LESSONS AND ACTIVITIES IN SCIENCE

CAPAS NATONAL HIGH SCHOOL

S.Y.2021-2022
LECTURE & ACTIVITIES
SCIENCE G-7
2ND QUARTER

NAME____________________________ ___YR &SECTION___________________ SCORE____________

PRE-TEST
I. Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. He is the Father of Microscope
a. Robert Hooke b. Galileo Galilei
c. Zacharias Jannsen d. Anton Van Leeuvenhoek
2. The word microscope comes from the words “micro” means small and “scope” means to see. It is a
device that
a. Can magnify even the tiny objects that are not visible by our naked eyes.
b. Use to observe microorganisms like bacteria, covid -19 virus and the likes.
c. Has a different magnification lens.
d. All of the above.
3. He is the first one to see the basic unit structure of life known as cell with a microscope.
a. Robert Hooke b. Robert Brown
c. Zacharias Jannsen d. None of the given scientists
4. The type of magnifying device that can magnify minute organisms by transmitting steams of
particles or electrons at the specimen.
a. Optical microscope b. Electron microscope
c. Telescope d. Magnifying glass
5. The part of the microscope where you look through to see the object in focus
a. Base b. Stage c. Eye piece d. Objectives

Lesson 1-THE MICROSCOPE:

A microscope refers to an optical instrument that is use to observe very small object. Therefore, the
purpose of a microscope is to magnify the object that are not visible to our naked eyes, making the
image large enough to get a better view.
The inception of the modern microscope predates a long and winding history that involves many
different scientists and philosophers all over the world who spent years of researching what they know
about light and magnification, and perfecting devices to see things much larger than they appear to be.
Microscopes started from a simple glass that was used to magnify common objects and start fire,
before it was eventually used to make spectacles, then much later on into simple telescopes and
microscopes.
Throughout several centuries, the design and quality of microscopes have since greatly improved,
and now, we are able to see elements at the subatomic level.

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 PARTS OF THE MICROSCOPE:
1. EYE PIECE- the lens the viewer looks through to see the specimen.
2. ARM- the arm connects the body tube to the base of the microscope
3. RACK STOP- a screw that keeps microscope slide at a safe distance from the objectives.
4. STAGE CLIPS- metal clips that hold the slide in place.
5. COURSE ADJUSTMENT/ COURSE FOCUS- brings the specimen into general focus.
6. FINE ADJUSTMENT/FINE FOCUS-fine tune the focus and increase the details.
7. REVOLVING NOSEPIECE- a rotating turret to select the different objective lenses.
8. OBJECTIVE LENSES- the part of a microscope that magnify specimen in focus. a. Scanning lens- 4x
magnification b. Low power lens- 10x magnification c. High power lens- 40x magnification d. Oil
immersion lens- 100x mgnification
9. STAGE- the flat platform where the slideis place.
10. CONDENSER- gathers and focus light from the illuminator onto the specimen.
11. ILLUMINATOR- the light source of a microscope
12. BASE- the support of the microscope, it where the illuminator is located.
13. BODY TUBE- connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses.
14. IRIS DIAPHRAGM- located under the stage, it adjust the amount of light that reaches the
specimen

ACTIVITY: LABEL THE PARTS OF THE MICROSCOPE

Direction: Write 1-6 for your answer to the indicated part on the left

and 7-12 for your answer to the indicated part on the right portion.

