Marieb Ch3a

3
PART A
Cells and Tissues
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University
ESSENTIALS
OF HUMAN
ANATOMY
& PHYSIOLOGY
EIGHTH EDITION
ELAINE N. MARIEB
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cells and Tissues
 Basic Structural unit of life
 Carry out all chemical activities needed to
sustain life
 Cells are the building blocks of all living
things
 Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in
structure and function

Made primarily of four elements; carbon,
oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen (builds most
of the structure)
Trace elements are very important to the
essential functions of the cell (calcium is for
blood clotting)
 In ionic form, calcium, sodium, and
potassium ions can carry electrical charges
 electrolytes

Anatomy of the Cell
 Cells are not all the same
 All cells share general structures
 Cells are organized into three main regions
 Nucleus
 Cytoplasm
 Plasma membrane
Figure 3.1a
The Nucleus
 “headquarters”
 Control center of the
cell
 Contains genetic
material (DNA)
 Three regions
 Nuclear
membrane
 Nucleolus
 Chromatin
Figure 3.1b
Nuclear Membrane
 Barrier of nucleus
 Consists of a double phospholipid membrane
 Contain nuclear pores that allow for exchange
of material with the rest of the cell
 Selectively permeable
 encloses a nucleoplasm

Nucleoli
 Nucleus contains one or more nucleoli
 Little nuclei
 Sites of ribosome production
 Ribosomes then migrate to the cytoplasm
through nuclear pores
 Sites of protein synthesis

Chromatin
 When cell is not dividing, protein forms
thread called chromatin
 Loose network of bumpy threads
 Composed of DNA and protein
 Scattered throughout the nucleus
 Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes
when the cell divides

Plasma Membrane
 Fragile
 Contains cell contents
 Barrier for cell contents
 Double phospholipid layer
 Hydrophilic heads
 Hydrophobic tails
 Also contains protein, cholesterol, and
glycoproteins

Plasma Membrane
 Plays a dynamic role in many cellular
activities
 Proteins are scattered in the lipid bilayer
 Responsible for most of the specialized
functions of the membrane
 Some are hormones, chemical messengers,
binding sites for anchoring the cell to
fibers
 Others are carriers

 “sugar-proteins” are called glycoproteins
 Because of their presence, the cell surface
is fuzzy, sticky, and sugar-rich
 The cell surface is called the glycocalyx
 These glycoproteins determine your blood
type, acts as receptors to certain bacteria,
viruses, and toxins
 Changes in the glycoprotein are being
transformed to cancer cells

Plasma Membrane
Figure 3.2
Plasma Membrane Specializations
 Microvilli
 Little shaggy hairs
 Finger-like
projections that
increase surface
area for absorption
Figure 3.3
Plasma Membrane Specializations
 Membrane junctions
 Tight junctions
 Desmosomes
 Gap junctions
Figure 3.3
Cytoplasm
 Material outside the nucleus and inside the
plasma membrane
 “factory area” – site of most cellular activity
 Cytosol
 Fluid that suspends other elements
 Organelles
 Metabolic machinery of the cell
 Each organelle has a specific function
 Inclusions
 Non-functioning units
Cytoplasmic Organelles
Figure 3.4
 Ribosomes
 Made of protein and RNA
 Sites of protein synthesis
 Found at two locations
 Free in the cytoplasm
 Attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum

 Nucleus
 Ribosome
 Mitochondria/Chloroplast
 Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Lysosome
 Peroxisome
 Golgi Apparatus
Nucleus
“A Cell’s Command Center”
 Headquarters
 It houses the cell's chromosomes
 is the place where almost all DNA
replication and RNA synthesis occur.
  contains the blueprint of life
 Nucleus often conforms to the shape of the
cell

