Electrical Distribution

Submitted To :-

Manager ED

Submitted by:-

Fatima Khan

16-EE-151

ID No. 272

HitecUniversity Taxila

Dated:- 27July,2019

Electricity Production
They are two department related to electricity production.
 Power house(generation)
 ED(distribution)

Electrical Distribution

In POF, electricity is distributed from beginning till end to factory and remote area. As the
electricity generation in pof is 17-18MW but average load demand is 34-35MW. So to meet the
load demand pof have to import from WAPDA. POF have imported two lines from main grid
station burhan which is WAH5(SS north) and WAH6(ss east,west). Main grid is feeding the
voltages of 132kv which is converted in to 11kv using isolators,current transformer, circuit
breakers, light arresters, and step down transformer.

Types of distribution
There are three types of electricity distribution.
 Radial distribution
 Ring main distribution
 Interconnected distribution

Ring main distribution system

In pof ring main system is used. Each distribution transformer is fed with two feeders but in
different paths. The feeders in this system form a loop which starts from the substation bus-bars,
runs through the load area feeding distribution transformers and returns to the substation bus-bars.
The following figure shows a typical single line diagram of a ring main distribution system.

Single line
diagram of
132kv grid
station
Main parts of grid panel
Disconnectors
A disconnector, disconnect switch or isolator switch is used to ensure that an electrical circuit is
completely de-energized for service or maintenance. Such switches are often found in electrical
distribution and industrial applications, where machinery must have its source of driving power
removed for adjustment or repair. In west grid three disconnectors are installed one of them is
main controlling disconnector ,other two are controlling the two lines.
Relays
Relay is a switch which controls (open and close) circuits electromechanically. The main
operation of this device is to make or break contact with the help of a signal without any human
involvement in order to switch it ON or OFF. It is mainly used to control a high powered circuit
using a low power signal.
They are many types of relays but in pof two types are used

1.Current relay
Current starting relays consist of a low resistance coil and a set of normally open contacts. The
coil is wired between terminals L and M. The contacts are wired between terminals L and 2 when
a start capacitor is used

2.Differential relay
A differential relay is defined as the relay that operates when the phase difference of two or more
identical electrical quantities exceeds a predetermined amount. The differential relay works on the
principle of comparison between the phase
angle and magnitude of two or more similar
electrical quantities.

Circuit breakers
A circuit breaker is an automatically
operated electrical switch designed to protect an
electrical circuit from damage caused by
excess current from an overload or short
circuit. Its basic function is to interrupt current
flow after a fault is detected.Two types of
breakers are used in pof:
Oil circuit breaker
Oil circuit breaker is such type of circuit breaker which used oil as a dielectric or insulating
medium for arc extinction. In oil circuit breaker the contacts of the breaker are made to separate
within an insulating oil. When the fault occurs in the system the contacts of the circuit breaker are
open under the insulating oil, and an arc is developed between them and the heat of the arc is
evaporated in the surrounding oil.

Vacuum circuit breakers

A vacuum circuit breaker is a kind of circuit breaker where the arc quenching takes place in
vacuum medium. The operation of switching on and closing of current carrying contacts and
interrelated arc interruption takes place in a vacuum chamber in the breaker which is called
vacuum interrupter.

Lightning arresters
Lightning arrester is a device used on electric power systems and telecommunication systems to
protect the insulation and conductors of the system from the damaging effects of lightning. The
typical lightning arrester has a high-voltage terminal and a ground terminal.

Step down transformer

Two step down transformer which are used to step down the voltage 132/11kv with rating of
1013MVA.

Inside parameters in grid panel

Capacitor bank
A Capacitor Bank is a group of several capacitors of the same rating that are connected in series or
parallel with each other to store electrical energy . The resulting bank is then used to counteract or
correct a power factor lag or phase shift in an alternating current (AC) power supply.

Metering panel
Voltmeter
An instrument for measuring electric potential in volts.
Ammeter
An ammeter (from Ampere Meter) is a measuring instrument used to measure the current in a
circuit.

Groups in Electrical distribution

Following are the main groups of electrical distribution
 Cabel group
 Substation group
 Overhead group
 Billing group
 Metre maintenance group
 Street light and pump maintenance
Substation group
53 substation group are located inside the factory and state area. All the substation are connected
in ring main method.

