PROJECT REPORT

NAME- SHAHIL KUMAR SINGH

REG NO- 19110126051
ROLL NO- 19EEE43
BRANCH- EEE
COLLEGE- BCE BAKHTIYARPUR

TO: SANJAY JOSHI (HEAD- ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE

DEPARTMENT)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The time I spent here at Adani power Ltd. has been a tremendous learning
experience. Not only I have learnt a lot by way of practical application of my
theoretical knowledge, I have also gained valuable insights into an exciting
industry, its dynamics, and the way a mega project erects.

For this I am grateful to my guide Mr Sanjay Joshi (Senior Engineer,

Switchyard, APL) for his valuable time, able guidance, encouragement,
feedback, support at every step and his timely inputs.

I would also like to thank all those who helped me in my vocational training.

Dilip Acharya

HR Department
 INDEX

1 ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL 3
SYSTEM

2 SWITCHYARD INTRODUCTION 14

3 PHASE – 1 SWITCHYARD 15

4 PHASE – 2 SWITCHYARD 18

5 PHASE – 3 SWITCHYARD 19

6 PHASE – 4 SWITCHYARD 21
ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEM: -

1) Lightning arrestor: -

A lightning arrester is a device used on electrical power systems and

telecommunications systems to protect the insulation and conductors of the
system from the damaging effects of lightning. The typical lightning arrester has
a high-voltage terminal and a ground terminal. When a lightning surge (or
switching surge, which is very similar) travels along the power line to the
arrester, the current from the surge is diverted through the arrestor, in most
cases to earth.

In telegraphy and telephony, a lightning arrestor is

placed where wires enter a structure, preventing
damage to electronic instruments within and
ensuring the safety of individuals near them.
Smaller versions of lightning arresters, also called
surge protectors, are devices that are connected
between each electrical conductor in power and
communications systems and the Earth.

These prevent the flow of the normal power or

signal currents to ground, but provide a path over
which high-voltage lightning current flows,
bypassing the connected equipment. Their
purpose is to limit the rise in voltage when a
communications or power line is struck by
lightning or is near to a lightning strike.

2)Current Voltage Transformer: -

A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT), or

capacitance coupled voltage transformer (CCVT)
is a transformer used in power systems to step down extra high voltage signals
and provide a low voltage signal, for measurement or to operate a protective
relay. In its most basic form the device consists of three parts: two capacitors
across which the transmission line signal is split, an inductive element to tune
the device to the line frequency, and a transformer to isolate and further step
down the voltage for the instrumentation or protective relay.

The tuning of the divider to the line frequency makes the overall division ratio
less sensitive to changes in the burden of the connected metering or protection
devices. The device has at least four terminals: a terminal for connection to the
high voltage signal, a ground terminal, and two secondary terminals which
connect to the instrumentation or protective relay.

CVTs are typically single-phase devices used for measuring

voltages in excess of one hundred kilovolts where the use of
wound primary voltage transformers would be uneconomical.
In practice, capacitor C1 is often constructed as a stack of
smaller capacitors connected in series. This provides a large
voltage drop across C1 and a relatively small voltage drop
across C2.

3) ISOLATORS: -

Adisconnector or isolator switch is used to make sure that an electrical circuit

can be completely de-energised for service or maintenance. Such switches are
often found in electrical distribution and industrial applications where
machinery must have its source of driving power removed for adjustment or
repair.

High-voltage isolation switches are used in electrical substations to allow

isolation of apparatus such as circuit breakers and transformers, and
transmission lines, for maintenance. Often the isolation switch is not intended
for normal control of the circuit and is used only for isolation; in such a case, it
functions as a second, usually physically distant master switch (wired in series
with the primary one) that can independently disable the circuit even if the
master switch used in everyday operation is turned on.

There are two types of isolators: -

1) Single break type isolator
2) Double Side Double Break type isolator

4) CIRCUIT BREAKER: -

A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to

protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its
basic function is to detect a fault condition and, by interrupting continuity, to
immediately discontinue electrical flow. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and
then must be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually or
automatically) to resume normal operation. Circuit breakers are made in varying
sizes, from small devices that protect an individual household appliance up to
large switchgear designed to protect high voltage circuits feeding an entire city.

TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKER: -

1) PANEL TYPE CIRCUIT BREAKER

Low voltage (less than 1000 VAC) types are common in domestic, commercial
and industrial application, and include:

 MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker)—rated current not more than 100 A.

