RAR/517/15 100171 AMANUEL MINTESNOT

STRUCTURE REVIEW (CHAPTER 1&2)

Loads on Structures
•Classification of loads
 Area of application: Concentrated, Distributed (UDL)
 Direction: Vertical (Gravity), Horizontal (Lateral)
 Response: Static, Dynamic
 Variation with time: Permanent (Dead), Variable (Live)
•Classification of loads in Building Codes

 Permanent (Dead)
 Variable (Live)
 Environmental Loads
•Wind
•Earthquake (Seismic)
•Snow
•Rain
•Earth pressure

Wind load

•The wind loads that act on a structure result from movement of the air against the
obstructing surfaces.

•Wind effects induce forces, vibrations, and in some cases instabilities in the overall
structure as well as its non-structural components.

• These wind effects depend on: angle of induced wind, the wind speed, mass density
of the air, location and geometry of the structure, and vibrational characteristics of the
system.

Earthquake Load

 An earthquake is the vibration of Earth produced by the rapid release of

accumulated energy in elastically strained rocks.
 It is the earth’s natural means of releasing stress.
 Energy released radiates in all directions from its source, the focus;
 Energy propagates in the form of seismic waves;

Types of Earthquakes

•Tectonic Earthquakes : occur when rocks in the earth's crust break due to geological
forces created by movement of tectonic plates.
RAR/517/15 100171 AMANUEL MINTESNOT

• Volcanic Earthquakes: occur in conjunction with volcanic activity.

• Collapse Earthquakes :are small earthquakes in underground mines,

• Explosion Earthquakes: result from the explosion of nuclear and chemical devices.
About 90% of all earthquakes result from tectonic events, primarily movements on the
faults

Effect of Earthquakes in Structures

•When EQ occurs base of structure is subjected to sudden movement.

•Since upper portion of the structure resist motion because of inertia, a deformation is
induced in the structure.

•This deformation, induce a horizontal vibration that cause horizontal shear forces.

Aim of Earthquake Resistant Design

1. To prevent structural damage and limit non structural damage

2. To prevent collapse during the worst credible event, with acceptable structural
damage. (avoid total collapse)

•Structural Damage: Vertical and lateral force resisting systems. E.g. frames and shear
walls

•Non-Structural Damage: chimney collapsing, windows breaking or celling falling, pipe

damage.

Basic principles of conceptual design

•The guiding principle in conceptual design against seismic hazard are:

 structural simplicity
 uniformity and symmetry
 bidirectional resistance and stiffness
 torsional resistance and stiffness
 diaphragmatic action at storey level
 adequate foundation