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Now that you already know the parts of the microscope and their specific functions, let us now try to
use the microscope. How to focus the microscope? For our hands on activity, let us follow these simple
steps:
1. Position the microscope on a flat and stable place or table, lower the stage as
far as it will go.
a. Rotate the objectives, pointing down at the stage
b. Adjust the stage so that the aperture or the opening in the middle of the
stage is at the center.
c. Place/center the slide/specimen on the stage and secure with the stage clip.
2. Look through the oculars:
a. Use the coarse adjustment knob to move the stage downward until the
specimen comes into focus.
b. Check/center the specimen
3. Look at the microscope at the side :
a. Slowly rotate the low power objective in position.
b. Use the revolving nosepiece/coarse adjustment knob or the fine adjustment
knob to position your preferred objective lens. Do it carefully.
4. Look through the oculars:
a. By using the fine adjustment knob, sharpen the focus. Re-center if
necessary.
b. If your specimen disappeared, return immediately to low power objective
and re-center the specimen. Then you may again change to other objective
lens if needed and necessary.
c. Always return the objectives to the scan position and lower the stage
before removing or lifting the slide off.
We give proper care to all things that are important and valuable. We know that microscope
contributed significantly in a variety of studies. What is invisible becomes visible through the
help of microscope. The device is indispensable in the field of science. We should know how
to handle it with care.
Here are some of the GENERAL BASIC RULES to follow:
(The teacher will demonstrate the given rules. The students will do the same)
A. In getting the microscope from the laboratory cabinet
1. Always carry the microscope with two hands
2. Do not touch the tips of the objectives
3. Clean the objective lens with special lens paper or lens cleaning fluid
4. Do not play handy person and disassembled the microscope. Report malfunctions
to your teacher.
5. Clear the working area where to place the microscope. Avoid crowded area.
B. In returning and keeping the microscope to the laboratory cabinet
1. Lower the stage
2. Rotate the scan objective into position over the stage
3. Clean the objective lens with special lens paper or lens cleaning fluid after using
4. Carry the microscope with two hands
Return and secure the microscope to the same cabinet where you obtained
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 In the last few months, the outbreak of COVID-19 has brought the corona virus back into the public
eye after it had remained relatively silent since 2003 .
The coronavirus genome/genetic material remains a mystery, especially to those outside the
scientific community.
Let us shed some light on this global pandemic  by viewing coronavirus under an electron
microscope.

1. How do the corona virus affects man in different aspects?

2. How can you control the infection and transmission of the corona virus?
3. What safety measures and precautions do you practice at home?

POST TEST . Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer. Use answer sheet.

1. What is use to hold the glass slide in place and prevent it from moving?

a. stage clip c. fine adjustment knob

b. stage d. condenser

2. Total magnification is the product of two the power of eyepiece and power of

a. ocular lens c. illumination

b. objective lens d. light source

3. Which part of the microscope should you hold when lifting the microscope?

a. arm and base c. the base and stage

b. eyepiece and body tube d. objectives

4.  The objective lenses are :

a. closest to the eye c. at the base of the microscope

b. closest to the specimen d. none of the above

5. A microscope is set to 10x eyepiece and 40x objective. What is the total

magnification of: a. 140x b. 410x

page 4 c. 400x d. 100x
lesson 2-LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION

ACTIVITY: Direction: Illustrate the levels of organization using a flow chart

atoms, organelles, tissues, organ systems, biosphere, molecules, organs, cells,

organisms

Write your flow chart here:

The Levels of Organization

To study the chemical level of organization, scientists consider the simplest building blocks
of matter: subatomic particles, atoms and molecules. All matter in the universe is
composed of one or more unique pure substances called elements, familiar examples of
which are hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, calcium, and iron. The smallest unit of any
of these pure substances (elements) is an atom. Atoms are made up of subatomic particles
such as the proton, electron and neutron. Two or more atoms combine to form a molecule,
such as the water molecules, proteins, and sugars found in living things. Molecules are the
chemical building blocks of all body structures.

A cell is the smallest independently functioning unit of a living organism. Even bacteria,
which are extremely small, independently-living organisms, have a cellular structure. Each
bacterium is a single cell. All living structures of human anatomy contain cells, and almost
all functions of human physiology are performed in cells or are initiated by cells.

