-
discontinuity using the contrast full-width at nique (PC-TSR).
half-maximum. They are assessed for a trio of The relevance of the PC-TSR approach to detect disconti-
thermal images of a composite sample with nuities has been assessed against well-established techniques
12 embedded calibrated discontinuities, provided (Balageas, 2012): pulse phase thermography, or PPT
by four different pulse thermographic NDT data (Maldague et al., 1996; Ibarra-Castanedo and Maldague,
processing techniques: thermographic signal 2004), principal component thermography, or PCT
(Marinetti et al., 2004; Rajic, 2002), and higher order statis-
reconstruction polynomial coefficient (PC-TSR)
tics, or HOS (Madruga et al., 2010). Based on the highest
technique, pulse phase thermography (PPT), number of detected discontinuities in a coupon with well-
principal component thermography (PCT), and known artificial embedded discontinuities, the PC-TSR tech-
higher order statistics (HOS). The relative compar- nique appeared at least as good as or even better than any of
ison of the relevance of each of these techniques the other techniques. No matter how definite this result is, it
seems to the authors that a more thorough comparison, based
on the assessment of several unbiased parameters, would be
* University Bordeaux, I2M, TREFLE Deptartment, UMR 5295, ENSAM preferable: this was the initial aim of the present work. To
ParisTech, F-33400 Talence, France; daniel.balageas@wanadoo.fr achieve it, it has been necessary to build a procedure able to
† ONERA, Composite Materials and Structures Deptartment, BP72, 92322
Châtillon Cedex, France
include a high number of data—characteristic parameters of

x assessment of techniques
the discontinuity signatures—and then to proceed to a drastic long-wave infrared focal-plane array camera. Other tests have
data compression, ultimately leading to the attribution of a been performed more recently on the same coupon, with a
unique ranking of merit to each technique. more recent infrared camera, with a better spatial resolution
So, the present article has a double aim: first, to complete (640 512 pixels), and fewer defective (“dead” or erratic)
the qualitative comparative study previously carried out by pixels; however, this paper is based on the first set of data,
the authors regarding the merits of the TSR coefficient image since it has been more extensively studied and already
technique (Roche et al., 2014a); and second, to propose a processed with the previously mentioned techniques PC-TSR,
comparison and ranking procedure, which can be considered PCT, PPT, and HOS (Roche et al., 2014a; Roche et al., 2014b).
as a useful tool for NDT researchers and end users facing the Consequently, the metrics here evaluated, which depend on
large number of possible thermographic techniques. both the performance of the thermographic acquisition
After a description of the experimental data that will be system and the data processing techniques, are not represen-
processed, the methodology followed for the evaluation of the tative of the best present state-of-the art and have only a
discontinuity detection and imaging is presented. It is based relative value, nonetheless useful and relevant for the
on the definition of three metrics: the contrast-to-noise ratio assessment and comparison of these data processing
(CNR), the sharpness of the discontinuity edges, and the techniques.
accuracy of the identification of the characteristic lateral
dimension of the discontinuity supposedly equal to the Assessment of the Metrics Characterizing the
contrast full-width at half-maximum (FWHM). These Discontinuity Images
parameters are assessed for trios of images generated by the To quantitatively assess the discontinuity detection, several
PC-TSR, PPT, PCT, and HOS techniques. It is shown how metrics need to be identified:
the proposed procedure leads to a ranking of the four tech- l the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the contrast, which will be
niques, which, in the present case, is in good agreement with referred as the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) from now on,
the conclusions of the previous qualitative assessment. l the edge sharpness of the image, and
l the characteristic dimension of the discontinuity image
Analyzed Data compared to the actual one.
The PC-TSR technique was introduced (Roche et al., 2014a) The first difference between the present work and
as a fast way to build a unique composite image of discontinu- previous quantitative comparisons of data processing for pulse
ities by projecting a trio of coefficient images in a red, green, thermography lies in the fact that the assessment of the
blue (RGB) basis. This RGB projection operation has been discontinuity signatures is usually based on time-dependent
applied to the other three data processing techniques parameters, such as temperature rise, contrast, or logarithmic
currently used in NDT mentioned in the previous section: derivatives. This makes it necessary to analyze their time
PPT, PCT, and HOS shown in Figure 1 (Roche et al., 2014a). evolution or to define the proper observation times, for
The nature of the images was different depending on the tech- instance, when maximum contrasts occur (Balageas et al.,
nique: phase images for the PPT technique, principle compo- 2010; Lopez et al., 2014). In the present work, the approach
nents for the PCT technique, and central moments of the radically differs since it is based on the coefficient images
distribution of recorded temperature for the HOS technique. (polynomials coefficients, phases, principal components,
The fusion of these trios of images leads to the composite statistic moments), each one of them integrating information
color images of Figure 1c. The present analysis is exclusively linked to the full duration of the experiment.
relevant for the grayscale images presented in Figure 1b. The second difference lies in the very definition of the
The considered data results from the recording of the CNR. Most authors have considered the mean value of the
time-evolution of the front-face temperature of a 270 200 signal in the area of discontinuity (Lopez et al., 2014;
5.25 mm3 carbon/epoxy composite plate, already studied in Usamentiaga et al., 2013), the limits of which are difficult
the past (Balageas et al., 1987; Krapez et al., 1992). The to evaluate when the bluntness is important. The present
coupon, coated on both faces by a black, thin, carbon layer, approach consists in the analysis of profiles along lines
contained 80 μm-thick fluorocarbon resin inserts of various crossing the central region of the discontinuity signatures and
sizes and depths (Figure 1a). For the present evaluation, their surroundings. Figure 2 presents, as an example, the a5
discontinuity 1-4* will not be considered due to the high PC-TSR coefficient image with the superimposed grid of rows
interaction with discontinuity 1/2-2*; as for this latter discon- and columns for which coefficient distribution is explored.
tinuity, only its lower part will be taken into account, for the The size of the image is 194 166 pixels, and a pixel equals
same reason. 0.87 0.87 mm2. Hence the nominal discontinuity dimen-
The pulse thermography test was performed with two sions, Dd, of 23 px, 11.5 px, and 3.5 px, respectively, for the
flash lamps delivering 6 kJ in 4 ms. Temperature images of largest inserts (20 20 mm2), the intermediate-sized ones
320 256 pixels were recorded during 60 s at a frequency (10 10 mm2), and the smallest ones (3 3 mm2). These
of 200 images/s, with an integration time of 230 s, by a characteristics are reported in Table 1.
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Specimen total thickness: 5.25 mm
#1-1 #1-2 #1-3 Flourocarbon resin inserts

#1-4*
Discontinuity 0.4 mm 1.3 mm 2.6 mm 4.0 mm

depth 3 plies 10 plies 20 plies 30 plies
#2-1 #2-2 #1/2-2* #2-3
#1-4** Area (mm2)
20 × 20 10 × 10 10 × 20 3×3
#3-1 #3-2 #3-2** #3-3
(a)
PC-TSR PCT PPT HOS
Monomial 5/7 PC2 2nd phase coefficient Skewness
Monomial 6/7 PC3 3rd phase coefficient Kurtosis
(b) Monomial 7/7 PC4 4th phase coefficient 5th order
(c) Monomial 5/7, 6/7, –7/7 PC 1, PC 2, PC 3 2nd, 3rd, 4th phase coefficient Skewness, kurtosis, 5th order
Figure 1. Tested carbon/epoxy coupon with its artificial discontinuities: (a) location and dimensions of the discontinuities.
Discontinuity showing a partial or a total overlap with another discontinuity located at a different depth indicated by asterisks;
(b) thermographic images (grayscale) obtained by thermographic signal reconstruction polynomial coefficient technique
(PC-TSR), pulse phase thermography (PPT), principal component thermography (PCT), and higher order statistics (HOS), taken
into account for the present quantitative analysis; and (c) resulting red, green, blue composite images not considered here.

