BIO 114 HUMAN RADIATION RESPONSE

RADIATION BIOLOGY LECTURE FLOW

CONCEPTS AND
PRELIM TERMS OF RADIATION
BIOLOGY

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF
RADIOBIOLOGY
(Interaction of Radiation to the
Human Body)

MIDTERM
MOLECULAR LEVEL CELLULAR LEVEL MACROSCOPIC LEVEL
(MOLECULAR (CELLULAR (TISSUE, SYSTEM,
RADIOBIOLOGY) RADIOBIOLOGY) SYNDROMES)

EARLY EFFECTS OF LATE EFFECTS OF

PRE-FINAL RADIATION IN THE RADIATION IN THE
BODY BODY

RADIATION PROTECTION

FINALS
PATIENT PROTECTION OCCUPATIONAL PROTECTION RADIATION DOSAGE
 HUMAN RADIATION RESPONSE
 Human cells can be killed with a dose of less than 100 rad (1gyt) ex. 14 C, Tritium 3 H.
 1 Mrad (10 kGyt) is required to produce a measurable change in any physical characteristic of a molecule.
 Will result in breakage of the molecule or relocation, the abnormal molecule in time cease to function that results to
impairment or cell death

EARLY EFFECTS LATE EFFECTS

*occurs within *occurs months or
minutes or days post years post
exposure exposure

ORGAN DAMAGE CELL DEATH TISSUE DAMAGE

 HUMAN RADIATION RESPONSE
IMMEDIATE EFFECTS
-DEATH
MOLECULAR ALTERATION BIOCHEMICAL CELL
-ORGAN DYSFUNCTION
LESION DEATH
-TISSUE DAMAGE

RECOVERY FROM
SUBLETHAL DAMAGE
IONIZATION LATE SOMATIC EFFECTS
AND ENZYMATIC -LEUKEMIA
BIOCHEMICAL CELL
EXCITATION REPAIR -CANCER
LESION DEATH
-TISSUE DAMAGE

Radiation LATENT PERIOD

Exposure POINT
GENETIC DAMAGE
MUTATION

SELECTION AND REPAIR

ALARA- “As low as reasonably achievable”- production of

quality x-ray images with minimal radiation exposure
 HUMAN POPULATION IN WHOM RADIATION EFFECTS HAVE BEEN OBSERVED
POPULATION EFFECT
AMERICAN RADIOLOGIST LEUKEMIA, REDUCED LIFE SPAN
ATOMIC BOMB SURVIVORS MALIGNANT DISEASE
RADIATION ACCIDENT VICTIM ACUTE LETHALITY
URANIUM MINERS LUNG CANCER
RADIUM WATCH-DIAL PAINTERS BONE CANCER
PATIENTS TREATED WITH IODINE 131 THYROID CANCER
CHILDREN TREATED WITH ENLARGED THYROID CANCER
THYROID
CHILDREN OF BELARUS THYROID CANCER
PATIENTS WHO UNDERWENT LIVER CANCER
THOROTRAST STUDIES
IRRADIATION OF THE UTERO CHILDHOOD MALIGNANCY
HUMAN RESPONSES TO IONIZING RADIATION
EARLY EFFECTS OF RADIATIONN ON HUMANS
A. Acute Radiation Syndrome
i. Hematologic Syndrome
ii.Gastrointestinal Syndrome
iii.Central Nervous System Syndrom
B. Local Tissue Damage
i. Skin
ii.Gonads
iii.Extremities
C. Hematologic Depression
D. Cytogenetic Damage
LATE EFFECTS OF RADIATION ON HUMANS
A. Leukemia
B. Other Malignant Disease
i. Bone Cancer
ii. Lung Cancer
iii. Thyroid Cancer
iv. Breast Cancer
C. Local Tissue Damage
i. Skin
ii. Gonads
iii. Eyes
HUMAN RESPONSES TO IONIZING RADIATION
LATE EFFECTS OF RADIATION ON HUMANS
D. Shortening of Life Span
E. Genetic Damage
i. Cytogenetic Damage
ii. Doubling of Dose
iii. Genetically Significant Dose
EFFECTS OF FETAL RADIATION
1. Prenatal Death
2. Neonatal Death
3. Congenital Malformation
4. Childhood Malignancy
5. Diminished Growth and Development
BIO 114 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF
RADIATION BIOLOGY
BIO 114 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF
RADIATION BIOLOGY
 RADIATION BIOLOGY LECTURE FLOW
CONCEPTS AND
PRELIM TERMS OF RADIATION
BIOLOGY

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF
RADIOBIOLOGY
(Interaction of Radiation to the
Human Body)

MIDTERM
MOLECULAR LEVEL CELLULAR LEVEL MACROSCOPIC LEVEL
(MOLECULAR (CELLULAR (TISSUE, SYSTEM,
RADIOBIOLOGY) RADIOBIOLOGY) SYNDROMES)

EARLY EFFECTS OF LATE EFFECTS OF

PRE-FINAL RADIATION IN THE RADIATION IN THE
BODY BODY

RADIATION PROTECTION

FINALS
PATIENT PROTECTION OCCUPATIONAL PROTECTION RADIATION DOSAGE
 RADIATION RESPONSE
occurs in
MOLECULAR LEVEL CELLULAR LEVEL
 Normally radiation effects occurs at the electron level.