A human cell typically consists of flexible membranes that enclose cytoplasm, a water-
based cellular fluid together with a variety of tiny functioning units called organelles. In
humans, as in all organisms, cells perform all functions of life. A tissue is a group of many
similar cells (though sometimes composed of a few related types) that work together to
perform a specific function. An organ is an anatomically distinct structure of the body
composed of two or more tissue types. Each organ performs one or more specific
physiological functions. An organ system is a group of organs that work together to
perform major functions or meet physiological needs of the body.
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PRE-TEST: Direction: Read carefully to complete the word in the statement
1. All matters in the universe are compose of one or two unique substances called _L
_M_N_S.
2. Two or more atoms combine form a _OL_C_L_ such as the water.
3. A __LL is the smallest independently functioning unit of a living organism.
4. A T_SS_E is a group of many similar cells.
5. An organ S_ST_M is a group of organs that work together to perform major functions

The organism level is the highest level of organization. An organism is a living being that has a
cellular structure and that can independently perform all physiologic functions necessary for life.
In multicellular organisms, including humans, all cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems of the
body work together to maintain the life and health of the organism.
Assigning organs to organ systems can be imprecise since organs that “belong” to one
system can also have functions integral to another system. In fact, most organs
contribute to more than one system.

Levels of Structural Organization of the Human Body The organization of the body in terms of six
distinct levels of increasing complexity, from the smallest chemical building blocks to a unique
human organism
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Organ systems in the human body:

A. Name the organ in each organ system

FIGURE 1
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Figure 2
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POST TEST:

A. Write the organ system and the specific organ pertaining to the system
(1-11) /Refer to figure 1 & 2

LESSON -3 Comparison of Animal Cell & Plant Cell

Cells are the building blocks for various organisms’ systems. . All living things
are made up of cells. The structures of different types of cells are related to their
functions.
A cell is the basic unit of life as we know it. It is the smallest unit capable of
independent reproduction.
Robert Hooke suggested the name ‘cell’ in 1665, from the Latin cella meaning
storeroom or chamber, after using a very early microscope to look at a piece of
cork.

PRE-TEST:
Directions: Read each item carefully. Write only the letter of the correct answer for each
question. Use a separate sheet for your answers.
1. Which of the following structure can be found in a plant cell but NOT an animal cell?
a. Vacuole b. chloroplast c. nucleus d. mitochondria
2. What organelle stores waste and water in both plant and animal cells?
a. Lysosomes b. vacuoles c . golgi complex d. endoplasmic reticulum
3. Which 2 organelles are in plant and animals?
a. Cell wall and cytoplasm c. nucleus and plastids b. Cell membrane and cytoplasm
d. cell membrane and chloroplast
4. Serves as the control center of the cell
a. ribosomes b. nucleus c. vacuole d. cytoplasm
5. It is semipermeable because it permits some substances but prevents others to pass
through it.
a. Cell membrane b. golgi body c. lysosomes d. mitochondria
6. Plants and animal cells both have nucleus. a. True b.False
7. Plants don’t have chloroplast a. True b. False
8. Animals have chloroplast a. True b. False
9. The basic unit that makes up living things
a. Cell b. Nucleus c. cytoplasm d. organelle
10. This type of cell needs a cell wall and chloroplast
a. Plant cell b. bacteria c. animal cell d. fungi
Page 9
A. Note the difference between the plant and animal cell

B. Present the structural differences of an animal cell and plant cell using a Venn diagram.
Page 10
 Humans are made up of trillions of cells — the basic unit of life on
earth.
 Cells can be thought of as tiny packages that contain minute factories,
warehouses, transport systems, and power plants. They function on their own,
creating their own energy and self-replicating — the cell is the smallest unit of
life that can replicate.
 However, cells also communicate with each other and connect to create a
solid, well stuck-together animal. Cells build tissues, which form organs; and
organs work together to keep the organism alive.

NUCLEUS: The nucleus can be thought of as the cell’s headquarters. There is normally one
nucleus per cell, but this is not always the case, skeletal muscle cells, for instance, have two.
The nucleus contains the majority of the cell’s DNA (a small amount is housed in the
mitochondria, see below). The nucleus sends out messages to tell the cell to grow, divide, or
die.