18 0.12
Discontinuity #2-1 Row 85

0.08
Coefficient as/7
59
72
0.04
Rows
85
Discontinuity #1/2-2
Discontinuity #2-2 Discontinuity #2-3
0.00
141 –0.04
0 50 100 150 200
Columns
20 23 27 74 91 124 155 173
Columns
Figure 2. Image of a5/7 coefficient (thermographic signal Figure 3. Distribution of the a5/7 coefficients (thermographic
reconstruction polynomial coefficient technique) with the signal reconstruction polynomial coefficient technique)
grid of rows and columns along which metrics are evaluated. along row 85.
The proposed approach should be particularly efficient for as an example, highlighting the regions of interest correspon-
circular discontinuities since, in that case, the results must be ding to the discontinuities of medium size. A few pixels
independent of the direction of the line along which the presenting isolated erratic amplitudes can be spotted. They
contrast induced by the discontinuity is assessed. In the are due to the low quality of the used camera. For the analysis
present case of square-shaped discontinuities, there are two of the profiles, such pixels have been replaced by the mean of
such directions, which are the lines parallel to the image rows the two adjacent pixels when presenting a gap higher than
and columns crossing the centers of the squares. For real-life three times the standard deviation of the noise. The reason is
discontinuities, the strategy could be to choose for each that the parameters are deduced from the local coefficient
discontinuity signature the direction corresponding to the profiles and that such deviant pixels induce large, nonphysical
larger width. errors in their evaluations.
The profile along row 85 of the PC-TSR coefficient of
rank 5 of polynomials of degree 7 (a5/7) is given on Figure 3
TABLE 1
Image analysis of discontinuity #1-1
Analyzed profile: Column 20* Column 23* Column 27* Mean value Standard deviation Column 23** Row 18** Ratio of row-
Intersection with: Row 18* Row 18* Row 18* of profiles* of profiles* Row 18** Column 23** to column-
analysis**
Identified parameters:
Contrast*** –0.0526 –0.0559 –0.0549 –0.0545 0.0017 –0.0559 –0.0518 1.08
Noise, s*** 0.0041 0.0046 0.0042 0.0043 0.0003 –0.0046 0.0044 1.05
CNR (dB)*** 22.3 21.6 22.4 22.1 0.4 21.6 21.3 1.01
Sharpness*** 0.16 0.17 0.15 0.16 0.01 0.17 0.31 0.55
metrics (pi–1)
FWHM (pi)*** 22.3 22.0 22.8 22.4 0.04 22.0 23.4 0.94
Accuracy on –2.9% –4.2% –1.0% –2.7% 1.6% –4.2% 1.90%
Dd evaluation
(23 pi)***
* Discrepancies between column profiles across the discontinuity
** Comparison between column and row analysis
*** Discontinuity #1-1 — a5/7 coefficient
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Contrast-to-Noise Ratio The baseline, the plateau, and the edges are locally fitted
The CNR may be considered as the ratio of the maximum by least-mean square polynomials (generally of first degree).
power contrast, (CAmax)2, to the square of the standard devia- When no plateau can be defined, a fitting operation is
tion s2 of the sound zone in the vicinity of the discontinu- performed, using a second degree or higher polynomial. The
ities, as shown in Equation 1: fitted values obtained for the central zone of the discontinuity
are then used to assess either the contrast between the plateau
CNR = (CA max / σ s )2
(1) and the baseline, in the case of a high aspect ratio; or the
where maximum contrast if no plateau is spotted, in the case of a low
CAmax is the maximum of the amplitude contrast between or medium aspect ratio.
a discontinuity and the sound zone. The noise is assimilated to the standard deviation of the
points of the baseline, s, allowing the evaluation of the CNR.
The CNR can be expressed in decibels as follows:
⎡ 2⎤
(2) ( )
CNR = 10 log10 ⎢ CA max / σ s ⎥ = 20 log10 CA max / σ s
⎣ ⎦ ( ) Edge Sharpness
Almost all works aiming at quantitatively comparing data
In practice, for the search of the maximum contrast of a processing techniques for thermographic NDT are based on
zone of discontinuities, two cases are possible (see Figure 4): the sole CNR parameter. This approach does not take into
l the discontinuity has a large lateral extent (high aspect ratio account the sharpness, which appears to be another relevant
AR = Dd/zd), so that its contrast signature shows a plateau parameter regarding the quality of the infrared imaging of the
(Figure 4a), and discontinuities. The main reason may be the difficulty to
l the discontinuity has a small lateral extent (low aspect ratio), define a metric to characterize it (Usamentiaga et al., 2013). A
so that its contrast signature shows a gaussian-like shape second explanation can be added: most of the comparisons
(Figure 4b). are based on coupons including discontinuities of simple and
known shapes, most currently square or circular discontinu-
ities, which helps for the detection and consequently gives less
0.09 importance to sharpness in the recognition and detection of
Sound material baseline along row 18 σs = 0.0053
Contrast: BD = 0.053 CNR = 10.1 = 20.1 dB FWHM = 23.4 pi discontinuities.
0.07 Sharpness metrics: 0.5(1/bc + 1/c'b' = 0.31 pi–1) Until recently, very few researchers or end users felt
y = –0.000109× + 0.047980 concerned by infrared (IR) image sharpness, instead giving
TSR coefficient a5/7
b c +σs
0.05 B cʹ bʹ attention to CNR. So, just one measurement of the sharpness
–σs of IR discontinuity images has been encountered in the litera-
0.03
ture: the authors chose as sharpness metrics the magnitude of
y = 0.0159×
y = 0.0166× –0.6058 the gradient existing at the edge of the discontinuity, the
0.01
+ 0.2817
FWHM
border between discontinuous and sound zones (Usamen-
D Contrast tiaga et al., 2013). The gradients are calculated by finite differ-
–0.01 Sound zone baseline
Defect plateau ences from the pixel intensities of this zone, along orthogonal
y = –0.000225 × - 0.001838 Defect edges
–0.03 directions (columns and rows). That is in fact a way to
0 10 20 2730 40 50 60 measure the space derivative of the edge spread function
(a) Column (pi)
(ESF), which is nothing but the line spread function (LSF).
0.08
Sound material baseline along row 141 σs = 0.0057 The sharpness metric is defined as the square root of the sum
Contrast: BD = 0.019 CNR = 3.3 = 10.4 dB
0.07 Sharpness metrics: <0.5(1/bB + 1/Bb = 0.12 pi–1 of the squares of the X and Y gradients. This evaluation is
TSR coefficient a5/7
0.06 made directly on the thermogram when the contrast is at its

y = –0.0000843 × + 0.502076
0.05 b B +σs maximum so that CNR and sharpness are calculated at the
bʹ
same time.
0.04 In the present work, these evaluations of LSF are done for
0.03 y = 0.000258 x2 –σs the three coefficients a5/7, a6/7, and a-7/7 from which the
D - 0.010183 x Contrast
0.02 +0.130037 Sound zone baseline
RGB composite image is elaborated (Roche et al., 2014a).
Defect The sharpness metric is calculated from the locally fitted
0.01
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
signal, according to the formula given in Figure 4a. The
(b) Column (pi) metric is normalized to facilitate the comparison between the
different discontinuity signatures. For that, the gap between
Figure 4. Quantitative characterization of a discontinuity the plateau of contrast (when existing) and the sound material
signature: (a) discontinuity #1-1: no strong 3-D effects due to baseline is set to 1 for each discontinuity, resulting in a metric
lateral conduction (large aspect ratio discontinuity, AR = 50);
(b) discontinuity #3-1: 3-D effects due to lateral conduction value between 1 (when there is no pixel between the fitted
(medium aspect ratio, AR = 7.5). plateau and the fitted baseline) and 1/(n+1) (when there are