Trip characteristics normally not adjustable. Thermal or thermal-magnetic
operation. Breakers illustrated above are in this category.
 MCCB (Molded Case Circuit Breaker)—rated current up to 2500 A.
Thermal or thermal-magnetic operation. Trip current may be adjustable in
larger ratings.
 Low voltage power circuit breakers can be mounted in multi-tiers in low-
voltage switchboards or switchgear cabinets.
2) SF6 TYPE CIRCUIT BREAKER: -

A sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker uses contacts surrounded by sulfur

hexafluoride gas to quench the arc. They are most often used for transmission-
level voltages and may be incorporated into compact gas-insulated switchgear.

In cold climates, supplemental heating or de-rating of the circuit breakers may

be required due to liquefaction of the SF6 gas.
5) CURRENT TRANSFORMER: -

A current transformer (CT) is used for measurement of electric currents. Current

transformers, together with voltage transformers (VT) (potential transformers
(PT)), are known as instrument transformers.

When current in a circuit is too high to directly apply to measuring instruments,

a current transformer produces a reduced current accurately proportional to the
current in the circuit, which can be conveniently connected to measuring and
recording instruments.

A current transformer also isolates the measuring instruments from what may be
very high voltage in the monitored circuit. Current transformers are commonly
used in metering and protective relays in the electrical power industry.
6) WAVE TRAP:-

Line trap also is known as Wave trap. This is relevant in Power Line Carrier
Communication (PLCC) systems for communication among various substations
without dependence on the telecom company network. The signals are primarily
teleprotection signals and in addition, voice and data communication signals.
Line trap also is known as Wave trap. What it does is trapping the high
frequency communication signals sent on the line from the remote substation
and diverting them to the telecom/teleprotection panel in the substation control
room (through coupling capacitor and LMU).

This is relevant in Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) systems for

communication among various substations without dependence on the telecom
company network. The signals are primarily teleprotection signals and in
addition, voice and data communication signals.

The Line trap offers high impedance to the high frequency communication
signals thus obstructs the flow of these signals in to the substation busbar. If
there were not to be there, then signal loss is more and communication will be
ineffective/probably impossible.
7) TRANSFORMER: -

A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to

another through inductively coupled conductors—the transformer's coils. A
varying current in the first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux
in the transformer's core and thus a varying magnetic field through the
secondary winding. This varying magnetic field induces a varying electromotive
force (EMF), or "voltage", in the secondary winding. This effect is called
inductive coupling.

If a load is connected to the secondary, current will flow in the secondary

winding, and electrical energy will be transferred from the primary circuit
through the transformer to the load. In an ideal transformer, the induced voltage
in the secondary winding (Vs) is in proportion to the primary voltage (Vp) and is
given by the ratio of the number of turns in the secondary (Ns) to the number of
turns in the primary (Np) as follows:

By appropriate selection of the ratio of turns, a transformer thus enables an

alternating current (AC) voltage to be "stepped up" by making Ns greater than
Np, or "stepped down" by making Ns less than Np. The windings are coils wound
around a ferromagnetic core, air-core transformers being a notable exception.

8) REACTORS: -
Essentially a reactor is an inductor.  Physically it is a coil of wire that allows a
magnetic field to form around the coil when current flowsthrough it. When
energized, it is an electric magnet with the strength of the field being
proportional to the amperage flowing and the number of turns.

A simple loop of wire is an air core inductor. More loops give a higher
inductance rating. Quite often some ferrous material such as iron is added as a
core to the winding. This has the effect of concentrating the lines of magnetic
flux there by making a more effective inductor.

9) INSULATOR: -

A true insulator is a material that does not respond to an electric field and
completely resists the flow of electric charge. In practice, however, perfect
insulators do not exist. Therefore, dielectric materials with high dielectric
constants are considered insulators. In insulating materials valence electrons are
tightly bonded to their atoms. These materials are used in electrical equipment
as insulators or insulation. Their function is to support or separate electrical
conductors without allowing current through themselves. The term also refers to
insulating supports that attach electric power distribution or transmission
conductors to utility poles or transmission towers.

SWITCHYARD INTRODUCTION: -
A Switchyard or Substation, consisting of large breakers and towers, is usually
located in an area close to the plant. The substation is used as the distribution
centre where:

 electrical power is supplied to the plant from the outside, and

 electrical power is sent from the plant

Often there are at least 2 main Buses. Very high voltages (typically 220,000 or
345,000 volts) are present. Gas and oil circuit breakers are used. The gas (e.g.
sulphurhexafluoride) or oil is used to extinguish the arc caused when a breaker
is opened, either by a control switch or due to a fault. Manually or motor
operated disconnects are provided on either side of the breaker to allow the
breaker to be electrically isolated so that maintenance work can be performed. 