Plasma membrane
To ensure each cell remains separate from its neighbor, it is enveloped in a special membrane
known as the plasma membrane. This membrane is predominantly made of phospholipids,
which prevent water-based substances from entering the cell.

Cytoplasm
The cytoplasm is the interior of the cell that surrounds the nucleus and is around 80 percent
water; it includes the organelles and a jelly-like fluid called the cytosol. Many of the important
reactions that take place in the cell occur in the cytoplasm.

Lysosomes and peroxisomes

Both lysosomes and peroxisomes are essentially bags of enzymes. Lysosomes contain
enzymes that break down large molecules, including old parts of the cells and foreign
material. Peroxisomes contain enzymes that destroy toxic materials, including peroxide.

Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton can be considered the scaffolding of the cell. It helps it maintain the correct
shape. However, unlike regular scaffolding, the cytoskeleton is flexible; it plays a role in cell
division and cell motility — the ability of some cells to move, such as sperm cells, for instance.

Endoplasmic reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) processes molecules within the cell and helps transport them
to their final destinations.

In particular, it synthesizes, folds, modifies, and transports proteins.

The ER is made up of elongated sacs, called cisternae, held together by the cytoskeleton.
There are two types: rough ER and smooth ER.
 Page 11
Golgi apparatus
Once molecules have been processed by the ER, they travel to the Golgi apparatus. The Golgi
apparatus is sometimes considered the post office of the cell, where items are packaged and
labeled. Once materials leave, they may be used within the cell or taken outside of the cell for
use elsewhere.

Mitochondria
Often referred to as the powerhouse of the cell, mitochondria help turn energy from the food
that we eat into energy that the cell can use — adenosine triphosphate (ATP). However,
mitochondria have a number of other jobs, including calcium storage and a role in cell
death (apoptosis).

Ribosomes
In the nucleus, DNA is transcribed into RNA (ribonucleic acid), a molecule similar to DNA,
which carries the same message. Ribosomes read the RNA and translate it into protein by
sticking together amino acids in the order defined by the RNA.
Some ribosomes float freely in the cytoplasm; others are attached to the ER.

POST TEST:
Direction: Read each item carefully. Write only the letter of the correct answer for each question.

1. Which of the following structure can be found in a plant cell but NOT an animal cell?
a. Vacuole b. chloroplast c. nucleus d. mitochondria
2. What organelle stores waste and water in both plant and animal cells?
a. Lysosomes b. vacuoles c. golgi complex d. endoplasmic Reticulum
3. Which 2 organelles are in plant and animals?
a. Cell wall and cytoplasm c. nucleus and plastids b. Cell membrane & cytoplasm
d. cell membrane and chloroplast
4. Serves as the control center of the cell
a. ribosomes b. nucleus c. vacuole d. cytoplasm
5. It is semipermeable because it permits some substances but prevents others to pass through
a. Cell membrane b. golgi body c. lysosomes d. mitochondria
6. Plants and animal cells both have nucleus. a. True b. False
7. Plants don’t have chloroplast a. True b. False
8. Animals have chloroplast a. True b. False
9. The basic unit that makes up living things
a. Cell b. Nucleus c. cytoplasm d. organelle
10. This type of cell needs a cell wall and chloroplast
a. Plant cell b. bacteria c. animal cell d. fungi
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ENRICHMENT:
READ ABOUT THIS

ENRICHMENT:
READ ABOUT THIS

Our body is constantly replacing cells. Cells need to divide for a number of reasons, including
the growth of an organism and to fill gaps left by dead and destroyed cells after an injury, for
instance.

There are two types of cell division: Mitosis and meiosis.

Mitosis

Mitosis is how most of the cells in the body divide. The “parent” cell splits into two
“daughter” cells.
Both daughter cells have the same chromosomes as each other and the parent. They are
referred to as diploid because they have two complete copies of the chromosomes.

Meiosis

Meiosis creates sex cells, such as the male sperm and female egg cells. In meiosis, a small
portion of each chromosome breaks off and sticks to another chromosome; this is called
genetic recombination.