n such pixels). An arithmetic mean is calculated for both sides Validation of the Profile Analysis Procedure
of the plateau for a given line (row or column). In the case of To validate the present procedure based on profile analysis in
a medium or low aspect ratio, the plateau disappears and this the coefficient images, it is necessary to assess the scatter due
procedure does not work. No identification of the sharpness is to the choice of the analyzed profile. That has been done for
made in this case. discontinuity #1-1 in the a5/7 image (Table 1). The scatter
from various profiles crossing the same discontinuity is
Discontinuity Lateral Extent assessed for three column profiles (20, 23, and 27) crossing
Pulse infrared thermographic images contain discontinuity discontinuity #1-1 (Figure 2 and Table 1). The scatter is low,
images of time-dependent dimensions. Discontinuities seem around a few percent for contrast (3.1%), CNR (1.8%), and
to shrink when time increases, due to edge effects caused by FWHM (1.7%). The noise and sharpness metrics are slightly
lateral heat diffusion. It has been demonstrated that, in the higher (7% and 6%, respectively). This shows that it is
case of pulse-heating, the lateral dimensions of a discontinuity possible to carry out such evaluation on a unique profile for a
can be deduced from a linear extrapolation to the origin of given discontinuity.
time (the pulse occurrence time according to the authors, or Since these profiles can be taken either from a row or a
better, the emerging contrast time as the present authors column, the results obtained for column 23 intersecting row
recommend) of the discontinuity full-width at half-maximum 18 and for row 18 intersecting column 23 are compared in
contrast (FWHM) being directly measured on the images as a Table 1. The ratios of the identified parameters are given in
function of the square root of time (Almond and Lau, 1993; the last column: differences of a few percent are noticed for
Almond et al., 1995). This extrapolation, similar to what is contrast, noise, CNR, and FWHM. Only sharpness presents a
proposed by the early detection approach to identify disconti- noticeable difference (55%). The accuracy on the identified
nuity depths, mitigates the effects of the lateral diffusion discontinuity dimension using the technique presented in the
(Balageas, 2013). As pointed out by the authors, the tech- previous section on discontinuity lateral extent is quite
nique fails for discontinuities of very low aspect ratios. In fact, remarkable (errors < 5%). These results lead to consider a
it cannot be applied when the plateau disappears (gaussian- unique profile for each discontinuity, indifferently from a row
shaped contrasts). or a column. From now on, only rows are analyzed.
In the present case, only one image is considered, a coeffi- In case of a real-life discontinuity of a complex geometry,
cient image, not a sequence of time-evolving thermogram it can be reasonably supposed that the FWHM could be eval-
images. By analogy with another author’s technique (Almond uated as equal to the mean of the FWHM values measured
and Lau, 1993; Almond et al., 1995), the FWHM is measured along the maximum and the minimum dimensions of the
in the TSR coefficient images. That would be a priori less effi- contrast. In fact, the shape of the discontinuity is the
cient than the original technique (Almond and Lau, 1993; governing parameter. Its influence would require complemen-
Almond et al., 1995), since the coefficient images are influ- tary studies.
enced by the full thermogram (T[t]), including late informa-
tion suffering from diffusion effects. Furthermore, this Proposal for the Assessment of an Unbiased Ranking
identification is only applied to discontinuity images As seen in the previous section, the comparison and ranking
presenting a plateau, such as discontinuity #1-1, as illustrated of the four thermographic NDT data processing techniques
by Figure 4a. are achieved over the assessment of the three metrics. For
For the metrics quantifying the accuracy on the identified each technique, the three characteristic thermal images of the
discontinuity dimension, the reciprocal of the relative error sample are considered and the metrics are assessed for all
has been considered: Dd/Dd, the absolute error being 12 discontinuity contrasts along rows crossing their centers.
defined as:. That leads to the comparison of 432 discontinuity signatures
(= 4 techniques × 3 images × 12 discontinuities × 3 metrics).
This is why the data compression appears to be a key point,
ΔDd = Ddmeasured − Dd real = Contrast FWHM − Dd real which plainly justifies the following six-step procedure:
(3)
l Step 1: Assessment of the values of the three metrics for all
Furthermore, due to the large possible variations in the the discontinuity contrasts of each and every image of the
order of magnitude of this relative accuracy, the metric has trio of images chosen for the four studied techniques
been taken equal to its logarithm, as shown in Equation 4. (432 data).
l Step 2: Assessment of the mean values of the latter data for
each trio of images (144 data). Data compression ratio equal
log10 (Dd / ΔDd ) to the number of images considered to establish the diag-
(4)
nostic (3, presently).
l Step 3: Assessment of the sum of the marks obtained for the
full collection of discontinuities for each metric and each
ASNT grants
1024non-exclusive,
G U S T 2 of
technique (12 data). Data compression ratio equal to the seem particularly sensitive to the existence of erratic pixels.
number of data considered, 12 for our study. The profiles in Figure 5 correspond to the images after
l Step 4: For each metric, normalization of the marks by the replacing those pixels by the means of the two immediate
highest one (12 data). No data compression. neighbors. The impact of this treatment is moderate,
l Step 5: For each NDT technique, assessment of the mean of changing, for instance, the initial normalized standard devia-
the normalized marks (4 data). Data compression ratio equal tion of image PC-TSR 5/7 from 14.6% to 11.3%.
to 3. The sharpness of the two odd images is much better than
l Step 6: Assessment of the rank of merit for the four NDT the one of the even image, as verified for all PC-TSR images
techniques considering their marks (4 data). No data (Roche et al., 2014a). This lower performance was somehow
compression. expected since the even image was selected not for its high
The procedure enables a drastic data reduction, as quality, but because it contains a discontinuity, which is barely
expected, but also avoids the risk of any subjective interven- visible in the odd images (discontinuity #2-3).
tion that might introduce a bias in the final result (see the
previous section on contrast-to-noise ratio and Figure 4). PCT Images (Second Row of Figure 5)
Moreover, it should be noted that the procedure is generic The sensitivity to discontinuity appears to rapidly decline
and could be applied to compare and rank any group of tech- with discontinuity depth. The noise increases with the order
niques. The first step is, however, more specific to the present of the component. In particular, the PC4 image is the noisiest
approach in which it is supposed that the diagnostic is estab- of the full collection, with both random and material structure
lished upon the analysis of a trio of thermographic images components. Furthermore, the noise is not constant along the
(these three images could remain separated or mixed into a line #59, showing a substantial gradient for the PC4 image.
unique RGB composite image). In the case of a diagnostic The edge sharpness is comparable to the one of the PC-TSR
based on a unique thermographic image and not on a trio of images.
images, the procedure would directly start with step 2. Except
for steps 4 and 6, each step enables a data compression of PPT Images (Third Row of Figure 5)
the metrics values necessary to establish the ranking. The The PPT images result from a fast fourier transform (FFT) of
absolute number of data taken into account is specific to the the time-evolution of the temperature increase of every pixel.
present study. They are characterized by a very good CNR and a very low
noise, but suffer from a low sensitivity for deep discontinu-
Application to the Comparison and Ranking of the Four ities. It should be noted that the three selected PPT images
Techniques were the best ones, as far as discontinuity detection is
concerned. Other frequencies were explored but did not
Profiles of Contrast Along Image Rows enable a better detection of the deepest discontinuities.
Before applying the procedure described above to compare
the quality of the images obtained by the four techniques, a HOS Images (Last Row of Figure 5)
first simple comparison can be done, consisting in comparing The three HOS images are very similar. Such similarities can
the profiles along rows of the images. Four rows have been be noticed in other publications using the HOS technique,
selected, one chosen in the sound zone, with no discontinuity although this has never been highlighted. They have a fine
to cross (row #59), which permits estimating the background sensitivity to the shallowest discontinuities, but a poor one for
noise level and the other three crossing the whole collection medium and deep discontinuity depths. The noise is compa-
of discontinuities, allowing the local assessment of the three rable to the one of PC-TSR, but more influenced by the
metrics. All analyzed profiles, for the four techniques, are material structure and not so uniform across the sample. The
presented in Figure 5. similarity between HOS images and the PC2 image can be
noticed, too.
TSR Images (First Row of Figure 5)
The three graphs of the top row of Figure 5 show that, consid- Compared Assessment and Ranking of the Four Techniques
ering the CNR, the sensitivity of the TSR technique to detect
discontinuities appears to be less dependent on the disconti- Step 1
nuity depth than for the other techniques, at least considering The procedure proposed in the previous section has first been
the odd images (5/7 and –7/7). Regarding the background applied to compare the images of the trios. The results are
noise, the PC-TSR images have a medium noise level, almost represented in Figure 6: for each metric, the values resulting
identical for the three images. This noise is almost uniform, from the analysis of the three profiles crossing discontinuities
not influenced by the material structure, which helps the are given, following a clockwise distribution for decreasing
discontinuity detection, and is identical for the three images. aspect ratios (given in brackets right next to the discontinuity
As said in a previous section, the PC-TSR coefficient images identification numbers). Radar-type graphs have been chosen

