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Earthquake Load
Earthquake Load
EBCS -8, 1995
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Types of Earthquakes
•Tectonic Earthquakes : occur when rocks in the
earth's crust break due to geological forces created
by movement of tectonic plates.
• Volcanic Earthquakes: occur in conjunction with
volcanic activity.
• Collapse Earthquakes :are small earthquakes in
underground mines,
• Explosion Earthquakes: result from the explosion
of nuclear and chemical devices.
* About 90% of all earthquakes result from tectonic
events, primarily movements on the faults

An earthquake is the vibration of Earth
produced by the rapid release of
accumulated energy in elastically strained
rocks. It is the earth’s natural means of
releasing stress.

Energy released radiates in all directions
from its source, the focus;

Energy propagates in the form of seismic
waves;
Effect of Earthquakes in
Structures
•When EQ occurs base of structure is subjected to
sudden movement.
•Since upper portion of the structure resist motion
because of inertia, a deformation is induced in the
structure.
•This deformation, induce a horizontal vibration that
cause horizontal shear forces.
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Basic principles of conceptual design

Aim of Earthquake Resistant Design
1. To prevent structural damage and limit non structural • The guiding principle in conceptual design against
damage seismic hazard are:
2. To prevent collapse during the worst credible event,  structural simplicity
with acceptable structural damage. (avoid total  uniformity and symmetry
collapse)
 bidirectional resistance and stiffness
•Structural Damage: Vertical and lateral force resisting  torsional resistance and stiffness
systems. E.g. frames and shear walls  diaphragmatic action at storey level
•Non-Structural Damage: chimney collapsing, windows  adequate foundation
breaking or celling falling, pipe damage

Consequence of structural regularity on

Earthquake Damage Dependency
seismic design EBCS 8, 1995

• EQ damage to be expected dependence on REGULARITY SIMPLIFICATION

BEHAVIOR
 Building Configuration FACTOR
PLAN ELEVATION MODEL ANALYSIS
 Construction Materials
 The site condition Yes Yes Planar Static* Basic
 The proximity of the building to neighboring
Yes No Planar Static* Increased
buildings
 Type of non-structural elements No Yes Spatial Static* Basic
No No Spatial Dynamic Increased
* Fundamental period < 2 seconds
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What is regularity in plan? What is regularity in plan? Cont’d

• Symmetric in plan w.r.t. two orthogonal directions

• Compact plan configuration (no H, I, X shapes) Re-
entrants in one direction < 25%
• In-plane stiffness of floors sufficiently large Where such shapes are to be used, segment of the
compared to stiffness of vertical elements building should be separated by space.
• Under the equivalent static seismic force, max.
displacement in the direction of seismic force does
not exceed avg. displacement by 20%

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What is regularity in plan? Cont’d What is regularity in elevation?

• All lateral load resisting systems run without

interruption from foundation to top level.
• Both lateral stiffness & mass of story's remain
constant or reduce gradually without abrupt changes
• Ratio of actual storey resistance to required
resistance should not vary disproportionately
between adjacent storeys.

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What is regularity in elevation? Cont’d What is regularity in elevation? Cont’d

• Stiffness or strength changes

a) A tower and wide base b) setbacks

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What is regularity in elevation? Cont’d Regularity in elevation (contd.)

• “Weak Story”
when setbacks
are present:

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Earthquake Analysis of Linear Systems EBCS 8 Elastic Design Spectra

Normalized Elastic Response Spectra
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• Equivalent Static Analysis (ESA)

Spectral acceleration / Ground acceleration:

2.5

• Dynamic Analysis
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 Response History Analysis (RHA) or (THA)

soil class A
1.5
 Response Spectrum Analysis (RSA) soil class B

bo
soil class C
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0.5

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Period T (sec)
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Equivalent Static Analysis, EBCS 8, 1995 Design spectrum coefficients

