3rd Year

Spring Semester
 Sonnet 18
Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?
Thou art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date;
Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,
And often is his gold complexion dimm'd;
And every fair from fair sometime declines,
By chance or nature’s changing course untrimm'd;
But thy eternal summer shall not fade,
Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st;
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st:
So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,
So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
‫بــــــە پـــیــــر ئــــــەو مــــاهـــەوە چـووم و بە سەرچووم‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫پەریی بوو ‪ ،‬ئەو نەبوو ‪ ،‬شـــەو بوو ‪ ،‬بە ســــەرچـــــووم‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫تەڵێ نێرگـــــســــــن و بــــاغـــــــی حــــیـــرەتــــن پـــــــێ‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫بە فەڕهـــــات و ‪ ،‬وەكـــــو گــــوڵ زوو بـــە ســــەرچووم‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫گـــــلـــــــــەی پێشن لــــەسەر ســــەر هــــەم بـــووە بـــــار‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫كە دیــــــی هـــــن دولبـــەر هــــات و بـــە ســــەرچــــووم‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫دەزانــن بــــــادیــیــەی عـــیــشـــقــــــــــە خـــــەتــــەرنـاك‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫كەچــــی هەرچــــووم ‪ ،‬ئەگــــەر هــــام و ئەگــــەر چــووم‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫لە حینـــــی نـــــەزعی ڕووحـــــا ‪ ،‬ڕووحـــــی عـــــاشــق‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫وتی ‪ :‬ئـــــۆخــــــــــــەی لە میحنــــەتخانــــە دەرچــــــووم‬ ‫‪‬‬

 Poetry

 The term poetry is derived from the Greek word (Poiein,
Poieo) meaning (to create / make/to produce), indicating that
the poet is the person who “makes” verse.

 Although poet originally meant the writer of any kind of

literature, we now use the word exclusively to mean a person
who writes poems.
 William Wordsworth “poetry is the spontaneous overflow of
powerful feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in
tranquility..”
 (Horace) “Poetry is like painting”
 Sir Philip Sidney “Poetry is a speaking picture, with this end, to
teach and delight”
 The Concise Oxford’s definition of poetry is “elevated expression
of elevated thought or feeling in metrical or rhythmical form”.
 Poetry is the art(talent) and craft of putting feelings into special
combinations of words.
 …?
 What are the distinctive feature of poetry?
• the distinctive feature of poetry lie in the form,
verse, rhythm , rhyme , and often the elliptical style.
• The variation in line lengths and the division into
stanzas.
• The style is often condensed and intensified
• ….?

The Apparition of these face in the crowd;

Petals on a wet black bough.
 Verse & Prose

 Nearly all poems are written in verse – that is, they have
line breaks and meter (rhythm).
 The opposite of poetry is “prose” – that is, normal text that
runs without line breaks or rhythm.
 Meter: Rules governing the number and arrangement of
syllables in each line
 Samuel Taylor Coleridge state the difference :

“ Prose= words in their best order; Poetry = the best words

in the best order”
 The aim of Poetry

 Poetry can be written with all the same purposes as any
other kind of literature – beauty, humor, storytelling,
political messages, etc.
 Traditionally, poetry was enjoyed; it gave pleasure. It
represented beautiful things and was itself beautiful.
 Against its aesthetic function was, therefore, its moral
(didactic)one.
 It is both instructional and entertaining
 To express an emotion /thought
 To…..?
 Origin of Poetry
 Poetry is probably the oldest form of literature, and
probably predates the origin of writing itself.

 The oldest written manuscripts we have are poems,

mostly epic poems telling the stories of ancient
mythology.

 This style of writing may have developed to help people

memorize long chains of information in the days before
writing.

 Rhythm and rhyme can make the text more memorable,

and thus easier to preserve.
 Old English Poetry
 The earliest poems in English date back to the period of Old
English (450-1100).
 Many of these early English poems reflect the influence of
Christianity.
 the epic saga ‘Beowulf’, which dates to some time between
600 and 1000 A.D.
 Indeed , the most famous poem, the epic Beowulf, was
probably interpreted as a Christian allegory even though it
concerns the secular themes of adventure, courage, and war.

 Religious and epic poetry dominate the period, along with

proverbs, riddles, and charms, and are characterized by
alliteration rather than rhyme.
 Middle English Poetry
(11th to 16th centuries)

 Following the Norman conquest of 1066, Norman French became

the language of the upper classes and the courts, and exerted a huge
influence on the English language. The result was Middle English.

 Rhythm and rhyme replace alliteration as the distinguishing

characteristic

 The most famous poet of the period is undoubtedly Geoffrey

Chaucer, whose ‘Canterbury Tales’ took the chivalric romance and
brought it into the everyday with stories of millers, merchants, reeves,
and goodwives.
 Middle English Poetry

 Ever since the Middle English period(1100-1500) poets

have written about many other subjects, although religious
themes have remained important.

 Poetry at this time in dominated by brief, emotive lyric

poems and fantastical chivalric romances.
 Types of Poetry:
Narrative

Allegory Ballad Burlesque Epic

Lyric
Elegy Sonnet Ode Haiku

Dramatic
Monologue Soliloquy