This means that each of the new cells has a unique set of genetic information. It is this
process that allows genetic diversity to occur.

So, in brief, mitosis helps us grow, and meiosis makes sure we are all unique.
 Page 13

CAPAS NATONAL HIGH SCHOOL

S.Y.2021-2022
LECTURE & ACTIVITIES
SCIENCE G-7
2ND QUARTER

NAME____________________________ ___YR &SECTION___________________ SCORE____________

LESSON 4- Reproduction: sexual & asexual

PRE-TEST/POST TEST
Direction : choose the letter of the correct answer

1. The gonads produce gametes that fuse together to form a single cell called the
a. Blastocyst b. zygote c. alleles d. genes
2. Which of these is a hermaphrodite?
a. Slug b. snail c. earthworm d. all
3. Pick the incorrect statement about reproductive organs
a. Male reproductive orgns comprise a pair of testes
b. Sperms are produce by ovaries
c. Development of the baby takes place in the uterus
d. A mature egg is release into the oviduct every month
4. Pick the odd one out
a. Sperm ducts
b. Penis
c. Uterus
d. Pair of testes
5. The fertilized eggs are laid outside, where they receive nourishment from the yolk - this
condition is
a. Ovoviviparity
b. Oviparity
c. Viviparity
d. None of the above
 Page 14

What is Reproduction?
Reproduction is the process of producing individuals of the same kind. Most of the
organisms reproduce by mating that increases the genetic variability of the organism. The
males and females have separate reproductive organs known as gonads. These gonads
produce gametes that fuse together to form a single cell called the zygote.
Reproductive Organs
The male reproductive organs comprise a pair of testes, sperm ducts, and a penis. The
sperms are produced by the testes. The sperms are very small in size with a head, a middle
piece, and a tail.
The female reproductive organs comprise a pair of ovaries, oviducts, and the uterus. The
eggs (ova) are produced by the ovaries. The development of the baby takes place in the
uterus. A mature egg is released into the oviduct every month

Modes of Reproduction
Depending on the number of parents involved, there are different modes of reproduction.
In animals is of two types of reproduction :

1. Sexual Reproduction.
2. Asexual Reproduction.

Sexual Reproduction in Animals

The process in which the male and female gametes fuse together to form a new individual is
called sexual reproduction.

Asexual Reproduction in Animals

Besides sexual reproduction, the other major type of reproduction seen in the animal
kingdom is asexual reproduction. This type of reproduction is mostly observed in lower
organisms and unicellular microbes.
It is the process in which a new individual is formed by the involvement of a single parent
without the involvement of the gamete formation. The individuals produced are genetically
and morphologically similar.
It occurs in unicellular organisms. The cells divide by mitotic division and no fertilization
takes place. The division occurs very rapidly.
Did you know that few animals such as earthworms, snails, slugs, etc. are hermaphrodites
and possess male and female reproductive organs in the same organism?

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Types of Asexual Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction is of the following types:

Binary Fission
It is seen in amoeba and euglena. The parent cell undergoes mitosis and increases in size.
The nucleus also divides. Two identical daughter cells are obtained, each containing a
nucleus. Prokaryotes like bacteria majorly reproduce by binary fission.

Budding
In this, the offspring grows out of the body of the parent. It remains attached to the parent
until it matures. After maturation, it detached itself from the parent and lives as an
individual organism. This form of reproduction is most common in Hydras.

Fragmentation
In some organisms like Planarians, when the body of an organism breaks into several
pieces each piece grows into an individual offspring. This is known as fragmentation. It can
occur through accidental damage by predators or otherwise, or as a natural form of
reproduction. In few animals such as sea star, a broken arm grows into a complete
organism.

Regeneration
It is a modified form of fragmentation and occurs mostly in Echinoderms. When a part of
an organism, like an arm, detaches from the parent body, it grows into a completely new
individual. This is known as regeneration.