• Base shear force, Fb = Sd(T1) W a = aoI bedrock acceleration

• Fundamental period, T1 = C1 H3/4 ; T1 = 2 d ao=0.1, 0.07, 0.05, 0.03 acceleration ratio
• C1 depends on
0.085, 
    
 
 I = 1.4, 1.2, 1.0, 0.8
0.075, 


   
   
 
 ,   
 
    
 
importance factor
0.050, 


1.2 S
• Sd (T1) = abg β= 2/3
≤ 2 .5 response factor
T1
• Distribution of lateral force
( Fb − Ft ) Wi hi S = 1.0, 1.2, 1.5 site coefficient
Fi = and Ft = 0.07T1 Fb
∑W j h j
• Accidental torsion, eli = ±0.05 Li g= gokD kR kW ≤ 0.70 behavior factor
• Torsional effects in individual elements, d=1+0.6 x/Le
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Seismic Hazard map of Ethiopia Importance factors for buildings

Importance Importance
Buildings
category factor
bedrock Bldgs whose during EQ is vital
acceleration I importance, e.g. hospitals, fire 1.4
coefficient ao ao = 0.05g 0.1g stations, ...
Bldgs whose collapse results in
II serious consequence, e.g. schools, 1.2
assembly halls,
ordinary buildings not belonging to
III other categories
1.0
Bldgs of minor importance for
IV public safety, e.g. agricaltural bldgs., 0.8
etc. 22
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Subsoil classification Torsional effects

Subsoil Site coeff. • Spatial (3D) model, accidental torsional effects

Description
class S Mli = eli Fi
Rock vs ≥ 800 m/s in the top 5m where Mli torsional moment at storey i
A and stiff clay deposits vs ≥ 400 m/s at 1.0 eli accidental eccentricity of storey mass i
10m depth (eli = ± 0.05 Li)
medium dense sand, gravel or medium Fi horizontal force acting at storey i
B 1.2 • Planar (2D) models: amplify the action effects in individual
stiff clays vs ≥ 200 m/s at 10m depth
load resisting elements with a factor d
Loose cohesionless soil deposits with or
without some soft cohesive layers (d=1+0.6 x/Le)
C 1.5
vs < 200 m/s in the uppermost 20m • If torsional irregularity exists, increase eli by
2
where vs is shear wave velocity  δ 
A =  max  ≤ 3.0
 1.2δ avg 
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  24