0.12 0.01 0.010

PC-TSR 5/7 PC-TSR 6/7 PC-TSR 7/7
Signal amplitude (–)

0.08 0.005
0
0
0.04
–0.005
0 –0.01
–0.010
–0.04
(a) –0.02 –0.015
40 30 60
PCT PC2 PCT PC3 PCT PC4

20 40
0
10
20
–40 0
0
–10
PCT
–80
–20 –20
(b) –120 –30 –40

–0.35 –0.50 –0.55
PPT phase 2 PPT phase 3 PPT phase 4

–0.39 –0.54
–0.60
–0.43 –0.58
–0.65
–0.47 –0.62
–0.70
–0.51 –0.66
(c) –0.55 –0.70 –0.75

24 900 35 000
Skewness Kurtosis HOS 5th moment
20 700 25 000
16 Row 18 500 15 000

Row 59
Row 85
Row 141
(d) 12 300 50 000
0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200 0 50 100 150 200
x (px) x (px) x (px)
Figure 5. Analysis and comparison of four profiles of the images obtained by the four techniques: (a) thermographic signal
reconstruction polynomial coefficient technique (PC-TSR); (b) pulse phase thermography (PPT); (c) principal component
thermography (PCT); and (d) higher order statistics (HOS).
to provide the most synthetic presentation and to facilitate the last one detected with a CNR of 10 dB. This demonstrates
comparisons. that the aspect ratio is not the only governing parameter of
The CNR of the three PC-TSR images is of the same discontinuity detection. For even lower aspect ratios (2.3 and
order of magnitude: between 15 and 30 dB up to aspect ratios 1.2 dB), the discontinuities cannot be detected.
from 7 to 8. Among the three discontinuities #1-3, 2-2, and The sharpness of the even image is almost lower than the
3-1, which have almost the same aspect ratio, only the first one of the odd images. The influence of the aspect ratio is
two are detected with a CNR of about 20 dB contrarily to the manifest: when it gets lower, sharpness decreases as well.
ASNT grants
1026non-exclusive,
G U S T 2 of
Accuracy on the identified
CNR ratio (dB) Sharpness metrics (pi–1) dimention (log10 (Dd/ΔDd))
3.0 #1-1 3
30 #1-1 #1-1
(50) (50) (50)
#3-3 #3-3 #3-3
(1.2) #2-1 (1.2) #2-1 (1.2) 2 #2-1
20 (25)
2.0 (25) (25)
#3-2** #3-2** #3-2**
PC-TSR (2.3) (2.3) (2.3)
PC-TSR 5/7 10 #1-2 1.0 #1-2 1 #1-2
PC-TSR 6/7 #3-2 (15.4) #3-2 (15.4) #3-2 (15.4)
PC-TSR 7/7 (2.3) (2.3) (2.3)
Envelope 0 0 0
#2-3 #1/2-2* #2-3 #1/2-2* #2-3 #1/2-2*
(3.8) (10.9) (3.8) (10.9) (3.8) (10.9)
#1-4** #1-4** #1-4**

(5.0) #3-1 #1-3 (5.0) #3-1 #1-3 (5.0) #3-1 #1-3
(7.5) #2-2 (7.7) (7.5) #2-2 (7.7) (7.5) #2-2 (7.7)
(a) (7.7) (7.7) (7.7)
#2-1
#1-1 (25)
3.0 #1-1 #1-1
30
(50) #1-2 #3-3 (50) #3-3 (50)
(15.4) (1.2) #2-1 (1.2) 2 #2-1
20 2.0 (25) (25)
#3-3
(1.2) #3-2** #3-2**
PCT (2.3) (2.3)
PC 2 10 #1/2-2*
1.0 #1-2 1 #1-2
PC 3 #3-2** (10.9) #3-2 (15.4) #3-2 (15.4)
PC 4 (2.3) (2.3) (2.3)
Envelope 0 0 0
#3-2 #2-3 #1/2-2* #2-3 #1/2-2*
#1-3
(2.3) (3.8) (10.9) (3.8) (10.9)
(7.7)
#2-3
#2-2 #1-4** #1-4**
(3.8) #1-3 #1-3
(7.7) (5.0) #3-1 (5.0) #3-1
#1-4** #3-1 #2-2 #2-2
(7.7) (7.7)
(b) (5.0) (7.5) (7.5)
(7.7)
(7.5)
(7.7)
30 #1-1 #1-1 #1-1

(50) #2-1 (50) (50)
#3-3 (25) #3-3 #3-3
(1.2) (1.2) #2-1 (1.2) 2 #2-1
20 2.0 (25) (25)
#3-2** #1-2 #3-2** #3-2**
PPT (2.3) (15.4) (2.3) (2.3)
Phase 2 10 1.0 #1-2 1 #1-2
Phase 3 #3-2 #3-2 (15.4) #3-2 (15.4)
Phase 4 (2.3) (2.3) (2.3)
Envelope 0 0 0
#1/2-2*
#2-3 #2-3 #1/2-2* #2-3 #1/2-2*
(10.9)
(3.8) (3.8) (10.9) (3.8) (10.9)
#1-4** #1-4**
#1-4** #1-3 (5.0) #3-1 #1-3 (5.0) #3-1 #1-3
(5.0) (7.7) (7.5) #2-2 (7.7) (7.5) #2-2 (7.7)
#3-1 (7.7) (7.7)
(c) (7.5) #2-2
(7.7)
#1-1 30 #2-1 #1-1 #1-1
(50) (25) #3-3 (50) #3-3 (50)
(1.2) #2-1 (1.2) 2 #2-1
20 2.0 (25) (25)
#3-3 #1-2
HOS (1.2) (15.4) #3-2** #3-2**
(2.3) (2.3)
Skewness 10 1.0 #1-2 1 #1-2
Kurtosis (15.4) (15.4)
#3-2** #1/2-2* #3-2 #3-2
5th order
(2.3) (10.9) (2.3) (2.3)
Envelope 0 0 0
#3-2 #2-3 #1/2-2* #2-3 #1/2-2*
#1-3
(2.3) (3.8) (10.9) (3.8) (10.9)
(7.7)
#2-3
#2-2 #1-4** #1-4**
(3.8) #1-3 #1-3
(7.7) (5.0) #3-1 (5.0) #3-1
#1-4** #3-1 #2-2 #2-2
(7.5) (7.7) (7.5) (7.7)
(d) (5.0) (7.5) (7.7) (7.7)
Figure 6. Assessment and comparison of: (a) thermographic signal reconstruction polynomial coefficient technique (PC-TSR):
(b) pulse phase thermography (PPT); (c) principal component thermography (PCT); and (d) higher order statistics (HOS) image
properties for discontinuity contrast-to noise ratio, edge sharpness, and accuracy on the identified discontinuity lateral
dimension. The values of the three metrics are given along the radial axis for all discontinuities and angularly distributed
following decreasing aspect ratios. The aspect ratio values are given in brackets after the discontinuity number. For this first
step of the procedure the number of data to consider is equal to 432. Each graph corresponds to a trio of images. Asterisks
indicate a discontinuity showing a partial or total overlap with another discontinuity located at a different depth.
CNR = Contrast-to-noise ratio.
Mean of each trio PC-TSR PCT PPT HOS