Parthenogenesis
This is a form of asexual reproduction where the egg develops without fertilization. This
process occurs in bees, wasps, ants, aphids, rotifers, etc. Ants, wasps, and bees produce
haploid males. Parthenogenesis has been observed in a few vertebrates such as
hammerhead sharks, Komodo dragons, blacktop sharks when the females were isolated
from the males.

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REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS
In plants there are two modes of reproduction, asexual and sexual. There are several
methods of asexual reproduction such as fragmentation, budding, spore formation and
vegetative propagation.
1. Sexual reproduction produces offspring that are not identical to their parents. Sexual
reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes.
2. Asexual reproduction produces identical offspring. There are several methods of asexual
reproduction such as fragmentation, budding, spore formation and vegetative propagation.
No flowers are required for this method

a. Budding
Budding is the mode of asexual reproduction wherein a new plant is developed from an
outgrowth known as the bud. A bud is generally formed due to cell division at one
particular site.

b. Vegetative Propagation
It is any form of asexual reproduction occurring in plants, in which new plants are produced from
the vegetative parts of the plants, i.e. roots, stems or buds. Vegetative propagation in plants can
occur both by naturally or also can be artificially induced by horticulturists.
The most common techniques of vegetative propagation are:
1. Stems – Runners are the stems which usually grow in a horizontal form above the
ground. They have the nodes where the buds are formed. These buds usually grow
into a new plant.
2. Roots – A new plant is developed from modified roots called tubers. Example: Sweet
Potato
3. Leaves – In some plants, detached leaves from the parent plant can be used to grow
a new plant. They exhibit growth of small plants, called plantlets, on the edge of
their leaves

c. Fragmentation
This is a mode of asexual reproduction in which a new plant is produced from a portion of
the parent plant. Each section or a part of the plants develop into a mature, fully grown
individual. Some plants possess specialized structures for reproduction through
fragmentation. This type of reproduction happens naturally where the small part of the
plant fall off onto soil and then begin to grow up into a new plant. 
d. Spore Formation
Many plants and algae form spores in their life cycle. A spore is an asexual reproductive
body, surrounded by a hard protective cover to withstand unfavourable conditions such as
high temperature and low humidity. Under favourable conditions, the spores germinate and
grow into new plants. Plants like moss and ferns use this mode of reproduction .
Page 17
The reproductive organ of gumamela flower
 structur
Function
e

The male parts of the flower (each

Stamens consists of an anther held up on a
filament)

Anthers Produce male sex cells (pollen grains)

The top of the female part of the flower

Stigma
which collects pollen grains

Produces the female sex cells (contained

Ovary
in the ovules)

ACTIVITY 1
What are the parts of a complete flower?
A complete flower is the one that consists of sepals, petals, stamens and pistil. On the
contrary, an incomplete flower is the one that lacks one or more of these structures.

A. Get a gumamela flower and name its reproductive parts

B. Let the flower dry under the sun and paste it on a piece of cardboard
C. Label the parts and cover it with plastic
Page 18
ACTIVITY 2

A. Paste a picture of animals that produce their own kind

QUESTIONS:
1. What is their method of reproduction?____________
2. Are the parent animal look alike their offspring? ______
3. How many number of offspring?_______
4. Are these animals far from extinction? Write your answer in the box below.

Page 19
ACTIVITY 3
Plant any variety of plant using any of the following method : fragmentation, budding, and
vegetative propagation./document your activity (picture) Use the space provided

Question:
1. What method of propagation did you use?__________
2. Explain briefly the method use_______________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. Will the plant you planted be like the mother plant? Why?________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4. Are plants important to man? Why?