Switchyard forms an integral part of any power plant i.e. Industrial CPP,
Thermal Power Utilities, Gas Turbines based power plants or Hydel power
plants. These power plants have their main plant equipment integral controls
(Boiler / Turbine / Gas Turbine / Hydro Turbine) as well as plant DCS System
(BoP / Station C & I). While the entire power plant is integrated at the DCS
level, true unification is achieved by incorporating / integrating switchyard
controls (SCADA) also in the plant DCS.

The Supervisory control and data acquisition system (SCADA) of switchyard

consists of Operator Stations, Engineer's Stations, Historical Storage,
Computers and associated peripherals and the switchyard bay control systems
interconnected through a high speed network .

The system constitutes several operator work stations and engineer's work
station with high resolution Color display monitors, touch screen, function key
board, mouse, track ball and printers.

The system collects digital and analog information available throughout the
plant and presents information in various graphic displays, alarms, logs,
reports. 

The operator can perform control via CRT.

FEATURES OF SWITCHYARD: -
 Monitoring of status of switchyard equipment like isolators, breakers,
ground switches
 Issue of close/open commands to isolators, breakers

 Monitoring of system parameters like voltage, current, frequency, MW,

MVAR, energy

 Time stamping of alarms, events, protective relay operations

 Presentation of information useful to operator in different forms

 Report generation

 Historical storage and retrieval

 Remote control and monitoring from Load dispatch centre through fiber
optic/PLCC communication.

PHASE 1 SWITCHYARD
 Phase 1 Switchyard is known as three bus bar scheme type switchyard.
In which there are two main bus (main bus-1 & main bus-2) and third is
transfer bus. Unit-1 & unit-2 charges this three buses with the use of
different auxiliaries like generator transformer G.T., Current
Transformer C.T., Lightning arrestor L.A., Capacitive Voltage
Transformer C.V.T., Isolator, Insulators, etc.
 In phase-1 generator power of unit-1 &2 are used. First the generator
power is supplied to the generating transformer which is delta/star type
three phase transformer which has a capacity of 240/320/400 MVA &
this transformer is oil natural airforced type transformer. So this
transformer converts the input voltage to the 220 KV.
 This power charges the buses using many types of equipment. This
equipments are used for protection purpose & metering purpose. So
power has to pass through the different equipments and at least charge
the buses. So first power is supplied to the generating transformer and it
supply the power to current transformer by the line. Current transformer
is for protection purpose and it consists of 5 secondary cores.
 In the CT-1 each have different windings. In between generating
transformer and current transformer, the lightning arrestor and the
capacitive voltage transformer are parallel connected among of them.
 First the L.A is connected which is used for the line protection. When a
heavy spark occurs or heavy current flows lightning arrestor ground this
faulty current and we can protect the line from heavy faulty current.
 Now from CT the line is divided into 2 parts. One is directly connected
to the transfer bus through the isolator. Isolator used here are double side
double break type isolator which consists of motoring mechanism to
isolate the line.
 The other part which then charges the main bus-1 & 2 and the power
passes first to isolator which has two ground switches on both the ends.
 Earth switch are provided for the grounding purpose. In case of
maintenance of the line the ground switches of the isolators are used.
Then the power passes through the SF6 circuit breaker which is operated
manually and automatically.
 Now the power is divided into two paths and it charge BUS-1 & 2
through the isolator. Here both the buses are charged and we can take
power from any of the Bus and can feed it to the feeder and supplies it to
the station transformer also.
 If the buses are charged one time we can use it for distributing the power
to the different areas. We can distribute the power by using main bus-1
and main bus-2 or by the use of transfer bus.
 If we want to feed the power from the main bus-1 then the isolator of
main bus-2 so that transfer bus remains open & main bus-1 isolator
remains close. First power passes through the isolator and then it passes
through the circuit breaker and it again passes through the current
transformer which has 5 core and each core is used for specific
protection and metering purpose.
 And then it is again flows through the C.T-2 which is mainly used for
metering. It has two core if one of them is damaged then we can get the
reading from the other core. Now the power flows through the wave
trap.
 The use of this wave trap is to communicate between two substations
and the function is for PLCC operation. Then two CVT’s are parallel
connected to the feeder line. One CVT is used for protection and other
one is used for tariff metering & one lightning arrestor is parallel
connected to the feeder line to protect the line from the heavy faulty
current.
 At one end of the bus-1 and main bus-2 there is one CVT parallel
connected for the protection purpose of the buses. If the bus outgoing
voltage and incoming voltage are not same at that time it finds the
difference between them and take some necessary operation.
 Two station transformers are there in the phase-1 to run the plant
auxiliaries in the case of shunt down. We have to take this power from
 the GEB or other power plants but here the bus-1 is charged so we can
take electricity from the main bus-1 or main bus-2.
 Station transformer has 3 windings and they are star connected and it
step down the voltage from 220 to 6.6 KV and now we can use this
power to run the plant auxiliaries of Unit-1 & Unit-2. In both these units
plant auxiliaries load are shared on station transformer and unit auxiliary
transformer.
 In phase-1 switchyard there is one bus coupler and one bus transfer. Bus
coupler is used to couple both the main bus-1 & 2. In case of any
abnormal situation in which we cannot able to charge the second bus
then by the use of bus coupler we can charge the second bus by one bus
with the use of bus coupler.
 There are simple connections between two bus and this connection
consists of isolator, CT& SF6 circuit breaker. Second is Bus transfer
which is used for couple of transfer bus to the any of the main bus. So
with the use of the Bus Transfer we can transfer the power from the
transfer bus to the any of the main bus.