CNR (dB) Edge sharpness (pi–1) Defect dimension accuracy
#1-1 #1-1
30 (50) #1-1 2 (50)
#3-3 #2-1 (50) #3-3 #2-1
(1.2) (25) #3-3 #2-1 (25)
(1.2)
(1.2) (25)
20 #1-2 0.2
#3-2** (15.4) #1-2 #1-2
(2.3) #3-2** 1 (15.4)
#3-2** (15.4) (2.3)
10 (2.3) 0.1
#3-2 #1/2-2*
(2.3) (10.9) #3-2 #1/2-2*
0 #1/2-2* #3-2 0 (2.3) 0 (10.9)
(10.9) (2.3)
#2-3
(3.8) #1-3 #2-3
#2-3 (7.7) (3.8) #1-3
#1-3 (3.8) (7.7)
(7.7) #2-2 #1-4**
#1-4** #2-2
#1-4** (7.7) (5.0) #3-1
(5.0) #2-2 #3-1 (7.7)
#3-1 (5.0) (7.5)
(7.7) (7.5)
(7.5)
Figure 7. Step 2: evaluation of the mean values of the metrics for each trio of grayscale images (144 data). Asterisks indicate a
discontinuity showing a partial or total overlap with another discontinuity located at a different depth. CNR = Contrast-to-noise
ratio.
The accuracy on the estimation of the discontinuity lateral for each trio of images, which permits a rapid overview of the
dimension follows the same trend: odd images lead to better compared performances of the four techniques (see Figure 7).
results. The effect of the decrease of the aspect ratio is even The PC-TSR technique appears to be not the best one consid-
more critical, so that it was impossible to properly evaluate ering the CNR, but obtains the best results for edge sharpness and
the dimensions of discontinuities #3-1 and 2-3. discontinuity dimension accuracy. This limited performance in
Similar results are presented in Figure 6 for the other tech- CNR is counterbalanced by the fact that, like PPT, it enables the
niques (rows 2, 3, and 4). The CNRs of the PCT images are detection of deep discontinuities, down to a 4 mm depth.
slightly higher than the PC-TSR ones for discontinuity aspect
ratios larger than 7 but decrease for lower ones (the contrast Steps 3 to 6
is drowned in the noise). The sharpness has the same magni- The scores obtained by each technique for the full collection
tude as the TSR one, but decreases rapidly with the aspect of discontinuities are summed up (step 3), then normalized
ratio (the contrast plateau no longer exists for discontinuities by the overall maximum score (step 4). Finally, the mean
#3-1, 1-4, and 2-3). The accuracy on the discontinuity dimen- values of these normalized sums are calculated for the three
sion is very similar to the PC-TSR one, except for disconti- metrics and the four processing techniques (step 5), giving
nuity #1/2-2* for which a very high accuracy is found, without the ranking by order of merit of the four techniques (step 6).
any simple explanation since the discontinuity signature may These scores are presented in Table 2: based on the
be disturbed by the partial overlap of discontinuities existing obtained ranking, the PC-TSR and PPT techniques come
in this zone. first, ex æquo, followed by PCT and HOS.
The PPT sharpness and accuracy values found for discon-
tinuity dimensions are comparable to the ones of the previous TABLE 2
two techniques. On the contrary, the CNR reaches values Steps 3 to 6 of the procedure for comparison and ranking of the
generally higher than those of the other techniques, except for four NDT technniques when considering in the second step the
mean of the scores obtained for each trio of grayscale images
the shallowest discontinuities, #1-1 and 2-1. The technique
appears to be the most efficient one when considering the sole Step PC-TSR PCT PPT HOS
CNR, but presents weaknesses regarding edge sharpness and CNR* 138 114 180 96
discontinuity dimension accuracy comparing to the PC-TSR 3 Sharpness* 0.89 0.67 0.69 0.6
approach. FWHM* 6.0 4.7 5.9 3.4
CNR** 0.77 0.63 1.0 0.53
The results of the HOS technique are generally not as
4 Sharpness** 1.0 0.75 0.77 0.68
good as those of the other three techniques, in particular, for
FWHM** 1.0 0.79 0.98 0.56
deep discontinuities (AR 10), making this technique the 5 Mean 0.92 0.72 0.92 0.59
lower performing one. 6 Ranking 1 3 1 4
* of the scores obtained for full collection of discontinuities considering the
Step 2 mean scores of the trios of grayscale images
To get a more synthetic comparison, the same type of repre- ** of the scores obtained for full collection of discontinuities, normalized by the
sentation has been applied to the mean of the preceding data same, obtained by best method for given metrics
ASNT grants
1028non-exclusive,
G U S T 2 of
Maximum of each trio PC-TSR PCT PPT HOS
CNR (dB) Edge sharpness (pi–1) Defect dimension accuracy
#1-1 #1-1
(50) #1-1
(50) #2-1 #2-1 2 (50)
#3-3 #2-1
#3-3 (25) #3-3 0.3 (25) (25)
(1.2) 30 (1.2) (1.2)
#1-2
0.2 #1-2 1
#3-2** (15.4) #3-2**
20 #3-2**
(15.4) #1-2
(2.3) (2.3)
(2.3) (15.4)
10 0.1
#3-2 #1/2-2*
#3-2
(2.3) (10.9)
0 0 (2.3) 0
#1/2-2* #3-2 #1/2-2*
(10.9) (2.3) (10.9)
#2-3 #1-3 #2-3
(3.8) (7.7) (3.8) #1-3
#1-3 #2-3
(7.7)
(7.7) (3.8) #2-2 #1-4**
#1-4** (7.7) (5.0) #3-1 #2-2
#1-4** #3-1 (7.5) (7.7)
(5.0) #3-1 #2-2 (5.0) (7.5)
(7.5) (7.7)
Figure 8. Variant for Step 2: evaluation of the maximum values of the metrics for each trio of grayscale images. Asterisks
indicate a discontinuity showing a partial or total overlap with another discontinuity located at a different depth. CNR =
Contrast-to-noise ratio.
A Possible Alternative for the Comparison and Ranking The results of steps 2 to 6 obtained when considering
Procedure the maximum scores of the trios of images are presented in
The previous results have been obtained considering the Figure 8 and Table 3. Figure 8 is similar to Figure 7, but
mean value of the three metrics for each trio of grayscale presents the maximum values of the marks obtained by each
images. Another possibility could be to consider the trio instead of their mean values. These two sets of data lead
maximum of each trio. This is more representative of the to a ranking not far from the first one, giving PC-TSR in first
practical performance of the techniques when the diagnosis is position, followed by PPT, PCT, and HOS.
elaborated from the examination of the trio of grayscale
images. Indeed, in this case, the discontinuity is detected even Discussion
if it appears in one image of the trio, being unseen in the other No matter what set of data is considered (mean or maximum
two images. In case of a diagnostic only based on the observa- scores of each trio of grayscale images), the final ranking
tion of the RGB composite image, it is more difficult to decide remains almost identical: PC-TSR comes first, ahead of PPT
what approach is the most valuable. To answer this question, or ex æquo with PPT, followed by PCT and HOS. Moreover,
a specific analysis of the color images of the four techniques these results are in very good agreement with the qualitative
would be necessary and would require other tools than those assessment, which stated that the PC-TSR technique was at
presently used. least as good as the other processing techniques (Roche et al.,
2014a).
The scores obtained depend on the experimental condi-
TABLE 3 tions (performance of the camera and of the heat sources,
Steps 3 to 6 of the procedure for comparison and ranking of the
four NDT technniques when considering in the second step the
frame rate, and duration of the recording, among others), on
maximum of the scores obtained for each trio of grayscale images the material properties and its structure, and on the type of
discontinuities (here, fluorocarbon resin inserts). Any change
Step PC-TSR PCT PPT HOS
of one or several of these parameters would affect the absolute
CNR* 174. 165 234 108
values of the scores. Nevertheless, it can be reasonably supposed
3 Sharpness* 1.33 0.9 0.86 0.78
that the influence on the final ranking would be light.
FWHM* 8.5 7.8 7.4 0.45
CNR** 0.75 0.7 1.0 0.46
Another source of possible variations in the ranking could
4 Sharpness** 1.0 0.68 0.65 0.59 be the choice of the weights given to the metrics. In the
FWHM** 1.0 0.91 0.87 0.52 present study, the same weight has been given. The optimal
5 Mean 0.92 0.77 0.84 0.52 weights may be different, depending on the respective signifi-
6 Ranking 1 3 2 4 cance of each one regarding the detection and identification
* of the scores obtained for full collection of discontinuities considering the of the discontinuity signatures in the images. Even though this
maximum scores of the trios of grayscale images problem is out of the scope of the present study, it is still
** of the scores obtained for full collection of discontinuities, normalized by the
revealing to process the same ranking procedure based on the
same and obtained by best method for given metrics CNR metrics alone (attributing weight zero to both sharpness