Cable group

HT cable LT Cable
11kv cable 220/440v cable
size is 35mm² -240mm². size is 2.5mm²-300mm².
Core=3. Core =4.
Isolation of HT cable is checked by using HT Isolation of LT cable is checked by LT megger
megger whose setting ranges up to 12-16kv. and HT megger.
HT megger indication is "0" when there is fault HT megger range 5-8kv.
in cable, "kiloohm" when there is very little LT megger range 500-1000v.
fault, correct cable indication is "megaohm". Similarly LT megger also indicate "0" for faulty
HT cable depth is 3.5 foot. cable and megaohm for correct cable.
Depth of LT cabel is 3 foot and breath is 2 foot

Kinds of cable
PILC(paper isolated layersheet cable).
PILC cables are used in power distribution and other industrial circuits, where it is necessary to
splice into existing PILC cable system.

Armour cable.
General Cable’s armored cable products offer distinct advantages and deliver maximum
performance and ease of installation for a broad range of commercial, industrial and utility
applications. The unique characteristics of this all-in-one cable assembly provide an alternative to
labor-intensive cable-in-conduit installation methods.

Pvc
PVC (Polyvinyl chloride) is widely
used in electrical cable construction
for insulation, bedding and sheathing. It was the 1950s when PVC started to replace rubber
insulated and sheathed cables in general household wiring due to its ease of processing.
Processing of underground cable insulation
 Root decision
 Low loading between roots
 Less trees in the space
 Less distance
After the isulation of cable in hole, then sand is set on the cable which is used to protect cable
from moisture and then bricks wall is built to protect the cable and the soil.

Fault detection method

Megger
Test lamp
Forestate
Termination

Kinds of joints
Straight through joint
This is the mostly used type of a joint and is used to extend pieces of electrical cables.Straight
joints can be used for indoor, outdoor, submerged and underground cable jointing.

End joint
The end joints are used at the live voltage cable ends. The ends joints are suitable for temporary
and permanent cable abandonment to provide safe termination of live power cables for indoor,
outdoor as well as underground cables.

T-joint
T-joint is used to join low voltage, polymeric, non-shielded cables of between 1 and 5 cores. The
branch jointing provides a reliable electrical connection, electrical insulation and mechanical
protection.The connectors are either the compression or the mechanical type. The branch joints
can be used for indoor, outdoor, submerged and underground cable jointing.

Conclusion
The cable joints and terminations provide a means of making reliable electrical connections
between different cables or between the electrical cable and the terminals of equipment. There are
several standard type of cable joints and terminations, however, manufactures can make tailor
made joints to suit different technical requirements.

Billing group
The rate at which electrical energy is supplied to a consumer is
known as tariff.The billing group calculate the electricity bill of
all the consumers including pof employee , private ,commercial
and industrial consumers
 Electricity tariff for pof employee

Place Number of units Rate of electricity per unit

Quarters and bungalows Upto 50 units Rs 1.20
01 to 100 RS 3.47+60%FPAS
101 to 200 RS 4.87+60%FPAS
201 to 300 RS 6.12+60%FPAS
301 to 700 RS 9.60+60%FPAS
Above 700 RS 10.80+60%FPAS
(ii)There is minumm monthly charges at the following rates even if no energy is consumed .

a. Single phase connection RS 75

b. Three phase connection RS 150
RTE staff RS 250
Television RS 100
Fridge RS 150

Electricity tariff for (private domestic A-I)

Place Number of Rate of electricity per
units unit
Officers colony .Gulistan and Upto 50 units Rs 2
other Less then 5kv
01 to 100 RS 5.79+FPAS

101 to 200 RS 8.11+FPAS

201 to 300 RS 10.20+FPAS

301 to 700 RS 16.00+FPAS

Above 700 RS 18.00+FPAS

(ii)There is minumm monthly charges at the following rates even if no energy is consumed .

a. Single phase connection RS 75

b. Three phase connection RS 150

RTE staff RS 250

Television RS 100
Fridge RS 150
Overhead group
The whole overhead system all the the installation and maintenance work of overhead lines is
done by Overhead group of electrical distribution.

Meter maintenance group

All the the installation of new meters in residential and commercial area of wah and maintenance
work of all the old metres is done by meter maintenance group of electrical distribution.
Street light and pump maintenance group
The installation of street lights and their maintenance and also the installation and maintenance of
different pump in water plant is done by pump maintenance group