Page 20
ENRICHMENT: READ

Fertilization
 The semen contains millions of sperms. A single sperm fuses with the ova during
fertilization. The nuclei of the egg and the sperm fuse together to form a single
nucleus. Thus, a zygote is formed.
Fertilization is of two types:

 Internal Fertilization
The fertilization that takes place inside the body of the female is known as
internal fertilization. For eg., humans, cows, dogs, etc. This method is more
prevalent in terrestrial animals. However, some aquatic animals also adopt this
method. This may take place by direct introduction of sperms by the male in the
female reproductive tract, or the male deposits the sperms in the environment
which is picked up by the female in her reproductive tract.
They are three ways by which offsprings are produced by internal fertilization:
1. Oviparity– The fertilized eggs are laid outside, where they receive
nourishment from the yolk.
2. Ovoviviparity– The fertilized eggs are retained in the female’s body where
they receive nourishment from the yolk. The eggs are laid right before they
are hatched.
3. Viviparity– The offsprings are born directly instead of hatching from the
eggs. They receive nutrition from the mother. This can be seen in
mammals.

Very good!!!

Page 21

CAPAS NATONAL HIGH SCHOOL

S.Y.2021-2022
LECTURE & ACTIVITIES
SCIENCE G-7
 2ND QUARTER

NAME____________________________ ___YR &SECTION___________________ SCORE____________

Lesson 5- THE INTERACTIONS AMONG LIVING ORGANISMS AND TO THEIR ENVIRONMENT

5.1 The components of an ecosystem

Ecology is the study of organisms and how they interact with the environment around
them. An ecologist studies the relationship between living things and their habitats.
The four main levels of study in ecology are the organism, population, community, and
ECOSYSTEM
Below is an example of an ecosystem. It is compose of 2 interacting factors: biotic & abiotic
A. Look at the picture and lists down the biotic and abiotic components. Write your
answer in the table. Add a space if necessary.

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Ecosystem : ACTIVITY 1

BIOTIC FACTORS ABIOTIC FACTORS

 Abiotic factors refer to non-living physical and chemical elements in the ecosystem.

Examples of abiotic factors are water, air, soil, sunlight, and minerals.

Abiotic resources are usually obtained from the lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere.

Biotic factors are living or once-living organisms in the ecosystem.

These are obtained from the biosphere and are capable of reproduction.

Examples of biotic factors are animals, birds, plants, fungi, and other similar organisms.

B. Observe your backyard make a list of organisms that thrives/lives in the area.

Organisms found: ACTIVITY 2

"No man is an island.” This saying is also true for organisms in an ecosystem. No organism
exists in isolation.  Individual organisms live together in an ecosystem and depend on one
another.  In fact, they have many different types of interactions with each other, and many
of these interactions are critical for their survival.

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5.2 ECOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS/ The interactions among the living
organisms and their environment.

No man is an island.” This saying is also true for organisms in an ecosystem. No organism
exists in isolation.  Individual organisms live together in an ecosystem and depend
on one another.  In fact, they have many different types of interactions with each other,
and many of these interactions are critical for their survival.

So what do these interactions look like in an ecosystem?

1. One category of interactions describes the different ways organisms obtain
their food and energy.

Some organisms can make their own food, and other organisms have to get their food by
eating other organisms. An organism that must obtain their nutrients by eating (consuming)
other organisms is called a consumer, or a heterotroph.
All animals, all fungi, and some kinds of bacteria are heterotrophs and consumers.

A primary consumer eats producers (e.g., a caterpillar eating a leaf);

a secondary consumer eats primary consumers (e.g., a robin eating the caterpillar). And it
can go even further: a tertiary consumer eats secondary consumers (e.g., a hawk eating the
robin). A single individual animal can act as a different type of consumer depending on
what it is eating. 

2 Another category of interactions between organisms has to do with close,

usually long-term interaction between different types of organisms. These
interactions are called symbiosis. The impacts of symbiosis can be positive,
negative, or neutral for the individuals involved.
  
ACTIVITY 3
(Analyze and identify which organism is benefited and which is harmed between the relationship and
interaction)

Direction: write + sign above the organism if benefited, – sign if harmed, 0 if neutral.