MAIN BUS 1 MAIN BUS 2 TRANSFER BUS

VOLTAGE (KV) 220 220 220
CURRENT (A) 2500 2500 1600
FREQUENCY 50 50 50
(Hz)

PHASE-2 SWITCHYARD
This switchyard is known as interconnecting bus scheme type switchyard. In
this switchyard there are two buses which is known as 400 KV main bus- 1& 2.
This switchyard gives the feeder the power of unit-3 & 4 and the power of ICT-
1 &2. The phase-2 switchyard has very important role because phase-2, 3 &4
buses are of 400 KV but the phase-1 is of 200 KV bus.

So there are two interconnecting transformer which connects the whole phase
bus. Interconnecting transformer can convert the power from 220KV to 400 KV
and also 400 KV to 220 KV.

Interconnecting transformer is connected with Phase-1 via Bus transfer and bus
coupler of Phase-1 because by which the power can be transferred into the
whole 3 buses of phase-1. ICT-1 is connected with the Bus Coupler and ICT-2
is connected with the Bus Transfer.

The Bus Coupler and Bus Transfer is connected with ICT-1 &2 with the help of
isolator & parallel connected with lightning arrestor. So when there is no use of
interconnection the isolator opens and the power interconnection between
Phase-1 & 2 Bus will not be held.

The power of Generator flows into the switchyard. In between there is one
generating transformer which step ups the voltage to the 400 KV. This power is
then feeded to the Circuit Breaker but in between there is one isolator and
parallel connected Capacitive Voltage Transformer and Lightning Arrestor.

The Circuit Breaker ends are connected with the two buses with the help of
breaker side isolator. When the powers of any bus have to transfer or for
charging of bus at that time the isolator becomes close of that side. The Bus
isolator is connected with the Circuit Breaker and it is connected with the
isolator.

That line connects with the Circuit Breaker with the help of CB side isolator.
There are two Current Transformer on both side of the Circuit Breaker for
Protection & Metering Purpose.

By this arrangement two buses are connected with the line and the line power is
then feeded to the feeder line but in between them there are some equipments
which are isolator, wave trap and parallel connected 2 CVT & 1 Lightning
Arrestors.

The same power flow scheme happens between the ICT & the feeder line. The
power of ICT is feeded to the feeder via a SF6 Circuit Breaker which is
connected to the 2 Buses through the series connected Current Transformer &
Isolator to the Bus side Isolator.
The Bus side Isolator is connected to the Current transformer & this CT is
connected with the Circuit Breaker & it is connected with isolator and it is
connected with the Bus.

Here the channel of ISOLATOR –CB-CT-ISOLATOR is for the protection

purpose. So by this both bus connects via Circuit Breaker and it is connected
with the line. This line feeds the power to the feeder via Isolator, Wave trap &
two parallel connected CVT & one L.A. Here two CVT’s are connected for
Protection and Tariff metering purpose.