CNR CNR
1 1
0.75 PC-TSR 0.75

PPT
0.5 PCT 0.5
HOS
0.25 0.25
0 0
(a) FWHM Sharpness (b) FWHM Sharpness
Figure 9. Normalized mean sums of the scores obtained for the full collection of discontinuities (step 4) when considering
the mean scores (a) or the maximum scores (b) for each trios of grayscales thermal images. CNR = Contrast-to-noise ratio;
FWHM = full-width at half-maximum.
and FWHM metrics), since it is what is commonly found in them to the full-width at half-maximum of the contrast. These
the literature. For the present case, both approaches (mean metrics have been estimated for a pulse thermography experi-
and maximum scores for each trios of grayscale images) lead ment carried out on a laminate carbon/epoxy coupon
to the following ranking: PPT, PC-TSR, PCT, and HOS. This containing artificial delamination-like discontinuities, already
tends to underline the fact that as long as detection only is studied in a previous article aiming at a qualitative assessment
aimed at, PPT does challenge PC-TSR as the most appropriate of the techniques (Roche et al., 2014a). The present results
technique. However, PC-TSR might still be the most relevant regarding the ranking of merit of the compared techniques are
technique as soon as other quantitative pieces of information are in good agreement with the ones of the qualitative results of
required, such as the geometrical shape and extent of the discon- this previous study.
tinuity: in that case, it would indeed seem unreasonable to put Those three metrics have been assessed from the analysis
aside the sharpness and the FWHM metrics. of row-profiles in the images generated by the four considered
Furthermore, the application of the PPT technique on techniques. These profiles cross both sound and discontin-
TSR data improves the performance of PPT in matters of uous regions. Due to the geometry of the artificial discontinu-
detection and characterization (Ibarra-Castanedo et al., ities (square-shaped inserts) and their location and
2005). It turns out to be particularly true for deep discontinu- orientation, the assessed profiles are along rows of the ther-
ities, for which the thermal signatures are the noisiest. The mographic images. In real configurations, with discontinuities
combined TSR-PPT technique would probably be one of the of irregular shapes, the orientations and sizes of the profiles
top-ranked techniques based on the present ranking proce- would have to be chosen individually, discontinuity by discon-
dure. It could be investigated in future works. tinuity, with the aim of crossing the discontinuity image
Finally, in order to mitigate the definite, categorical facet where the created contrast is maximum. The determination of
of the rankings of merit resulting from the proposed proce- the three metrics has been possible only when the contrast
dure and to give more information about the respective shape presented a plateau pattern. In the other cases only the
performance of the compared techniques, the results of the contrast-to-noise ratio has been evaluated. The resulting
fourth step (normalized mean sums of the scores obtained for graphs illustrate the strong influence of the discontinuity
the full collection of discontinuities and the three metrics) aspect ratio on the technique performances.
could be given as a complement. Both scores obtained from Regarding the sole contrast-to-noise ratio, the PC-TSR
the mean and the maximum of the scores of each trios of coefficient image technique appears to be less satisfactory
grayscale thermal images are displayed in Figure 9. than the PPT technique, but when it comes to the other two
criteria (sharpness and discontinuity dimension characteriza-
Conclusion and Prospects tion) it turns out to be an efficient tool, even for deep discon-
A quantitative assessment of the quality of the discontinuity tinuities, better than the other techniques.
images produced by the PC-TSR coefficient image technique, Besides these results, specific to the assessment of the
PCT, PPT, and HOS, has been achieved. This assessment PC-TSR technique compared to three well-established
is based on the calculation of metrics characterizing the concurrent techniques, the present article highlights the inno-
discontinuity contrast-to-noise ratio, edge sharpness, and the vation of the proposed procedure, which constitutes signifi-
accuracy on the discontinuity dimensions when assimilating cant progress compared to classic studies based on the sole
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be emphasized: not only is it possible to generate a unique 2012, pp. 3-32.
mark and, consequently, a ranking from a high number of data Balageas, D.L., A.A. Déom, and D.M. Boscher, “Characterization and Non
(contrasts created by discontinuities), but also intermediate Destructive Testing of Carbon-Epoxy Composites by a Pulsed Photothermal
results can be used to analyze the weaknesses and the strong Method,” Materials Evaluation, Vol. 45, No. 3,1987, pp. 461-465.
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Thermographic Identification of Thermophysical Properties and Defects,”
It should also be mentioned that the procedure could be Advances in Optical Techniques, 2013, Article ID 314906,
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the initial number of images per technique is reduced to one), Balageas, D.L., and J-M. Roche, “Common Tools for Quantitative Time-
to a unique technique used for different types of thermal solic- resolved Pulse and Step-heating Thermography—Part 1: Theoretical Basis,”
Quantitative Infrared Thermography Journal, Vol. 11, No. 1, 2014, pp. 43-56.
itations, such as pulse- and step-heating, or to the optimiza-
Duan, Y., P, M. Servais Genest, C. Ibarra-Castanedo, and X.P.V. Maldague,
tion of a unique technique. Conversely, the procedure could “ThermoPoD: A Reliability Study on Active Infrared Thermography for
also be applied to the comparison of images generated by NDT the Inspection of Composite Materials,” Journal of Mechanical Science and
techniques based on different physical phenomena, such as Technology, Vol. 26, No. 7, 2012, pp. 1985-1991.
ultrasonic, eddy current, and thermal images of an identical Ibarra-Castanedo, C., N.P. Avdelidis, and X. Maldague, “Qualitative and
Quantitative Assessment of Steel Plates Using Pulsed Phase Thermog-
structure with discontinuities. The diversity of the potential raphy,” Materials Evaluation, Vol. 63, No. 11, 2005, pp. 1128-1133.
applications highlights the universality of the present approach. Ibarra-Castanedo, C., and X. Maldague, “Pulsed Phase Thermography
Finally, it should be interesting to compare the present Reviewed,” Quantitative Infrared Thermography Journal, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2004,
approach to the probability of detection (POD) technique, pp. 47-70.
which has been used for quite a long time to evaluate the Krapez, J-C., D. Boscher, Ph. Delpech, A. Déom, G. Gardette, and D.
Balageas, “Time-Resolved Pulsed Stimulated Infrared Thermography
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Lopez, F., C. Ibarra-Castanedo, X. Maldague , and V. de Paulo Nicolau,
dure both require collecting data on a large number of discon- “Pulse Thermography Signal Processing Techniques Based on the 1D
tinuities. The data acquired in the present study could have Solution of the Heat Equation Applied to the Inspection of Laminated
been processed by the POD techniques. Is it sensible to Composites,” Materials Evaluation, Vol. 72, No. 1, 2014, pp. 91-102.
compare the approaches to each other? The POD analysis of Madruga, F.J., C. Ibarra-Castanedo, O.M. Conde, J.M. López-Higuera, and
X. Maldague, “Infrared Thermography Processing Based on Higher-order
continuous response data considers a unique metric (for Statistics,” NDT&E International, Vol. 43, 2010, pp. 661-666.
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several metrics contributing to the detection and the quantita- Marinetti, S., E. Grinzato, P.G. Bison, E. Bozzi, M. Chimenti, G. Pieri, and
tive assessment of the severity of the discontinuities. The O. Salvetti, “Statistical Analysis of IR Thermographic Sequences by PCA,”
Infrared Physics and Technology, Vol. 46, Nos. 1-2, 2004, pp. 85-91.
POD analysis of hit/miss (binary) data ignores the parame-
Rajic, N, “Principal Component Thermography for Flaw Contrast
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It may be considered as more qualitative than quantitative, Roche, J-M., and D.L. Balageas, “Common Tools for Quantitative Pulse
contrary to the other two approaches, but easier to apply in an and Step-heating Thermography—Part II: Experimental Investigation,”
Quantitative Infrared Thermography Journal, Vol. 12, No. 1, 2015.
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Roche, J-M., F-H. Leroy, D.L. Balageas, “Images of Thermographic Signal r
should be necessary to apply the POD techniques to the Reconstruction Coefficients: a Simple Way for Rapid and Efficient Detection
thermal images, which would be a substantial study compa- of Discontinuities,” Materials Evaluation, Vol. 72, No. 1, 2014a, pp. 73-82.
rable in volume to the one presently described. This compar- Roche, J-M, F-H. Leroy, and D.L. Balageas, “Information Condensation in
ison could be the subject of a future work. Defect Detection Using TSR Coefficients Images,” QIRT 2014 Conf.,
Bordeaux, France, 7-11 July 2014b, QIRT Open Archives: www.qirt.org,
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for Transient Thermography,” Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 62, No. 25, tive Comparison of Stimulation and Post-processing Thermographic
1993, pp. 3369-3371. Inspection Methods Applied to Aeronautical Carbon Fibre Reinforced
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Thermography Journal, Vol. 7, No. 2, 2010, pp. 167-187.