Yet Human radiation injury results from change at the Molecular level

EFFECT TO
CATEGORIZED EFFECTS EFFECT TO WATER
MACROMOLECULES
 EFFECT OF RADIATION TO MACROMOLECULES
The ultimate damage occurs to the target molecule DNA which controls the cellular metabolism and
reproduction. How does the DNA controls the metabolism and reproduction.

MITOSIS
Example:
If the body
experience massive
blood loss due to
injury, the number
of red blood cells in
the blood decreases.
And RBCs’ carries
Hemoglobin (which is
an iron-rich protein
that gives blood it’s
red color and carries
oxygen throughout
the body) hence BODY SEND SIGNALS
experiencing anemia.
GENE
EXPRESSION
HEMOGLOBIN
 EFFECT OF RADIATION TO MACROMOLECULES

IN VITRO IN VIVO
IRRADIATED Within the living cell
Outside the body and cell

Considerable radiation dose is Demonstrates that

required to produce a measurable macromolecules are considerably
effect. more radiosensitive in their
natural state.

When macromolecules are irradiated

in solution in IN VITRO
Harmful effects occurs because of
damage to a particularly sensitive
molecule as of DNA.
 MAIN-CHAIN SCISSION
Breakage of the backbone of the
long chain macromolecules
Result:
• In smaller molecules
• Viscosity of the solution Higher
Viscosity = Slow flow
Lower Viscosity = Like Tap water
CROSS-LINKING
Small, spur-like side structure that
extend of the Main Chain.
Result:
• Sticky substance side structure
on the end attaching as such
viscosity increased.
POINT LESION
Disruption of chemical bonds.
Not detachable but they can cause
minor modification of the
molecule.
Results: Cell Malfunction

REVERSIBLE: THROUGH INTRACELLULAR AND REPAIR

 Normally radiation effects occurs at the electron level.

Yet Human radiation injury results from change at the Molecular level

EFFECT TO
CATEGORIZED EFFECTS EFFECT TO WATER
MACROMOLECULES
 EFFECT TO WATER
Human Body contains 80% water molecules

WHEN RADIATION HITS WATER “RADIOLYSIS” OF WATER HAPPENS

Note: “Lysis/Lytic” = separation, it disassociates into another molecular products

H2O + ↑ = HOH* + e- (INITIAL IONIZATION)

The ion pair If the ions do not rejoin, it is possible for the
may rejoin negative ion (electron) to attached to another
into stable H2O Molecule through the following reaction to
H2O produce a yet a third type of ion which is
H2O + e- → HOH

H2O + e- → HOH is unstable and can disassociates

into smaller molecules, Which is the following:
HOH + → H+ + OH*
HOH - → OH* + H*

FINAL RESULT OF THE DISASSOCIATION OF THE MOLECULES ABOVE ARE:
Formation of ion pair H+ & OH-
(+) and (-) water
Can be recombined
No Biologic damage can occur
NOTE:
Even in the absence of radiation, H2O
can disassociate into H+ and OH- ions.
OH* + OH* → H₂O₂
Hydrogen Peroxide –
Poisonous to Cells
HOH + → H+ + OH*
HOH - → OH* + H*
Formation of two free radicals H* and OH* (Hydroxyl)
Characteristics:
1. Free radical is an uncharged molecule that contains a
single unpaired electron in an outer shell
2. Unstable, exist with a lifetime of less than 1 millisecond
3. Capable of diffusion to cell and interaction at a distant
site.
4. Contain excess energy that can be transferred to
another molecule such as DNA to disrupt the bond and
produces point lesion at some distance.
JOINING OF MOLECULES H* and OH*
H* + O₂ → HO₂* Organic Free Radical Formation (RH)
HO₂* + HO₂* Hydroperoxyl radical-
→ H₂O₂ + O₂ principal damaging product
RH + ↑ → RH * = H* + R* If oxygen is present
Reactive Free Radical R* +O₂ → RO₂*
2 Hydroperoxyl will result to Hydrogen Peroxide
DNA is the most radiosensitive molecule
 IF DNA IS SEVERED

RADIATION-INDUCED CHROMOSOME RADIATION RESPONSE OF DNA

ABERRATION OR CYTOGENETIC DAMAGE

RESULTS IN
• Abnormal Metabolic Activity
• Genetic Damage
• Malignant and Uncontrolled Rapid Proliferation
of the Cell – principle characteristic
• Cell Death

TRANSFER OF INCORRECT GENETIC CODE