3 regions of nucleus
 Nuclear Envelope
 Double membrane
 Aka nuclear membrane
 Nucleoli
 The nucleus contains one or more dark-staining, round
bodies called nucleoli (little nucleus)
 Chromatin
 When cell is not diviiding, its DNA is combined with
protein and form a loose network of bumpy thread called
Chromatin
 When the cell divides to form two dauther cells, the
chromatin thread coil and condense to form a dense, rodlike
bodies called chromosomes.
Ribosome
“The Protein Production Machine”
 responsible for processing the genetic

instructions carried by an mRNA
 Actual site of Protein synthesis

Mitochondria/Chloroplast
“The Power Generators”
 Produces energy
 Mitochondria:
 Glycolysis
 Kreb’s Cycle
 Chloroplast
 Photosynthesis
  metabolically busy cells, like liver and
muscle cells, use huge amounts of ATP and
have hundreds of mitochondria.
 Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
 Fluid-filled tubules for carrying substances
 Mini-circulatory system for cell
 Two types of ER
 Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Studded with ribosomes
 Site where building materials of cellular
membrane are formed
 Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Functions in cholesterol synthesis and
breakdown, fat metabolism, and detoxification
of drugs
Rough ER
Cell’s membrane factory
All of thee building materials of a cellular
membranes are formed in it

Smooth ER
 Plays no role in protein synthesis
 Plays a role in lipid metabolism
 Detoxification of drugs and pesticides

Golgi Apparatus
 “Traffic director”
 Modify and package proteins
 “suicide bags”
 Modifies and packages proteins
 Produces different types of packages
 Secretory vesicles
 Cell membrane components
 Lysosomes

Golgi Apparatus
Figure 3.6
Lysosome and Peroxisome
“The Cellular Digestive System”
 the garbage disposal system

 spherical, bound by a single membrane, and
rich in digestive enzymes
 membrane-bound system
 Peroxisomes often resemble a lysosome.
However, peroxisomes are self replicating,
whereas lysosomes are formed in the Golgi
complex

 Lysosomes
 Contain enzymes that digest nonusable
materials within the cell
 Peroxisomes
 Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes
 Detoxify harmful substances
 Break down free radicals
(highly reactive chemicals)
 Replicate by pinching in half

 Cytoskeleton
 Network of protein structures that extend
throughout the cytoplasm
 Provides the cell with an internal
framework
Figure 3.7a
 Cytoskeleton
 Three different
types
 Microfilaments
 Intermediate
filaments
 Microtubules
Figure 3.7b–d
 Centrioles
 Rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules
 Direct formation of mitotic spindle during
cell division

Cell Diversity
 There are trillions of cells in the human body
 Made-up of 200 different cell types
 Vary greatly in size, shape, and function

Cellular Projections
 Not found in all cells
 Used for movement
 Cilia moves materials across the cell
surface
 Flagellum propels the cell

Cell Diversity
Figure 3.8a–b
Cell Diversity
Figure 3.8c
Cell Diversity
Figure 3.8d–e
Cell Diversity
Figure 3.8f–g
Cell Diversity:
1.Cells that Connect body parts
Fibroblast
Cable like fibers
Abundant in rough ER
Has a large Golgi Apparatus
Fulfills the secretion of protein building
blocks of fibers
Erythrocyte (RBC)
- Carries oxygen in the bloodstream
Cell Diversity
2. Cells that Covers and Lines Body Organs
Epithilial Cell
- has a shape identical to a cell in a
honeycomb of a beehive
- this shape allows cells to pack together in
sheets
- abundant in intermediate filaments that
resist tearing when epithilium is rubbed or
pulled
Cell Diversity
3. Cells that Move Organs and Body Parts
Skeletal Muscle and Smooth Muscle Cells

- elongated and filled with abundant
contractile filaments
- they can shorten forcefully and move the
bones or change the size of internal orgnas

Cell Diversity
4. Cells that Store Nutrients
Fat Cells
Huge spherical shape of fat cell
Produced by a large lipid droplet in
it’s cytoplasm

Cell Diversity
5. Cells that Fight Disease/s
Macrophage (phagocytic cell)

- this cell extends long pseudopods (false
feet( to crawl through tissues to reach
infectious sites)
digest microorganisms it takes up

Cell Diversity
6. Cell that Gathers Information and Controls
Body Function
Nerve Cell
- performs a specific process for receiving
and transmitting messages
- the process is covered with an extensive
plasma membrane, and a plentiful rough
ER used to synthesize membrane
components

Cell Diversity
7. Cells of Reproduction
Oocyte (female)
- the largest cell in the body
- this egg cell contains several copies of
organelles
Sperm (male)
The body’s smallest cell
Long and stream-lined build for
swimming to the egg for fertilization

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PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 responsible for processing the genetic

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 the garbage disposal system

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Skeletal Muscle and Smooth Muscle Cells

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Macrophage (phagocytic cell)

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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