x
Investigation of Discontinuities in Friction Stir

Welding of 2024 Aluminum Alloy using Radiography
by S. Sudhagar*, M. Sakthivel†, A. Ashok‡, and S. Ajith Arul Daniel§
ABSTRACT Introduction
The present study is an attempt to give an outline Friction stir welding (FSW) is a novel solid-state joining
process in which the metal does not undergo any melting
on detecting discontinuity formation in friction
process for joining. The absence of melting of a parent metal
stir welding of 2024 aluminum alloy using X-ray in friction stir welding makes the process more practicable
radiography techniques. The concise overview of over other fusion welding processes (Lakshminarayanan and
discontinuities formed during friction stir welding Balasubramanian, 2009). The advantages of FSW over other
fusion welding techniques, such as a nonconsumable welding
and its appearance in X-ray film has been illus-
tool, lower working temperature, zero emission of hazardous
trated using images. The lack of material inside a gas, no requirement for shielding gas, and microstructure
weld joint, compared to the filled material in the refinement, make this technique more applicable to join
joint, highly affects the color density of X-ray film. aluminum, copper, and magnesium alloys (Li et al., 2012).
Currently, the commercial utilization of the FSW process is at
These differences in color density and shape
its early stages, and only a few industries have been employing
shown on the X-ray film are used to find types and this technique because of limited study in this field. Hence,
sizes of discontinuities. From the radiographic most of the researchers have been showing a keen interest in
image, it was found that a decrease in welding studying FSW process development, such as parametric study,
development of process window, material flow behavior,
speed reduces the shape and size of color
discontinuity formation, and others (Lakshminarayanan et al.,
intensity that shows a reduction of discontinuity 2011). The study on discontinuity formation mechanism
size inside a welding joint. The literature review is during friction stir welding requires more attention, since
used for analysis of discontinuity formation adequate knowledge of the discontinuity formation mecha-
nism enhances the production of high quality weld joints
mechanism and its relationship with process
(Kim et al., 2006).
parameters. The results obtained from the current From previous investigation, it has come to be known that
study are compared with the literature study, and discontinuity formation in FSW has been studied by exam-
are found to strongly agree with previous studies. ining the cross section of weld joints and assessing mechanical
properties which involve the destruction of the work piece
KEYWORDS: radiography, friction stir welding,
(Rajkumar et al., 2010; Elangovan and Balasubramanian,
discontinuities, aluminum, nondestructive testing 2007). This work is an attempt to understand the disconti-
nuity formation in FSW using nondestructive testing (NDT),
without damaging the work piece. In nondestructive testing,
information about the materials and internal discontinuities,
such as cracks, voids, dimensional reductions, pores, and
more, can be collected without damaging materials. There are
several NDT methods and techniques available, such as radi-
ographic testing (RT), ultrasonic testing (UT), eddy current
testing, fluorescent penetrating testing (PT), and others. Each
* Department of Mechanical Engineering, Anna University Regional
Campus, Coimbatore, India; kssudhagar.s@gmail.com. NDT method has its own merits and limitations. UT is not
† Department of Mechanical Engineering, Anna University Regional appropriate for identifying minute root discontinuities located
Campus, Coimbatore, India; sakthi_vel_m@yahoo.com. at the bottom of an FSW joint. PT necessitates operations on
‡ Department of Mechanical Engineering, Anna University Regional
Campus, Coimbatore, India; ashokaero007@gmail.com. both sides of the weld joint and it is capable of detecting
§ Department of Mechanical Engineering, Anna University Regional discontinuities that are located on surfaces only
Campus, Coimbatore, India; ajith_danny@yahoo.com. (Tabatabaeipour et al., 2016). Eddy current testing will not
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work on nonconducting materials, and it also requires a used for FSW was made of heat-treated H13 tool steel. The
special type of probe for testing FSW joints (Santos et al., tool was composed of a 20 mm diameter shoulder with a
2010). The kissing bond discontinuities are not recognizable concave profile of 6°, and the stirring pin was designed to have
by using either eddy current or UT (Mandache et al., 2012). a tapered structure with a root diameter of 6 mm and length
RT is the easiest and most commonly used method for the of 3.8 mm, as shown in Figure 1.
inspection of welded joints (Amin, 2007). The main advan-
tage of radiography over other NDT is the formation of photo Methodology
images of internal discontinuities (Caligulu et al., 2016a; Park Friction stir welding was carried out in a vertical machining
et al., 2004). The above-mentioned benefits make this method center modified for FSW. The plates were clamped in the
preferable over other NDT techniques, and it can also work irre- fixture mating in butt configuration, and the welding tool was
spective of material, such as ferrous and non-ferrous materials fixed in a tool holder and positioned at the butt-line of the
(Dikbas et al., 2013; Taskin et al., 2011). Furthermore, by using plate. The clockwise rotating tool was plunged into the work
RT, whole areas of a weld can be examined, which is not possible piece and moved along the butt-line. The rotating action of
in destructive testing such as tensile tests, where only small the tool generated enough frictional heat to plasticize the
regions of a weld will be selected for testing (Esmaeili et al., material in the work piece, and the stirring pin stirred the plas-
2012). Other authors (Tabatabaeipour et al., 2016) found that ticized material to combine two plates. Based on the literature
RT is the more suitable NDT method for detecting tunnel holes review, tool rotational speed, tool traverse speed, axial load,
and a lack of penetration in weld joints than other NDT and tool offset were selected as major process parameters that
methods. Further scholars (Caligulu et al., 2016b) also determined the quality of the welded joint. The axial load
reported that internal discontinuities, such as a lack of pene- cannot be controlled in a vertical machining center, so the
tration formed during friction welding of AISI 1010 copper, other three parameters were selected to study in this experi-
can effectively be identified through RT (Caligulu et al., ment. In the present study, the tool offset in the advancing
2016b). The application of image processing methods in side is indicated by a positive sign, and the tool offset in the
NDT has made quality assessment of weld joints more retreating side is indicated by a negative sign. Table 2 gives
comfortable and easy (Das et al., 2016). details of the process parameters selected in this study.
Materials
TABLE 2
The material used in this study is 4 mm thickness 2024 Friction stir welding process parameters
aluminum alloy, and its chemical composition is given in
Parameter Values
Table 1. The sheets were cut into rectangular shapes with
Tool rotational speed (rpm) 600, 800, 1000
dimensions of 150 mm 75 mm. The nonconsumable tool
Tool traverse speed (mm/min) 80, 100, 120
Tool offset (mm) +1, 0, –1
TABLE 1
Chemical composition of 2024 aluminum alloy
Al Cu Mg Mn Others All the welded joints were visually tested to locate the
93.33% 3.85% 1.66% 0.48% 0.68% surface discontinuities on the welded joints and then analyzed
using radiography in order to expose the internal discontinu-
ities in the welded joint. RT was conducted by following
ASTM E94, and the parameters used in the radiographic test
are listed in Table 3. An RT device that uses X-ray as the
source of radiation operating at 150 kV was used in this study
to examine the weld joint. The image of internal discontinu-
ities occurring in the weld joint was captured using the single
wall, single image technique in a D4 type film by exposing it
to radiation for a time of 30 s. The joints were sectioned verti-
cally perpendicular to the weld line for examining the cross
Figure 1. Friction stir welding tool with tapered pin.
section of the weld joint.
TABLE 3
X-ray parameters
Source strength (kV) Penetrameter Exposure time (s) Film type Density Sensitivity (%)
150 EN-462-1 10/16 30 D4 2 to 3 2