There are two Bus Sectionalizer to connect the Bus because if there is any fault
or any maintenance happens all feeder line does not shut down. So to feed the
power to the feeder there are two Bus Sectionalizer. One for main Bus-1 and
other for main Bus-2 which connects with the main bus-1 & main bus-2 of
phase-3. The Bus Sectionalizer consists two isolator in between there is one
Circuit Breaker. So when any faulty current flows in any phase Circuit Breaker
opens up and two buses are disconnected.

In this Phase-2 the isolator are Double side Double Break Type Isolator which
has two earthing switch. Any type of maintenance occurs both the side of the
maintenance location the earthing closes and protection is give to the worker
from inductive power.

PHASE-3 SWITCHYARD
Phase-3 switchyard has a capacity of 440 KV. Here the generating transformer
unit-5 & Unit-6 are connected. The power generated by both this units is then
supplied to the generating transformer and is then transferred to the switchyard.
The transformer used here are three single phase transformer for one unit and
same arrangement for the other unit. In Phase-3 Switchyard it consists of one
and half Circuit Breaker arrangement.

ONE AND HALF CIRCUIT BREAKER SCHEME: -

In this scheme between two buses i.e. main bus-1 and main bus-2 three
circuit breakers are used. Now for the protection purpose across this
circuit breaker two isolators are placed. As a result for a single bus it can
be protected by one and half circuit breaker placed between the buses.
Hence it is named as ONE AND HALF CIRCUIT BREAKER SCHEME.
This arrangement is also applied in the Phase-4 Switchyard.

Phase consists of four dia in which the first dia is of generating transformer
Unit-5 and the other dia is of the station transformer which is of incoming line
for unit-5. The Station Transformer is operated in case of any failure,
breakdown or in startup condition.

The Third dia is of the unit-6. The Unit-6 generates 660 MW power and is then
transferred to the switchyard via three single phase transformer.

The Fourth dia consists of the 2 reactors at both the end of the Buses. The
Reactors are used for the maintaining the amount of the voltage in the line. If
the voltage increases then the reactor decreases it to the necessary values then it
transfers and vice-versa.

FIRST & SECOND DIA: -

First Dia is of unit-5. The power is transferred from Bus-1 to the Isolator and to
the Circuit Breaker. Through this circuit breaker power, input of uni-5
connection appears and gets divided into two paths. The other path has also the
same arrangement of the circuit breaker as explained and gets divided into two
paths one feeds the feeder and other line charges the bus-2 via circuit breaker
and isolator arrangement. The arrangement of Circuit Breaker is known as one
& half Circuit Breaker Arrangement.

Second Dia is of the Station Transformer-5.The power from the GEB is fed to
this dia and is then transferred to the ST-5 and gets distributed using the one &
half circuit Breaker arrangement.

THIRD & FOURTH DIA: -

Third Dia consists of the generating transformer Unit-6. The power generated
by this Unit is then divided into two paths one goes to the Bus-1 and other path
goes to the Bus-2 via Circuit Breaker. The first path power comes to the isolator
and goes to the circuit breaker and through the isolator charge the Bus-1. For
the other path it then feeds to the feeder via SF6 type circuit breaker & is then
transferred. For the charging of Bus-2 the power from Bus-1 transfers from SF6
breaker to the isolator and via other breaker it charge the Bus-2.

Fourth dia consists of Reactor Units on both the side of the Bus. The Reactor
units are installed and maintain the voltage. The power between both the
reactors circulates via one and half circuit breaker arrangement and it then
transfers to the Reactor-2 via Circuit Breaker and isolator.

UNIT-4 SWITCHYARD: -
This Switchyard has a capacity of 400 KV & it consists of unit -7, 8 & 9 and
two Station Transformers. The power generated by the Unit-7 is then transferred
between two buses.

The one path charges the Bus-1 via Circuit Breaker and Isolator while the other
path charges the Bus-2 via two Circuit breakers and four Isolators. The feeder
line is also connected after the isolator of second Circuit Breaker. This then
feeds to the HVDC terminals and uses its transmission of power.

Same arrangement is used for the Unit-8 & 9 and is the used to feed for HVDC
transmission.

Station Transformer-7 & 8 are used for the input of the plant in case of accident
or failure the power from the source is then transferred to the ST-7 & ST-8 via
one and half Circuit Breaker arrangement and is also used for the charging of
the Bus-1 & Bus-2.

This power then can be transferred to the necessary units. Here the station
Transformer power comes from phase-1 via underground cable system.