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Scaling of results
• when base shear determined from procedures
of RSA < ESA:
 base shear shall be increased to the following
%age of the values determined from ESA
• 100% for irregular buildings
• 90% for regular buildings
deflections, member forces and moments increased
proportionally
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Determination of displacements
• Displacements induced by the design seismic
action:
d s = d e / gd
where
ds = displacement due to design seismic action
de = displacement from linear analysis based on
design spectrum (shall also include torsional
effects)
gd = displacement behavior factor
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Combination of components of seismic action
• Horizontal components shall be considered to act non-
concurrently
• Vertical components amounting to 70% of the horizontal
components shall be taken into account for:
 horizontal (or nearly) members spanning ≥ 20 m
 horizontal (or nearly) cantilever components
 horizontal (or nearly) prestressed components
 beam supporting columns
analysis is made on a partial model consisting of the
element under consideration and adjacent elements
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Safety Verifications
1. Ultimate limit states
safety against collapse (ULS) is ensured if
resistance, ductility, equilibrium, foundation
stability and seismic joint conditions are met
a. Resistance condition
 Design action effects ≤ design resistance; Ed ≤ Rd
 Second order effects:
Interstorey drift sensitivity coeff., θ=
Ptot d r
if θ ≤ 0.10  no need to consider
Vtot h
0.1 < θ ≤ 0.2  consider 2nd order effects by amplifying
results by a factor 1/(1- θ)
θ shall not exceed 0.25
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Safety Verifications (contd.)
b. Ductility condition
 check that the structural elements and the structure as a
whole posses adequate ductility
 specific material related requirements shall be satisfied
c. Equilibrium condition
 bldg. should be stable against overturning and sliding
 additional SLS verification for bldgs with sensitive
equipments
d. Resistance of horizontal diaphragms
 Horizontal diaphragms & bracings shall have sufficient over-
strength in transmitting lateral loads
 The above requirements are satisfied if the diaphragms can
resist 1.3 times forces obtained from analysis
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Safety Verifications
2. Serviceability limit states
limitation of damage requirement (SLS) is satisfied if,
under the design seismic action, the interstorey
drifts dr are limited to:
a. For bldgs having non-structural elements of brittle
materials attached to the structure
dr ≤ 0.01 h
b. For bldgs having non-structural elements fixed in a
way not to interfere with structural deformations
dr ≤ 0.015 h
where h is the storey height
c. Additional SLS verification may be req’d for
important bldgs containing sensitive equipments
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Safety Verifications (contd.)
e. Resistance of foundation
 Verification of foundations according to EBCS 7.
 Action effects based on capacity design consideration, but
shall not exceed that of linear behavior with g =1.
 If the action effects are determined using g ≥ 0.7, no
capacity design consideration is needed
f. Seismic joint condition
 To check that there is no collision with adjacent structures
• Distance between potential points of impact < max. ds
• When floor elevations of adjacent bldgs are the same the max.
separation distance referred above can be reduced by a factor of 0.7
• If shear (bumper) wall provided on the perimeter of the bldgs no
separation distance needed, a 40 mm separation can be used for the
rest of the bldg.
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Design provisions for concrete buildings
• Design Concepts:
 EQ resistant concrete bldgs shall provide adequate energy
dissipation capacity
 Overall ductile behavior is ensured if the ductility demand
is spread over a large number of elements. Ductile mode
of failure (flexure) should precede brittle failure modes
(shear)
 With regard to required dissipation capacity, three ductility
classes are set to provide appropriate amount of ductility
 Different behavior factors g are used for each ductility
class
 In seismic zones 1 & 2 design load combinations according
to EBCS 2 provisions with an appropriate g.
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Ductility Classes Behavior factors g

• Depending on the required hysteretic dissipation • g = gokD kR kW ≤ 0.70
capacity  go = basic value of structural response, depends on structure type
 DC”L” (low ductility) go
Structural type
• structures designed and dimensioned according to EBCS 2
• concrete class ≥ C 20 Frame system 0.20
 DC”M” (medium ductility) Frame equivalent 0.20
• specific provisions for design and detailing to ensure inelastic Dual system Wall eqv with coupled walls 0.20
behavior of the structure without brittle failure
• concrete class ≥ C 25 Wall eqv with uncoupled walls 0.20
 DC”H” (high ductility) with coupled walls 0.20
Wall system
• special provisions for design and detailing to ensure stable with uncoupled walls 0.25
mechanisms with large dissipation of hysteretic energy
Core system 0.30
• concrete class ≥ C 25
Inverted pendulum system 0.50
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Behavior factors g (contd.) Design criteria for concrete bldgs

• kD = factor reflecting ductility class

• Local resistance criterion
 kD = 1.0 for DC”H”,
 All critical regions shall have adequate resistance
 kD = 1.5 for DC”M”,
 kD = 2.0 for DC”L”.  Second order effects shall be taken into account
• kR = factor reflecting structural regularity in elevation • Capacity design criterion
 kR = 1.00 for regular structures  brittle or undesirable failure mechanisms shall be
 kR = 1.25 for irregular structures prevented, (e.g. shear failure of elements, BCJ failure,
• kW = factor reflecting the prevailing failure mode in or yielding of foundation)
structural systems with walls  plastic hinges shall be distributed throughout the
 1.00 for frame and frame equivalent systems structure, only in beams and not in columns except at
 (2.5 – 0.5 ao) ≥ 1.0 for wall, wall equivalent systems the base of the bldg.
and core systems (refer to the next slide)
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Choice of ductile mode failure

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