x radiography for friction stir welding
Results and Discussion

had occurred when the rotating tool was placed in the
advancing side. The lack of penetration is shown in Figure 3.
Visual Testing
All the welded joints were visually tested (VT) in order to Radiographic Testing
find the surface discontinuity on the joint. During VT, a RT was implemented to expose internal discontinuities in the
surface groove was found on the joint fabricated with a tool welded joint. In X-ray film, the lack of material inside the joint
rotation speed of 600 rpm, traverse speed of 120 mm/min, was identified by a dark color. The common discontinuities
and the tool offset in the retreating side. Figure 2 shows the occurred in FSW, and their appearance in the radiographic
surface discontinuity on the weld joint. Incomplete penetration image is given in Table 4. The radiographic image of the
welded joint with image quality indicators is shown in Figure
4. In the following section, all the radiographic images were
cropped in the highlighted region shown in Figure 4 and
represented for better visualization of the discontinuities in
the image. From RT, it was found that almost every joint
possessed a tunnel hole inside the joint. The tunnel hole is
identified in radiographic film as a straight dark line at the
advancing side. The lack of penetration also looks similar to a
tunnel hole in film, but it presents at the butt-line of a joint.
Figure 5 shows the tunnel hole formed in the advancing side
at a tool rotational speed of 600 rpm and welding speed of
120 mm/min.
Figure 2. Weld joint showing surface groove.
The formation of a tunnel hole inside a joint is due to the
welding speed and tool rotational speed failing to generate
sufficient heat to plasticize material for mixing. Thus, the
stirring pin fails to transport an adequate volume of material
from the retreating side to the advancing side, which leads to
the creation of a void behind the stirring pin (Kah et al.,
2015). Figure 6a depicts the tunnel formed when welding
Figure 3. Lack of penetration. speed decreased from 120 mm/min to 100 mm/min while
keeping the tool rotational speed constant. The density of the
dark line in X-ray film reduces when welding speed is
decreased, which indicates reduction of the tunnel hole inside
the joint. The lower transition speed of the welding tool
contributes more heat, which plasticizes more material than
the higher transition speed. Consequently, the size of the
tunnel hole gets reduced when transition speed decreases
from 120 mm/min to 100 mm/min as illustrated in Figure 6b.
When the tool rotational speed is increased, the heat input
also increases, which plasticizes more material. Figure 7a shows
an X-ray image of a weld joint fabricated with a tool rotational
Figure 4. Radiographic image with image quality indicator. speed of 800 rpm and a welding speed of 100 mm/min, in
TABLE 4
Different types of welding discontinuities and their indication in radiographic image
Defects Probable reason Radiographic image
Tunnel discontinuity Insufficient heat input Dark shadow line along the length of joint
Less plasticization of base metal
Lack of penetration Insufficient length of stirring pin Sharp-straight dark line
Lack of fusion/kissing bond Less plasticization of base metal Thin line or shadow
Slag inclusion Improper cleaning of workpiece before welding Dark spot with random shapes
Presence of oxide on the base material
Surface cracks Insufficient axial force Discontinuous black shadow
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(a) (b)
Figure 5. X-ray film shows: (a) tunnel hole at advancing side with welding parameter of 600 rpm and 120 mm/min; and (b) cross sectional view
of welded joint showing tunnel hole.
(a) (b)
Figure 6. X-ray film shows: (a) discontinuity at advancing side with welding parameter of 600 rpm and 100 mm/min; and (b) cross sectional
view of weld joint.
(a) (b)
Figure 7. X-ray film shows: (a) discontinuity formed with welding parameter of 800 rpm and 100 mm/min; and (b) sectional view showing
improper fusion of material.
(a) (b)
Figure 8. X-ray film shows: (a) discontinuity that occurred when the tool offset was in the advancing side with tool rotational speed of 800 rpm
and welding speed of 120 mm/min; and (b) cross sectional view of weld joint with lack of penetration.
which a small dark line appears along the butt line. The cross exerted during welding. Thus, the result obtained is similar
section image in Figure 7b shows that there is no void or with that of results obtained by other authors; the tunnel
lack of material inside the joint, but an improper fusion discontinuity can be eliminated by either increasing tool
kissing bond-like discontinuity was detected. The reason rotation, decreasing welding speed, or changing both
for this improper fusion may be insufficient axial force (Kah et al, 2015).

x radiography for friction stir welding
Figure 9. X-ray film shows a discontinuity when the tool offset was in the advancing side at tool rotational speed of 1000 rpm and welding
speed of 100 mm/min.
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RT can be effectively used to verify the FSW joint. The result
Kim, Y.G. , H. Fujii, T. Tsumura, T. Komazaki, and K. Nakata, “Three
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Aluminium Alloy Joints,” Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,
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niques to quantify the X-ray image, and using that numeric Li, Xia-wei, Da-tong Zhang, Cheng Qiu, and Wen Zhang, “Microstructure
value, the input process parameters can be optimized using and Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar Pure Copper/1350 Aluminium
advanced optimization techniques. Alloy Butt Joint by Friction Stir Welding,” Transactions of Nonferrous
Metals Society of China, Vol. 22, No. 6, 2012, pp. 1298–1306.
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tive Detection of Lack of Penetration Defects in Friction Stir Welds,” M. Ramos, “Developments in NDT of Friction Stir Welding using Eddy
Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, Vol. 17, No. 4, 2012, Currents,” Proceedings European Conference on Non-Destructive Testing,
pp. 295–303. Vol. 2, 2010, pp. 88–89.
Park, Hwa Soon, Takahiro Kimura, Taichi Murakami, Yoshitaka Nagano, Tabatabaeipour, M., J. Hettler, S. Delrue, and K. Van Den Abeele,
Kazuhiro Nakata, Masao Ushio, “Microstructures and Mechanical Proper- “Non-Destructive Ultrasonic Examination of Root Defects in Friction Stir
ties of Friction Stir Welds of 60% Cu–40% Zn Copper Alloy,” Materials Welded Butt-Joints,” NDT & E International, Vol. 80, 2016, pp. 23–34.
Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 371, Nos. 1–2, 2004, pp. 160–169. Taskin, Mustafa, Ugur Caligulu Elazig, and Mustafa Turkmen, “X-Ray
Rajkumar, S., C. Muralidharan, and V. Balasubramanian, “Optimization of Tests of AISI 430 and 304 Stainless Steels and AISI 1010 Low Carbon
the Friction-stir-welding Process and Tool Parameters to Attain a Steel Welded by CO2 Laser Beam Welding,” Materials Testing, Vol. 53,
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of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering
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Radiographic Testing: RT Safety Design Detection Discontinuities in Aluminum Alloy

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AUGUST 2017

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977 Art Objects

UPCOMING ASNT CONFERENCE

965 ASNT Annual Conference 2017

1019 Comparative Assessment of Thermal

1032 Investigation of Discontinuities in

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988 Product Gallery

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VOLUME 75 • NUMBER 8 ASN T MI SS I O N STAT E M E N T

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DR. ARNOLD “ARNY” BERESON

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Become Involved with

Industrial X-ray Production – How X-rays Section Resources Online

Colorado Update Your Address

Submit NDT Pics

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On 9 May, 18 members and guests of the

Metro NY/Northern New Jersey

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As a long-time member of the Section, by William J. Tapia titled “UT Testing of

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John W. Newman Edward R. Generazio

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ACCP Level II Shaohua Liu Tsuyoshi Kinoshita Dervin John Keisling

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FETY Safe Distance for Gamma

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It is forbidden to open the source holder.

Any malfunction or deterioration found in this equipment

Safety Principles Radiation Protection Recommendations

Radiation dose rate (mrem/hr)

(a) Time (h) (a) Distance (ft)

Radiation dose rate (μSv/hr)

300 300 300

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(a) Source activity (Ci) (b) Source activity (GBq)

(5.9 r/h/Ci/ft), as shown in Figure 4 and Table 3.

100 100 100 100

Radiation reduction (%)

Areas Classification TABLE 4

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3. Establish a restricted area and make sure no one

(a) Source activity (Ci) (b) Source activity (GBq)

1 37 0.55 5.5 120

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In the dual-domain technique, two denoising

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k , l ∈Ω contrast image. This technique relies on adding the

∑ k ,l I ( k , l) w ( i , j , k , l) The Digitized Radiographic Image

(a) (b) (c) (d)

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Figure 1a. Here, the dual-domain technique was used

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the dual-domain reconstructed images than from the

enhancement, the line profiles plotted for lines AB and

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Optical Coordinate Measuring System

#1-4 #1-4 #1-4**