1. Ants living in a tree.

2. A tick suck blood in a dog.

3. The cat eating a rat.

4. Parasite in human intestine

5. Bees & butterflies on flowering plants

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Read…read…read
KEY NOTES:

Abiotic factors refer to non-living physical and chemical elements in the ecosystem.
Examples of abiotic factors are water, air, soil, sunlight, and minerals.
Abiotic resources are usually obtained from the lithosphere, atmosphere, and
hydrosphere.

Biotic factors are living or once-living organisms in the ecosystem.

These are obtained from the biosphere and are capable of reproduction.
 Examples of biotic factors are animals, birds, plants, fungi, and other similar organisms.

On a larger scale, abiotic interactions refer to patterns such as climate

and seasonality. Factors such as temperature, humidity and the
presence or absence of seasons affect the ecosystem.
"No man is an island.” This saying is also true for organisms in an ecosystem. No
organism exists in isolation.  Individual organisms live together in an ecosystem and
depend on one another.  In fact, they have many different types of interactions with each
other, and many of these interactions are critical for their survival.

One category of interactions describes the different ways organisms

obtain their food and energy. Some organisms can make their own food, and other
organisms have to get their food by eating other organisms. An organism that must obtain
their nutrients by eating (consuming) other organisms is called a consumer, or
a heterotroph.  All animals, all fungi, and some kinds of bacteria are heterotrophs and
consumers. .

Not all organisms need to eat others for food and energy. Some organisms have the
amazing ability to make (produce) their own energy-rich food molecules from
sunlight and simple chemicals.  Organisms that make their own food by using sunlight or
chemical energy to convert simple inorganic molecules into complex, energy-rich organic
molecules like glucose are called producers or autotrophs

A primary consumer eats producers (e.g., a caterpillar eating a leaf);

a secondary consumer eats primary consumers (e.g., a robin eating the caterpillar).
And it can go even further: a tertiary consumer eats secondary consumers (e.g., a
hawk eating the robin). A single individual animal can act as a different type of consumer
depending on what it is eating.

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Ecological relationships
- describe the interactions between and among organisms within their
environment. These interactions may have positive, negative or neutral effects
on either species' ability to survive and reproduce, or "fitness." By classifying
these effects, ecologists have derived five major types of species interactions:
predation, competition, mutualism, commensalism and amensalism.

1. Predation: One Wins, One Loses

Predation includes any interaction between two species in which one species
benefits by obtaining resources from and to the detriment of the other. While it's
most often associated with the classic predator-prey interaction, in which one
species kills and consumes another

2. Competition: The Double Negative

Competition exists when multiple organisms vie for the same, limiting resource.
Because the use of a limited resource by one species decreases availability to the
other, competition lowers the fitness of both. Competition can be interspecific,
between different species, or intraspecific, between individuals of the same
species. 

3. Mutualism: Everyone Wins

Mutualism describes an interaction that benefits both species. A well-known

example exists in the mutualistic relationship between alga and fungus that form
lichens. The photsynthesizing alga supplies the fungus with nutrients, and gains
protection in return. The relationship also allows lichen to colonize habitats
inhospitable to either organism alone. In rare case, mutualistic partners cheat.
Some bees and birds receive food rewards without providing pollination services
in exchange. These "nectar robbers" chew a hole at the base of the flower and
miss contact with the reproductive structures.

4. Commensalism: A Positive/Zero Interaction

An interaction where one species benefits and the other remains unaffected is
known as commensalism. 

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5. Amensalism: A Negative/Zero Interaction

Amensalism describes an interaction in which the presence of one species has a

negative effect on another, but the first species is unaffected. For example, a herd
of elephants walking across a landscape may crush fragile plants. Amensalistic
interactions commonly result when one species produces a chemical compound
that is harmful to another species. The chemical juglone produced in the roots of
black walnut inhibit the growth of other trees and shrubs, but has no effect on
the walnut tree.
SUMMARY:

IN YOUR OWN WORDS, SUM UP ECOSYSTEM USING THE ABOVE PICTURE

AS GUIDE.

Congrats!